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Article(id=1241089934514254065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1673193600000, receivedDateStr=2023-01-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828498723, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828498723, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828498723, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828498723, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=53, endPage=60, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089934782689525, articleId=1241089934514254065, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Mechanical Characteristics of Rigid Rock Spallation and Fracturing Rock based on Empty Hole Effect, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the efficiency of the directional cracking of hard rocks, starting from the mechanism of cracking from hard rocks to breaking rocks, based on the empty hole effect theory, the stress variation law of the empty hole wall under the 200 mm、250 mm、300 mm、400 mm hole spacing and the 20 mm、40 mm、90 mm、120 mm hole radius is studied, and the theoretical calculation and numerical simulation are compared and analyzed to verify. The results show that the existence of empty hole makes the stress concentration near the expansion hole, with the increase of empty hole spacing and the decrease of empty hole radius, the stress concentration of empty hole effect becomes weaker. The maximum tensile stress appears on the connection line of the empty hole and the expansion hole. The maximum pressure stress appears near the empty hole circle 70°. The stress intensity factor of type I rock on the inter-hole connection line corresponds to the law of stress variation. When the hole spacing reaches 400 mm, the stress intensity factor KI is smaller than the fracture toughness KIC of rock and the condition for formation of through cracks cannot be reached. According to the research results, set the parameters of the empty hole and in Shenzhen Tiegang-Shiyan reservoir Shiyan North clear water diversion tunnel to carry out the rock breaking test. The test results show that empty holes play a guiding role in the direction of crack propagation, which can cause the main crack to form on the connecting line between the empty hole and the expansion hole and is beneficial to improving the efficiency of the breaking rocks in hard rocks, which can provide reference for similar projects.

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为了提高坚硬岩石定向涨裂破岩效率，从坚硬岩石涨裂定向破岩机理出发，基于空孔效应理论对200 mm、250 mm、300 mm、400 mm空孔间距以及20 mm、40 mm、90 mm、120 mm空孔半径下空孔孔壁的应力变化规律展开研究，将理论计算与数值模拟进行对比分析验证。研究结果显示：空孔的存在使得空孔靠近涨裂孔一侧产生应力集中，随着空孔间距增大、空孔半径减小，空孔效应应力集中现象越弱；空孔圆周上受拉区为±40°以内，最大拉应力出现在空孔与涨裂孔圆心连接线上，最大压应力出现在空孔圆周±70°附近。孔间连线上I型岩石应力强度因子与应力变化规律相对应，在孔间距达到400 mm时，应力强度因子KI小于岩石的断裂韧度KIC，无法达到形成贯通裂纹的条件。依据研究成果设置空孔参数，并在深圳市铁岗-石岩水库石岩北清水引水隧洞进行涨裂破岩试验。试验结果显示：空孔对于裂纹扩展方向具有引导作用，能够促使空孔与涨裂孔连线方向产生贯通的主裂纹，有利于提高坚硬岩石的涨裂破岩效率，能够为相似工程提供借鉴和参考。

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梁斌（1963-），男，教授、博导、博士，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。
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冀玉豪（1996-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。

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冀玉豪（1996-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。

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冀玉豪（1996-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。

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language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=数值模拟), Keyword(id=1241089943318098501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089934514254065, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=静力爆破)], refs=[Reference(id=1241089948137354107, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089934514254065, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=149, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=李小贝, journalName=爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李小贝. 爆破施工对邻近既有隧道的振动响应研究[J]. 爆破, 2021, 38(4): 149-155., articleTitle=爆破施工对邻近既有隧道的振动响应研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089948292543370, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089934514254065, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=149, pageEnd=155, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=LI Xiao-bei, journalName=Blasting, refType=null, 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Experimental research on directional fracturing and rock breaking under action of holes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089954890182851, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089934514254065, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=35, issue=5, pageStart=925, pageEnd=930, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=34, authorNames=李启月, 吴正宇, 黄武林, journalName=采矿与安全工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李启月, 吴正宇, 黄武林. 直眼掏槽空孔效应的计算模型改进与分析[J]. 采矿与安全工程学报, 2018, 35(5): 925-930., articleTitle=直眼掏槽空孔效应的计算模型改进与分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241089954999234760, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089934514254065, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=35, issue=5, pageStart=925, pageEnd=930, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=LI Qi-yue, WU Zheng-yu, HAUNG Wu-lin, journalName=Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Qi-yue, WU Zheng-yu, HAUNG Wu-lin. Improvement and analysis of calculation model for empty hole effect in parallel cut[J]. Journal of Mining and Safety Engineering, 2018, 35(5): 925-930. 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caption=

Rock property parameters

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岩石类别密度γ/（g·cm-3）弹性模量E/GPa泊松比ν内摩擦角φ/°粘聚力c/kPa
微风化花岗岩2.636.90.22401200
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岩石属性参数

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岩石类别密度γ/（g·cm-3）弹性模量E/GPa泊松比ν内摩擦角φ/°粘聚力c/kPa
微风化花岗岩2.636.90.22401200
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Error analysis table

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  最大拉应力/MPa最大压应力/MPa
模拟值理论值误差/%模拟值理论值误差/%
空孔间距/mm20024.8626.476.05-25.94-29.1110.89
25015.0616.378.03-18.61-20.147.55
30010.1511.258.91-13.53-14.858.84
4005.956.376.58-10.01-9.139.51
空孔半径/mm208.689.589.37-15.04-15.072.05
409.7610.8810.30-13.95-14.906.35
9014.0915.7110.25-12.99-14.057.55
12019.8519.997.24-12.01-13.329.99
), ArticleFig(id=1241089947558540102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241089934514254065, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

误差分析表

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  最大拉应力/MPa最大压应力/MPa
模拟值理论值误差/%模拟值理论值误差/%
空孔间距/mm20024.8626.476.05-25.94-29.1110.89
25015.0616.378.03-18.61-20.147.55
30010.1511.258.91-13.53-14.858.84
4005.956.376.58-10.01-9.139.51
空孔半径/mm208.689.589.37-15.04-15.072.05
409.7610.8810.30-13.95-14.906.35
9014.0915.7110.25-12.99-14.057.55
12019.8519.997.24-12.01-13.329.99
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基于空孔效应的坚硬岩石涨裂破岩力学特性研究
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冀玉豪 1 , 李文杰 1 , 康兰方 2 , 唐刚 2 , 梁斌 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023,40(2): 53-60
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2023, 40(2): 53-60
基于空孔效应的坚硬岩石涨裂破岩力学特性研究
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冀玉豪1 , 李文杰1, 康兰方2, 唐刚2, 梁斌1
作者信息
  • 1.河南科技大学 土木工程学院，洛阳 471000
  • 2.中交二公局第四工程有限公司，洛阳 471000

    • 冀玉豪（1996-），男，硕士研究生，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。

通讯作者:

梁斌（1963-），男，教授、博导、博士，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。
Research on Mechanical Characteristics of Rigid Rock Spallation and Fracturing Rock based on Empty Hole Effect
Yu-hao JI1 , Wen-jie LI1, LAN-fang KANG2, Gang TANG2, Bin LIANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471000, China
  • 2.CCCC-SHEC Forth Engineering Co., Ltd., Luoyang 471000, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.008
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摘要
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为了提高坚硬岩石定向涨裂破岩效率，从坚硬岩石涨裂定向破岩机理出发，基于空孔效应理论对200 mm、250 mm、300 mm、400 mm空孔间距以及20 mm、40 mm、90 mm、120 mm空孔半径下空孔孔壁的应力变化规律展开研究，将理论计算与数值模拟进行对比分析验证。研究结果显示：空孔的存在使得空孔靠近涨裂孔一侧产生应力集中，随着空孔间距增大、空孔半径减小，空孔效应应力集中现象越弱；空孔圆周上受拉区为±40°以内，最大拉应力出现在空孔与涨裂孔圆心连接线上，最大压应力出现在空孔圆周±70°附近。孔间连线上I型岩石应力强度因子与应力变化规律相对应，在孔间距达到400 mm时，应力强度因子KI小于岩石的断裂韧度KIC，无法达到形成贯通裂纹的条件。依据研究成果设置空孔参数，并在深圳市铁岗-石岩水库石岩北清水引水隧洞进行涨裂破岩试验。试验结果显示：空孔对于裂纹扩展方向具有引导作用，能够促使空孔与涨裂孔连线方向产生贯通的主裂纹，有利于提高坚硬岩石的涨裂破岩效率，能够为相似工程提供借鉴和参考。

坚硬岩石  /  定向破岩  /  空孔效应  /  数值模拟  /  静力爆破

In order to improve the efficiency of the directional cracking of hard rocks, starting from the mechanism of cracking from hard rocks to breaking rocks, based on the empty hole effect theory, the stress variation law of the empty hole wall under the 200 mm、250 mm、300 mm、400 mm hole spacing and the 20 mm、40 mm、90 mm、120 mm hole radius is studied, and the theoretical calculation and numerical simulation are compared and analyzed to verify. The results show that the existence of empty hole makes the stress concentration near the expansion hole, with the increase of empty hole spacing and the decrease of empty hole radius, the stress concentration of empty hole effect becomes weaker. The maximum tensile stress appears on the connection line of the empty hole and the expansion hole. The maximum pressure stress appears near the empty hole circle 70°. The stress intensity factor of type I rock on the inter-hole connection line corresponds to the law of stress variation. When the hole spacing reaches 400 mm, the stress intensity factor KI is smaller than the fracture toughness KIC of rock and the condition for formation of through cracks cannot be reached. According to the research results, set the parameters of the empty hole and in Shenzhen Tiegang-Shiyan reservoir Shiyan North clear water diversion tunnel to carry out the rock breaking test. The test results show that empty holes play a guiding role in the direction of crack propagation, which can cause the main crack to form on the connecting line between the empty hole and the expansion hole and is beneficial to improving the efficiency of the breaking rocks in hard rocks, which can provide reference for similar projects.

hard rock  /  directional rock breaking  /  holes effect  /  numerical simulation  /  static blasting
冀玉豪, 李文杰, 康兰方, 唐刚, 梁斌. 基于空孔效应的坚硬岩石涨裂破岩力学特性研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 53 -60 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.008
Yu-hao JI, Wen-jie LI, LAN-fang KANG, Gang TANG, Bin LIANG. Research on Mechanical Characteristics of Rigid Rock Spallation and Fracturing Rock based on Empty Hole Effect[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 53 -60 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.008
正文
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我国基础工程建设正在飞速进行中，其中不乏一些城市密集人口区域的地下隧洞工程，在地下坚硬岩石中近接穿越敏感管线或地铁隧道施工中，如若采用常规破岩方法，会对周边岩土区域或邻近管线隧道造成较大扰动，产生安全隐患，影响工程进度[1-3]。
特殊条件下的岩石隧洞或地下结构，可利用空孔效应的力学特性来辅助破岩，国内研究人员对此开展了相关数值模拟和实验研究，研究成果显示，深部岩石的自由面有限，空孔的添加使得岩体局部应力场发生变化，影响裂纹的扩展方向，达到定向破岩的目的，并强化破岩效果[4,5]。李启月等运用数值模拟软件LS-DYNA[6]，对三种不同直径空孔的动态破碎贯通过程进行了模拟，得到了直眼掏槽爆破应力分布规律。雷战等通过水泥砂浆试件的爆破试验以及有限元模拟方法[7]，对爆破孔与空孔在不同孔间距爆破荷载作用下空孔周边应力进行分析，得出最佳空孔间距，并指出空孔效应的作用范围有限。岳中文等对爆破荷载下空孔周围应力场及主裂纹扩展进行了研究[8]，研究发现空孔能够控制裂纹扩展贯通，空孔直径增大，主裂纹扩展速度降低，当爆生主裂纹扩展到空孔附近时，主裂纹尖端动态应力强度因子将再次出现上升的趋势。王思嘉等研究了有无空孔情况下的动态应力强度因子、扩展轨迹及速度的变化规律[9]，说明了空孔能有效减小裂纹扩展速度震荡幅度，并使得爆生裂纹动态应力强度因子稳定在一定范围内震荡。朱必勇采用数值模拟对不同孔径空孔首响掏槽爆破效果的影响进行了研究[10]，指出空孔反射应力波和聚集爆炸能量的作用随孔径增大而明显。文梼等采用数值模拟方法对空孔参数设置对于岩石应力波传播规律的影响程度进行分析[11]，依据孔间距系数对导向影响最大的结论，提出了设计空孔的合理有效原则。Arshadnejad等基于量纲分析以及线性回归的半解析和经验公式方法[12,13]，提出了不同岩石与混凝土的孔间距公式，并通过现场实测数据进行了验证。根据上述研究成果可以发现，空孔效应能够削弱局部岩体强度，并能够在一定范围内定向引导裂纹的扩展，而空孔大小、空孔距离等参数对于周边岩体应力变化有着显著作用。实际工程中，空孔效应已在岩石动力爆破施工中，取得较多的相关试验和数值模拟成果，而在静力爆破涨裂定向破岩机理以及工作参数的影响研究相对匮乏。
针对坚硬岩石定向涨裂破岩问题，运用空孔效应理论公式与数值模拟方法，对不同空孔参数变化下岩体应力分布状态及变化规律进行分析研究。结合工程实际，合理设置静力爆破空孔参数，提高坚硬岩石定向破岩效率，能够为特殊工程静力爆破定向破岩施工提供指导与借鉴。
1 涨裂破岩机理分析
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1.1 空孔效应力学模型
为了探究静力爆破施工中，涨裂孔与空孔周边岩石应力分布状态与变化规律，将岩体涨裂破坏存在空孔时的力学计算简化模型如图1所示。图中：L为涨裂孔与空孔的圆心距；rA、rB分别为涨裂孔半径和空孔半径；a为岩体中计算点距涨裂孔A的距离；b为岩体中计算点距空孔B的距离；α为计算点与涨裂空A圆心的水平夹角，β为计算点与空孔B圆心的水平夹角。
液压涨裂机在涨裂孔施加压缩应力，压缩应力在介质传播过程中，出现能量损耗衰减，应力值减小，岩石中任意一点的切向应力与径向应力可由（1）式确定[4]
式中：σr、σθ分别为岩石中某计算点的涨裂径向应力、切向应力，MPa；P为作用于孔壁的涨裂压力值，MPa；rA为涨裂孔半径，mm；α为应力衰减系数，α=2-μ/（1-μ）；μ为岩石泊松比；λ为动态侧应力系数，λ=μ/（1-μ）。
根据图1计算简图可知：利用空孔B孔壁处的各个参数间存在的几何关系化简可得
液压涨裂的压缩应力传播至空孔B上时，空孔B附近应力状态可表示为[4]
式中，σrr、σθθ、στθ分别为空孔附近某计算点的径向应力、切向应力和剪切应力，MPa。
当计算点的位置位于空孔圆周上时，此时RB=b，k=1，因此可得
1.2 孔间裂纹扩展判定
根据断裂力学中最大周向拉应力准则可知：裂纹沿着周向拉应力最大方向进行扩展，根据（4）式可知：当=0°时，空孔圆周上切向拉应力最大值出现在空孔与涨裂孔连接线上，裂纹扩展沿此方向进行，孔间裂纹简化模型如图2所示。
岩石类材料的破坏，主要原因在于微裂纹在受到拉应力作用而扩展。在液压涨裂破岩中，涨裂孔或空孔孔壁在拉应力作用下产生Ⅰ型张开裂纹，裂纹应力强度因子表达式为[14]
式中：KI为岩石裂缝应力强度因子；a为裂缝长度。由式（6）可知：应力强度因子K数值受应力大小、裂缝长度影响，主要反映了裂纹尖端周围应力场的大小分布情况，当所受荷载增大，应力强度因子超过材料承载极限后，构件便会发生断裂破坏，断裂破坏表达式为
式中：KIC为岩石断裂韧度，是与岩石性质相关的固定值，反映了岩石材料抵抗断裂破坏的能力，可采用文献[11]中的断裂韧度经验公式进行计算。
式中：σc为岩石的单轴抗压强度，MPa；σt为岩石抗拉强度，MPa；E为岩石杨氏模量，GPa。
判断空孔效应下涨裂孔与空孔是否产生贯通裂纹，可通过两者圆心连接线上的应力变化，计算应力强度因子KI值大小，以孔间连线上切向拉应力最低点来计算对应的应力强度因子，当此点应力强度因子大于岩石的断裂韧度，即KI（min）≥KIC（max）时，此时裂纹在最小拉应力点扩展，孔间形成贯通裂纹。
2 数值模拟
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2.1 模型建立
采用Midas·GTS NX有限元软件进行建模，考虑到实际工程中涨裂孔大小和位置并不随着钻孔深度的增加而发生变化，故可建立简化的二维平面模型进行模拟计算。二维模型设计尺寸为0.6 m×0.8 m，二维模型建立完成后在上下边界、左右边界施加相应的对称约束，同时以空孔距离、空孔半径大小作为变量，设计工况对空孔效应下空孔周边岩体应力变化规律进行模拟。
2.2 计算参数
深圳市铁岗-石岩水库石岩北清水引水隧洞近接穿越段岩石主要为微风化花岗岩，采用摩尔-库伦本构模型，岩石属性参数见表1。涨裂孔涨裂力由插入式液压机械涨裂机提供，涨裂力大小在120~150 MPa之间。
3 结果及分析
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3.1 距离对切向应力变化规律影响
文献[15]指出：影响空孔效应的主要因素包括岩石性质、孔壁压力大小、空孔大小与空孔间距。因此，基于上述空孔作用下岩石力学模型与数值模拟方法，对空孔间距与空孔孔壁切向应力变化规律影响进行研究。空孔设置条件为：沿涨裂孔水平方向上布置空孔，涨裂力为120 MPa，涨裂孔与空孔尺寸保持一致即rA=rB=45 mm，分别设置空孔间距为200 mm、250 mm、300 mm、400 mm，对这4组参数下空孔孔壁的切向应力进行计算分析，理论计算结果与数值模拟结果如图3所示。
由图3可知：空孔效应使得空孔靠近涨裂孔一侧岩石处于受拉状态，空孔圆周上岩石受拉区域角度范围在±35~40°区间，数值模拟角度范围与理论计算相似但略有缩减。空孔圆周上拉应力最大值在两孔间连线上（β=0°），孔周上的最大压应力并不是出现在±90°处，而是在靠近80°附近位置。随着孔间距L的增大，空孔效应在空孔圆周上的应力集中现象逐渐减弱，空孔圆周上最大拉应力与压应力均明显减小，但受拉或受压应力变化区间基本保持不变。随着孔间距的增大，理论值与模拟值的应力变化曲线呈现出高度拟合性，这是由于实际压缩应力是从涨裂孔圆心向外径向辐射传播，传播至空孔孔壁时并不是水平的，而间距增大会使得夹角变小，孔壁应力方向更趋近于水平方向，更接近真实情况。
3.2 孔径对切向应力变化规律影响
根据理论计算公式中的影响因素来看，空孔半径大小对于空孔孔壁处的切向应力变化存在一定影响，因此为了研究空孔半径对于空孔效应的影响，在保证涨裂力、涨裂孔大小以及孔间距（L=300 mm）不变的情况下，将空孔半径设置为20 mm、40 mm、90 mm、120 mm，通过理论计算与数值模拟对其变化规律进行分析，计算结果与模拟结果如图4所示。
由图4可知：与空孔距离变化规律相似，空孔半径变化使得空孔靠近涨裂孔一侧出现应力集中，在这一侧岩石体存在拉应力分布，数值模拟与理论计算的拉应力区间有所不同，数值模拟的拉应力区间范围为±30°左右，而理论计算拉应力区间范围为±35°左右，理论计算受拉范围较数值模拟稍大，最大拉应力仍出现在孔间连线上。从图4可以看出，随着空孔半径的增大，空孔孔壁与涨裂孔孔壁之间最小距离减小，涨裂应力传播路径减小，应力衰减也随之减弱，因此最大拉应力随之增大。空孔圆周上拉应力区间几乎不随空孔半径变化而变化。对于空孔上的最大压应力，理论计算与数值模拟的最大压应力均不在±90°，而是随着空孔半径的增大，逐渐向低角度位置靠近，这个变化规律在数值模拟结果中更为明显。
3.3 孔间连线应力强度因子
涨裂破岩施工时，空孔与涨裂孔之间主裂纹迅速扩展贯通，扩展速度极快无法判断裂纹贯通点准确位置，为方便判断涨裂裂纹能否在空孔与涨裂孔连接线上贯通，将两孔间连线上的应力强度因子变化情况绘制于图5中。
应力强度因子主要反映了裂纹尖端周围应力场大小分布情况，裂纹尖端应力强度因子随着外界荷载的增大而增大，当其超过材料极限承受能力时，构件便会发生断裂破坏。由图5可知：液压涨裂时，涨裂应力在远离涨裂孔A后应力发生衰减，应力强度因子也迅速下降，由于空孔效应，空孔B附近产生应力集中，靠近孔壁处应力强度因子随之增大，空孔效应下应力强度因子的变化情况与真实受力情况相吻合。相关研究证实[16,17]，岩石的破坏和断裂是密切相关的，岩石强度准则的材料参数与断裂理论的断裂韧度存在特定关系，岩石I型断裂韧度（KIC）反映了岩石抵抗拉张破坏的能力，而涨裂破岩的关键在于产生的张拉应力大小。文献[11]中给出了岩石I型断裂韧性与相关岩石参数的经验公式，计算岩石I型断裂韧度KIC最大值为1.875 MPa·m1/2，当其他参数不变，空孔与涨裂孔间距L=400 mm时，其应力强度因子最小值KI=1.024 MPa·m1/2，无法达到裂纹扩展所需的断裂韧度KIC，在孔间连线上无法形成贯通裂纹。
3.4 准确性验证
为了对空孔效应下空孔圆周应力变化情况进行验证，将数值模拟与理论计算所得的最大拉应力与压应力绘制于表2中进行误差分析。
根据上述表格可以看出，理论值与模拟值存在一定误差，其中无论是最大拉应力还是最大压应力，数值模拟的结果均要小于理论值。这些误差原因可能是由于计算公式推导中的假设条件，或是岩石材料属性等因素对于应力应变的影响，计算结果及变化规律与其他文献[18,19]试验规律相符合。
4 现场应用试验
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4.1 工程概况
深圳市铁岗-石岩水库石岩北清水隧洞工程项目（图6）整体穿越岩石类型以微风化花岗岩为主，以及少量强风化花岗岩。微风化花岗岩属脆性岩石，坚固性系数F=12~15，属特坚石，岩石较为完整，表面平直光滑无填充，最大单轴饱和抗压强度达到152.7 MPa。该隧洞路线与龙潭谷隧道平行，在K1+635.92处上穿地铁隧道，垂直施工距离5.78 m，在青色区段K1+580~690；K1+710~740区段采用液压静力爆破法进行施工。
4.2 涨裂试验参数
岩石类材料发生破坏的根本原因在于岩石内部微裂纹的扩展，岩石微裂纹的扩展主要受到拉应力作用，而非压应力或剪应力，因此，以液压涨裂产生的有效应力σi是否大于岩石的最小抗拉强度σmin为判断标准，评估岩石微裂纹的扩展情况，并对空孔参数进行选取。
经现场岩石力学试验测得，区段内微风化花岗岩抗拉强度范围在10~15 MPa之间，根据上述研究结果对空孔间距、空孔半径大小进行选取。由图7可知，在拉应力区间范围内，空孔间距范围为250~300 mm，空孔半径范围为45~75 mm，综合考虑多种实际工程因素，将空孔距离设为300 mm，空孔半径为45 mm。
4.3 涨裂应力分析
根据上述研究成果确定涨裂施工参数后进行液压涨裂破岩试验，液压涨裂器涨裂应力变化记录如图8所示。图8中涨裂应力变化随时间变化分为4个阶段。A-B起裂阶段，涨裂应力在最初几秒增长迅速之后保持稳步增长，岩石开始出现细小裂纹，在15 s前后应力急速增涨达到最大值。B-C瞬时卸压阶段，此阶段涨裂应力在极短时间内回落。C-D分离阶段，涨裂应力保持稳定，应力值大于岩石的抗拉强度值，岩石逐步分离。D-E回油阶段，贯通裂纹完全形成，涨裂过程结束，涨裂应力归零。
4.4 破岩效果评价
空孔效应应用于坚硬岩石工程中的定向破岩作用效果，结合石岩北清水隧洞近接穿越地铁6号线段静力爆破涨裂破岩实施效果进行分析（涨裂破岩效果见图9）。由图9可看出：岩体中存在空孔与涨裂孔各1个，两孔间距为300 mm，岩体在涨裂力的作用下产生1条主裂纹，主裂纹朝着水平方向（空孔与涨裂孔连接线方向）延伸并扩展贯通，主裂纹分布与空孔效应所描述的拉应力破坏区间一致，其延伸长度在5倍空孔直径的范围内，与前述空孔效应理论计算结果相符。
5 结论
收起
（1）从空孔效应的应力分布情况来看，最大拉应力在孔间连线上，区间范围在±30°~40°；最大压应力在±80°附近，且随孔径增大角度减小。从变化规律来看，空孔间距增大、半径减小都会削弱空孔效应，使得拉应力与压应力减小。
（2）通过计算孔间连线上的Ⅰ型应力强度因子KI，以Ⅰ型断裂韧度KIC作为裂纹扩展判据，在孔间距为400 mm时，孔间连线上最小Ⅰ型应力强度因子小于断裂韧度，无法形成贯通裂纹，表明空孔效应影响范围有限。
（3）在深圳市石岩北清水隧洞定向涨裂破岩工程试验中，依据研究成果选取空孔参数。试验结果与理论计算一致，并达到了预期的破岩效果，可为相似工程设计施工提供依据。
基金
收起
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(U1604135)
  • 中交第二公路工程局有限公司重点科技研发项目(项目编号2020-5-20)
  • 河南省科技厅产学研合作项目(2015HNCXY011)
文献
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2023年第40卷第2期
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文章信息
doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.008
  • 接收时间：2023-01-09
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期：2023-01-09
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(U1604135)
中交第二公路工程局有限公司重点科技研发项目(项目编号2020-5-20)
河南省科技厅产学研合作项目(2015HNCXY011)
作者信息
    1.河南科技大学 土木工程学院，洛阳 471000
    2.中交二公局第四工程有限公司，洛阳 471000

通讯作者:

梁斌（1963-），男，教授、博导、博士，主要从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
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红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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