Article(id=1241089934321316079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.003, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1679500800000, receivedDateStr=2023-03-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773828498678, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1685548800000, pubDateStr=2023-06-01, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773828498678, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773828498678, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828498678, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241089933696364783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2023', volume='40', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='229', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773828498529, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773828588505, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241090311141782021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241089933696364783, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=19, endPage=23, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241089934556197106, articleId=1241089934321316079, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Effect of Stemming Apparatus under Explosion, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve stemming effectiveness for tunnel excavation and blasting, a stemming device was designed utilizing the expansion characteristics of aluminum tubes under explosive action. The expansion-induced circumferential strain of the stemming device colliding with the steel tube was then measured using a dynamic strain gauge. The simulated explosive stemming devices were subjected to uniaxial compression deformation tests using a universal testing machine. The stemming effects were evaluated by recording the blasting process of cement pillars through high-speed photography. Results showed that the peak circumferential strain of the steel tube under the impact of the stemming device reached 0.02, indicating that the expansion impact force of the device on the blast hole wall was substantial which helped the device adhere to the wall. The compressive strength of the stemming device after adhesion to the blast hole wall was between 4.1 MPa and 5.5 MPa and its shear strength ranged from 0.49 MPa to 0.66 MPa, far greater than the conventional stemming material's shear strength of 0.09 MPa. In practical use, the stemming device together with the stemming material could effectively prevent its movement. When the traditional stemming material was used for stemming cement pillars, punching phenomenon appeared while no damage was observed after blasting. However, when the stemming device was used instead, there was no punching, and the stemming device only shattered after creating cracks at the collar of the blast hole, resulting in the cement pillar being split into three parts. Therefore, the stemming device significantly improved the stemming effects, and helped increase rock-breaking efficacy of the explosive gas while also enhancing the throwing effect, which is of great significance in improving blasting effects for cut holes.

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为了提高隧道掘进爆破中炮孔的堵塞效果,利用铝管在爆炸作用下膨胀的特性设计了一种堵孔装置,然后通过动态应变仪测量堵孔装置膨胀撞击钢管的环向应变,通过万能试验机对模拟炮孔中的爆炸堵孔装置进行单轴压缩脱模,通过高速摄影记录水泥墩的爆破过程,从而评估爆炸堵孔装置的堵塞效果。结果表明:钢管在爆炸堵孔装置膨胀撞击下产生的环向应变峰值达到0.02,说明爆炸堵孔装置膨胀冲击孔壁的作用力较大,有利于堵孔装置与孔壁贴合;爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁贴合后的抗压强度为4.1~5.5 MPa,抗剪强度为0.49~0.66 MPa,远大于常规炮泥的抗剪强度(0.09 MPa),其在实际使用中与炮泥配合使用,能有效抑制炮泥运动。采用传统炮泥进行堵塞的水泥墩出现冲孔,爆破后的水泥墩未出现破坏;采用爆炸堵孔装置进行堵塞的水泥墩未出现冲孔,堵孔装置在孔口产生裂纹后才被冲出,爆破后的水泥墩最终裂成三部分。因此,爆炸堵孔装置可大幅改善堵孔效果,从而发挥爆生气体的破岩作用,并有效增强了抛掷作用,对改善隧道掏槽眼的爆破效果具有重要意义。

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薛冰(1989-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)
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林谋金(1985-),男,高级工程师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)

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爆炸堵孔装置堵塞效果的实验研究
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林谋金 a, b , 邓小康 a , 张金 a , 薛冰 a, b , 肖定军 a, b , 李星 a
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023,40(2): 19-23
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2023, 40(2): 19-23
爆炸堵孔装置堵塞效果的实验研究
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林谋金a, b , 邓小康a, 张金a, 薛冰a, b , 肖定军a, b, 李星a
作者信息
  • a.西南科技大学 环境与资源学院,绵阳 621010
  • b.西南科技大学 工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室,绵阳 621010
  • 林谋金(1985-),男,高级工程师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)

通讯作者:

薛冰(1989-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)
Experimental Study on Effect of Stemming Apparatus under Explosion
Mou-jin LINa, b , Xiao-kang DENGa, Jin ZHANGa, Bing XUEa, b , Ding-jun XIAOa, b, Xing LIa
Affiliations
  • a.School of Resources and Environment, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
  • b.Shock and Vibration of Engineering Materials and Structures Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
出版时间: 2023-06-01 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.003
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为了提高隧道掘进爆破中炮孔的堵塞效果,利用铝管在爆炸作用下膨胀的特性设计了一种堵孔装置,然后通过动态应变仪测量堵孔装置膨胀撞击钢管的环向应变,通过万能试验机对模拟炮孔中的爆炸堵孔装置进行单轴压缩脱模,通过高速摄影记录水泥墩的爆破过程,从而评估爆炸堵孔装置的堵塞效果。结果表明:钢管在爆炸堵孔装置膨胀撞击下产生的环向应变峰值达到0.02,说明爆炸堵孔装置膨胀冲击孔壁的作用力较大,有利于堵孔装置与孔壁贴合;爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁贴合后的抗压强度为4.1~5.5 MPa,抗剪强度为0.49~0.66 MPa,远大于常规炮泥的抗剪强度(0.09 MPa),其在实际使用中与炮泥配合使用,能有效抑制炮泥运动。采用传统炮泥进行堵塞的水泥墩出现冲孔,爆破后的水泥墩未出现破坏;采用爆炸堵孔装置进行堵塞的水泥墩未出现冲孔,堵孔装置在孔口产生裂纹后才被冲出,爆破后的水泥墩最终裂成三部分。因此,爆炸堵孔装置可大幅改善堵孔效果,从而发挥爆生气体的破岩作用,并有效增强了抛掷作用,对改善隧道掏槽眼的爆破效果具有重要意义。

地下爆破  /  堵孔  /  隧道工程  /  抗剪强度  /  爆生气体  /  爆破效果

To improve stemming effectiveness for tunnel excavation and blasting, a stemming device was designed utilizing the expansion characteristics of aluminum tubes under explosive action. The expansion-induced circumferential strain of the stemming device colliding with the steel tube was then measured using a dynamic strain gauge. The simulated explosive stemming devices were subjected to uniaxial compression deformation tests using a universal testing machine. The stemming effects were evaluated by recording the blasting process of cement pillars through high-speed photography. Results showed that the peak circumferential strain of the steel tube under the impact of the stemming device reached 0.02, indicating that the expansion impact force of the device on the blast hole wall was substantial which helped the device adhere to the wall. The compressive strength of the stemming device after adhesion to the blast hole wall was between 4.1 MPa and 5.5 MPa and its shear strength ranged from 0.49 MPa to 0.66 MPa, far greater than the conventional stemming material's shear strength of 0.09 MPa. In practical use, the stemming device together with the stemming material could effectively prevent its movement. When the traditional stemming material was used for stemming cement pillars, punching phenomenon appeared while no damage was observed after blasting. However, when the stemming device was used instead, there was no punching, and the stemming device only shattered after creating cracks at the collar of the blast hole, resulting in the cement pillar being split into three parts. Therefore, the stemming device significantly improved the stemming effects, and helped increase rock-breaking efficacy of the explosive gas while also enhancing the throwing effect, which is of great significance in improving blasting effects for cut holes.

underground blasting  /  stemming  /  tunnel engineering  /  shear strength  /  detonation gas  /  blasting effect
林谋金, 邓小康, 张金, 薛冰, 肖定军, 李星. 爆炸堵孔装置堵塞效果的实验研究. 爆破, 2023 , 40 (2) : 19 -23 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.003
Mou-jin LIN, Xiao-kang DENG, Jin ZHANG, Bing XUE, Ding-jun XIAO, Xing LI. Experimental Study on Effect of Stemming Apparatus under Explosion[J]. Blasting, 2023 , 40 (2) : 19 -23 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.003
由于钻爆法适用地质条件广泛,开挖成本低,故隧道多采用钻爆法进行掘进[1]。我国《爆破安全规程》以及铁路、公路、水利水电等领域钻爆施工技术规范均明确要求炮孔均应进行良好填塞[2],然而隧道爆破掘进的掌子面炮孔数高达上百个,炮孔堵塞是一个棘手的问题。另外,传统堵塞技术也存在极易冲孔问题[3],堵塞效果不明显。基于上述原因,目前隧道掘进爆破多采用不堵塞爆破,靠增加炸药量来代替堵塞材料[4],其在增加爆破成本前提下还能取得相对理想的爆破进尺。随着川藏、滇藏等铁路的大规模建设,涌现出大量超深埋隧道[5],若采用不堵塞爆破,其高地应力环境严重影响掏槽效果,导致炮孔利用率较低。另外,对于小断面的隧道,因空间限制了楔形掏槽孔的角度,若采用不堵塞爆破,其进尺也未能达到理想效果。
综上所述,提高炮孔堵孔效果的技术探索十分必要,因此,众多学者对爆破堵孔技术进行研究[6,7]。李胜林等设计了一种堵塞器并进行单孔爆破漏斗试验[8],结果显示采用堵塞器加强堵塞可使爆破漏斗体积增加了34%,但存在不易操作的问题。张艳军等设计了一种楔形体堵塞器[9],然后通过摆锤冲击实验验证堵塞器具有一定堵塞效果,但堵塞器与炮孔之间的摩擦力未能充分发挥。薛里等采用单组分聚氨酯填塞炮孔[10],其操作简便,能满足炮孔填塞材料的要求,但其抗压与抗剪强度仍较低。针对上述存在的问题,本文提出一种爆炸堵孔装置并进行实验研究,其能充分发挥堵塞器与炮孔之间的摩擦力和咬合力,具备堵孔效果好以及易操作等优势,用于掏槽孔可改善掏槽效果并增加进尺,用于周边孔可改善光面和预裂爆破效果。
爆炸堵孔装置由膨胀管、传压介质、摩擦层以及起爆器材构成,其中,膨胀管为外径11 mm,内径7 mm,长10 cm的铝管,其在爆炸作用下发生径向膨胀并维持膨胀状态;传压介质为外径40 mm,内径11 mm,长为10 cm的木材,其将铝管径向膨胀的作用力传递给摩擦层;摩擦层为外径44 mm,内径40 mm,长10 cm的橡胶,其可增加爆炸堵孔装置与炮孔孔壁的摩擦力和咬合力;起爆器材可采用导爆索或雷管,其位于膨胀管内中间部位,如图1所示。
爆炸堵孔装置与炮孔孔壁间的摩擦力与咬合力在很大程度上取决于两者之间的贴合程度,而贴合程度又受到爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁之间撞击力的影响。为了获得爆炸堵孔装置侧向膨胀后撞击孔壁的作用力,将其放入外表面环向上贴有应变片的薄壁钢管中进行爆炸实验,并通过DH-5960型数据采集仪记录钢管外表面环向应变时程曲线。钢管材料为20#钢,密度为7.8 g/cm3,弹性模量210 GPa,长度为10 cm,内径为44 mm,外径为48 mm。
为了分析爆炸堵孔装置在实际炮孔中的摩擦力和咬合力,将其放入模拟炮孔中爆炸后再进行单轴压缩脱模实验,如图2所示。其中,模拟炮孔内径为48 mm,外径为110 mm,高度为15 cm,孔壁材料为C30混凝土,其粗糙度与现实炮孔相似,外围有薄壁钢管进行约束。在爆炸膨胀实验后,脱模实验采用万能试验机进行压缩,其加载方式为位移控制,加载速率为1 mm/min。
为了评估爆炸堵孔装置在实际爆破中的堵塞效果,对两组水泥墩进行爆破实验。水泥墩为柱形,高度为50 cm,直径为50 cm,炮孔位于墩子中心位置,其内径为48 mm,深度为25 cm;炮孔中装填的乳化炸药质量为8 g,密度为1.15 g/cm3,起爆器材为八号雷管连接15 cm工业导爆索。两组爆破实验中一组采用传统炮泥进行堵塞,另一组采用爆炸堵孔装置与炮泥进行联合堵塞;采用传统堵孔技术中的炮泥长度为24 cm,采用爆炸堵孔装置堵孔中的炮泥长度为14 cm,堵孔器长度为10 cm,炮孔装填结构如图2所示。水泥墩爆破过程采用高速相机进行采集,其采集速率设定为10 000帧每秒。
通过比较爆炸堵孔装置分别在雷管和导爆索作用后的情况,发现加载方式为雷管时,爆炸作用比较集中,铝管中间部位被炸开呈伞状,木材在铝管膨胀力作用下沿径向开裂,并被铝管撑开维持膨胀状态;当加载方式为导爆索时,爆炸作用比较均匀,铝管均匀膨胀,木材也被铝管撑开维持膨胀状态,但径向开裂的裂纹较少,如图3所示。
当爆炸堵孔装置的加载方式为导爆索时,其作用在钢管外表面产生的环向应变时程曲线如图4所示。
图4可知,爆炸堵孔装置在导爆索作用下发生急剧膨胀后撞击钢管,钢管环向的应变峰值远超过弹性应变范围,达到0.017、0.02以及0.026,说明钢管已经发生了塑性变形,爆炸堵孔装置膨胀冲击管壁的作用力较大;随着导爆索爆炸作用力消失,其应变最终保持在0.011和0.016。导爆索爆炸后,爆炸堵孔装置通过膨胀变形的内置铝管能保持住一定的预压力,该预压力大小取决于爆炸堵孔装置外径与炮孔内径之间的初始间距以及其自身最大膨胀的外径,即间距越小预压力越大;需要强调的是,初始间距过小将影响现场装配施工效率,而初始间距过大将使爆炸堵孔装置失效。本文提供的爆炸堵孔装置在无约束情况下的最大膨胀外径为50 mm,从而决定了爆炸堵孔装置与炮孔的初始间距不超过4 mm才能获得理想堵孔效果。
爆炸堵孔装置分别装入雷管和导爆索后放入模拟炮孔中进行爆炸实验,然后将其进行单轴压缩脱模实验,得到的力-位移曲线如图5所示。
根据回收试样可知,爆炸堵孔装置中橡胶层与模拟炮孔未出现滑动,但装置中橡胶层与木材却出现滑动。由图5可知,当爆炸加载为导爆索时,爆炸堵孔装置中橡胶层与木材的开始相对滑动摩擦力约为4.9 kN,根据橡胶与木材之间的摩擦系数推测,爆炸堵孔装置与模拟炮孔之间的预压力为9~10 kN;随着位移载荷持续增加,力-位移曲线后段出现振荡并维持在2.9~4 kN之间,说明橡胶层与木材在滑动过程中受到粗糙孔壁的影响导致振荡。当爆炸加载为雷管时,爆炸堵孔装置中橡胶层与木材的开始相对滑动摩擦力约为5.4 kN,其预压力略大于导爆索。由于雷管爆炸作用比较集中,铝管和木材的中间部位变形比较大,其能自适应匹配粗糙的孔壁。因此,随着位移载荷持续增加,木材与橡胶层相对滑动后的摩擦力还能持续增加到8kN,后期也出现振荡并维持在6.5~8 kN之间。将上述压缩载荷峰值换算成抗剪强度约为0.33~0.53 MPa,换算成抗压强度约为2.7~4.4 MPa;因爆炸堵孔装置中橡胶层与木材出现滑动,抗剪强度与抗压强度未达到理想状态。因此,本文对爆炸堵孔装置进行改进,即通过螺丝将橡胶层与木材固接一起。
将改进后的爆炸堵孔装置分别装入雷管和导爆索后放入模拟炮孔中进行爆炸实验,然后再进行单轴压缩脱模实验,得到的力-位移曲线如图5所示。根据回收试样可知,爆炸堵孔装置中橡胶层与木材未出现滑动。当爆炸加载为导爆索时,爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁最大静摩擦力约为7.5 kN,随着位移载荷持续增加,力-位移曲线后段维持在6~7 kN之间。当爆炸加载为雷管时,爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁最大静摩擦力约为10 kN,随着位移载荷持续增加,力-位移曲线后段维持在9~10 kN之间。由此可得,爆炸堵孔装置在发生滑动后仍能保持较大的摩擦力。将上述压缩载荷峰值换算成抗剪强度约为0.49~0.66 MPa,换算成抗压强度约4.1~5.5 MPa,其远大于常规炮泥的抗剪强度(0.09 MPa)[9]。因此,改进后的爆炸堵孔装置与炮孔之间的摩擦力和咬合力得到提升。需要强调的是,虽然爆炸堵孔装置的抗压强度远低于爆生气体的压力,但爆炸堵孔装置在实际使用中需与炮泥配合使用,其能有效抑制炮泥运动。
将水泥墩子中的炮孔分别采用爆炸堵孔装置与传统炮泥进行堵塞,通过高速相机拍摄的水泥墩爆破破坏过程如图6所示。
图6可知,采用传统炮泥堵塞的水泥墩出现冲孔现象,导致炸药爆生气体过早逸出,水泥墩爆破后未出现宏观裂纹;采用爆炸堵孔装置堵塞的水泥墩在起爆后出现冒烟情况,其原因是雷管与导爆索爆炸气体从堵孔装置中的铝管溢出,随着炸药被引爆,其产生的爆生气体推动炮泥向孔口运动,进而封住铝管;堵孔装置和炮泥在水泥墩产生裂纹前未被冲出,但随着水泥墩轴向裂纹扩展并贯通到炮孔孔口时,堵孔装置开始冲出炮孔,此时水泥墩已出现多条轴向裂纹并最终裂成三部分。由此可见,爆炸堵孔装置可大幅改善堵孔效果,阻止爆生气体过早溢出,延长爆生气体在炮孔内的作用时间,从而发挥爆生气体的破岩作用,并有效增强了抛掷作用,对改善掏槽眼爆破效果具有重要意义。
提出一种堵孔装置,其利用爆炸膨胀技术将堵孔器卡在孔壁上。为了评估爆炸堵孔装置的堵塞效果,进行了堵孔装置膨胀撞击钢管实验、模拟炮孔中爆炸堵孔装置的单轴压缩实验以及水泥墩爆破堵孔实验,得到的主要结论有:
(1)堵孔装置加载方式为雷管时,爆炸作用比较集中,铝管中间部位被炸开呈伞状;当加载方式为导爆索时,爆炸作用比较均匀,铝管均匀膨胀。钢管在爆炸堵孔装置膨胀撞击下产生的环向应变峰值达到0.02,说明爆炸堵孔装置膨胀冲击孔壁的作用力较大,有利于堵孔装置与孔壁贴合。
(2)当爆炸加载为导爆索时,爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁最大静摩擦力约为7.5 kN,后期维持在6~7 kN之间;当爆炸加载为雷管时,爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁最大静摩擦力约为10 kN,后期维持在9~10 kN之间。由此可得,爆炸堵孔装置的雷管加载方式优于导爆索加载方式,两者在发生滑动后仍能保持较大的摩擦力。
(3)爆炸堵孔装置与孔壁贴合后的抗压强度为4.1~5.5 MPa,抗剪强度为0.49~0.66 MPa,远大于常规炮泥的抗剪强度,其在实际应用中与炮泥配合使用,能有效抑制炮泥向孔口运动。
(4)水泥墩爆破实验表明,爆炸堵孔装置可大幅改善堵孔效果,阻止爆生气体过早溢出,延长爆生气体在炮孔内的作用时间,从而发挥爆生气体的破岩作用,并有效增强了抛掷作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12172313)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(11802255)
  • 工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室开放基金项目(20kfgk06)
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2023年第40卷第2期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.003
  • 接收时间:2023-03-23
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2023-06-01
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  • 收稿日期:2023-03-23
基金
国家自然科学基金项目(12172313)
国家自然科学基金项目(11802255)
工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室开放基金项目(20kfgk06)
作者信息
    a.西南科技大学 环境与资源学院,绵阳 621010
    b.西南科技大学 工程材料与结构冲击振动四川省重点实验室,绵阳 621010

通讯作者:

薛冰(1989-),男,讲师、博士,主要从事爆炸力学与含能材料相关领域研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2023.02.003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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