Article(id=1241046467956240736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1715443200000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818135489, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818135489, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818135489, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818135489, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241046461174043350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818133871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820872662, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=81, endPage=88, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241046468413419891, articleId=1241046467956240736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=A Refined Blasting Pretreatment Method for Boulders and Bedrock Traversed by Shield Tunnels in Sea Area, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In constructing shield tunnels in a sea area, large-sized boulders and bedrock are often encountered, necessitating pretreatment via blasting. The effectiveness of blasting pretreatment is crucial for the regular excavation of shield machines. Based on Xiamen Metro Line 2 project, a refined blasting pretreatment method for boulders and bedrock in shield tunnels under the sea area is proposed. The method comprehensively considers overburden conditions, blasting fragmentation indexes, and marine biological safety standards. Specific steps include designing blasting parameters, calculating powder factor, determining single-hole charges and average block size, designing charge structures and initiation networks, predicting the distribution of blasting fragments, and optimizing the blasting program to minimize ecological impact. Field application results indicate that post-blasting fragment sizes are within 30 cm, meeting the size requirements for the shield machine. The shield machine could excavate smoothly through the blasting pretreatment section, with excavation parameters similar to those in regular sections. The proposed method achieved a refined, ecological, efficient and safe blasting construction in the sea section containing boulders and bedrock.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CUI You-quan(1996-), male, master degree candidate, mainly engaged in research on underground and tunnel engineering technology, (E-mail) .
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海域盾构施工中常遇到大粒径孤石和基岩凸起段,通常采用爆破法进行预处理,爆破预处理的效果是盾构机顺利通过的关键。依托厦门轨道交通2号线工程,综合考虑海域孤石和基岩凸起段的覆盖层条件、爆破块度控制指标及海洋生物安全控制标准,提出了一种盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化爆破预处理方法。具体步骤包括:爆破孔网参数设计;炸药单耗、单孔装药量、平均块度尺寸的计算;装药结构及爆破网路设计;爆破块度分布效果预测;考虑生态环境影响进一步优化爆破方案。现场应用结果表明:爆破预处理后的块度在30 cm以内,满足盾构机推进的块度尺寸要求;盾构机在爆破预处理段能够顺利掘进,与正常段推进参数基本相近。实现了海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化、生态化、高效化和安全化爆破施工。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
崔有权(1996-),男,硕士生,主要从事地下与隧道工程技术研究,(E-mail)
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魏海霞(1982-),女,博士、副教授,主要从事爆炸理论及应用研究,(E-mail)

WEI Hai-xia (1982-), female, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research on explosion theory and application, (E-mail) .

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魏海霞(1982-),女,博士、副教授,主要从事爆炸理论及应用研究,(E-mail)

WEI Hai-xia (1982-), female, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research on explosion theory and application, (E-mail) .

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魏海霞(1982-),女,博士、副教授,主要从事爆炸理论及应用研究,(E-mail)

WEI Hai-xia (1982-), female, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research on explosion theory and application, (E-mail) .

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The Kuz-Ram model for prediction of fragmentation from blasting[C]//Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Rock Fragmentation by Blasting, (ed: R Holmberg and A Rustan), Lulea, Sweden, 1983(8): 439 453., articleTitle=The Kuz-Ram model for prediction of fragmentation from blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057564620812670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2023, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=131, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[17], rfOrder=28, authorNames=JIANG N, LYU G P, WU T Y, journalName=Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=JIANG N, LYU G P, WU T Y, et al. Vibration effect and ocean environmental impact of blasting excavation in a subsea tunnel[J]. Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology incorporating Trenchless Technology Research, 2023, 131., articleTitle=Vibration effect and ocean environmental impact of blasting excavation in a subsea tunnel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057564704698751, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=405, pageEnd=414, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=29, authorNames=费鸿禄, 关福晨, 包士杰, journalName=海洋通报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=费鸿禄, 关福晨, 包士杰, 等. 海底爆破振动强度衰减规律及中华白海豚保护措施研究[J]. 海洋通报, 2019, 38(4): 405-414., articleTitle=海底爆破振动强度衰减规律及中华白海豚保护措施研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057564784390528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=38, issue=4, pageStart=405, pageEnd=414, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=30, authorNames=FEI Hong-lu, GUAN Fu-chen, BAO Shi-jie, journalName=Marine Science Bulletin, refType=null, unstructuredReference=FEI Hong-lu, GUAN Fu-chen, BAO Shi-jie, et a1. Study on attenuation law of submarine blasting vibration intensity and protection measures of Chinese white dolphins[J]. Marine Science Bulletin, 2019, 38(4): 405-414. 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figureFileSmall=cfkeooZurP/6hGVf6qqGtQ==, figureFileBig=oz9XxVOXqVswY43G9uBQIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057554927775956, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=图2, caption=孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化爆破预处理方法流程图, figureFileSmall=cfkeooZurP/6hGVf6qqGtQ==, figureFileBig=oz9XxVOXqVswY43G9uBQIg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057555271708885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=Boulder or bedrock with a thickness of less than 2 m, figureFileSmall=Zuf7yx1OJkdz83fO54Y5KQ==, figureFileBig=cidYtgbBP0z7ma3oEJLxRQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057555523367128, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=图3, caption=厚度2 m以下孤石或基岩凸起段, figureFileSmall=Zuf7yx1OJkdz83fO54Y5KQ==, figureFileBig=cidYtgbBP0z7ma3oEJLxRQ==, tableContent=null), 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journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=图5, caption=孤石边缘、其它孔块度累计曲线, figureFileSmall=JbzJbTkx9z4b8Ym8842KIw==, figureFileBig=fEzYEn3hHL9butp1Q+H6Dw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057556479668455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Accumulation curves of edge and other holes of bedrock, figureFileSmall=ymLboKHy3bplNKrrDOCWhA==, figureFileBig=n/I3JF5xILne8LdyN9JVoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057556601303274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=图6, caption=基岩凸起段边缘、其它孔块度累计曲线, figureFileSmall=ymLboKHy3bplNKrrDOCWhA==, figureFileBig=n/I3JF5xILne8LdyN9JVoA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057556672606447, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Calculated Pc max and Pc min 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caption=基岩凸起段处计算值, figureFileSmall=QL/Ioazkob2LbM+iIAy7sQ==, figureFileBig=C96DHg0UiYVDyqXBJlbALA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057559021416720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Core samples after boulder blasting pretreatment, figureFileSmall=FBUo2vND8y0LySrzVmVP+w==, figureFileBig=G1BghQTWw9OkndCXgDnQuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057559126274324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=图11, caption=孤石爆破预处理芯样, figureFileSmall=FBUo2vND8y0LySrzVmVP+w==, figureFileBig=G1BghQTWw9OkndCXgDnQuA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057559256297753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=EN, label=Fig. 12, caption=Core samples after bedrock blasting pretreatment, figureFileSmall=u+3ou+/d+LXBxEey84ShOw==, figureFileBig=FOJz3dXbXQBRo92z2Dznow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057559356961051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=图12, caption=基岩凸起段爆破预处理芯样, figureFileSmall=u+3ou+/d+LXBxEey84ShOw==, figureFileBig=FOJz3dXbXQBRo92z2Dznow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057559470207265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Workload of boulders and bedrock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号钻孔编号面积/m2厚度/m体积/m3埋深/m与隧道关系岩性备注
1 T4-304.151.25.0216.7位于隧道内18-5微风化安山岩孤石
2 T4-364.663.214.7710.8位于隧道内17-4中等风化花岗岩
3 T4-498.432.218.5518.6位于隧道内17-4中等风化花岗岩
4 M2Z3-THDB489.694.947.1911.7位于隧道内17-4中等风化花岗岩
5 DK19+042~DK19+0482.424.068.0517.1侵入断面2.42 m18-5微风化安山岩基岩
6 DK19+110~DK19+1170.452.06.3318.7侵入断面0.45 m18-5微风化安山岩
7 DK19+038~DK19+0452.355.794.1716.5侵入断面2.35 m17-5中等风化花岗岩
), ArticleFig(id=1241057559558287653, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

孤石和基岩凸起段完成工作量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号钻孔编号面积/m2厚度/m体积/m3埋深/m与隧道关系岩性备注
1 T4-304.151.25.0216.7位于隧道内18-5微风化安山岩孤石
2 T4-364.663.214.7710.8位于隧道内17-4中等风化花岗岩
3 T4-498.432.218.5518.6位于隧道内17-4中等风化花岗岩
4 M2Z3-THDB489.694.947.1911.7位于隧道内17-4中等风化花岗岩
5 DK19+042~DK19+0482.424.068.0517.1侵入断面2.42 m18-5微风化安山岩基岩
6 DK19+110~DK19+1170.452.06.3318.7侵入断面0.45 m18-5微风化安山岩
7 DK19+038~DK19+0452.355.794.1716.5侵入断面2.35 m17-5中等风化花岗岩
), ArticleFig(id=1241057559650562344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculation results of the average sizes of the fragments from boulder and bedrock blasting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 a/m b/m b0/m q1 q2 q3 q4 q/(kg·m-3) Q0max Q1max A E边缘孔X50/cm边缘孔X50/cm备注
10.80.80.62.340.060.340.042.781.352.15101104.7715.159孤石
21.01.00.82.340.080.290.102.806.658.88101106.1886.493
30.80.80.72.340.020.320.072.753.083.87101105.5265.741
41.01.00.82.340.050.250.152.7910.4113.58101106.6946.996
51.51.51.22.340.050.340.072.8011.1815.24101106.7527.109基岩
61.21.21.22.340.080.350.012.781.001.80101104.5405.008
71.51.51.22.340.060.310.072.7810.7714.72101106.7407.100
), ArticleFig(id=1241057559768002860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

孤石和基岩凸起段爆破平均块度尺寸的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 a/m b/m b0/m q1 q2 q3 q4 q/(kg·m-3) Q0max Q1max A E边缘孔X50/cm边缘孔X50/cm备注
10.80.80.62.340.060.340.042.781.352.15101104.7715.159孤石
21.01.00.82.340.080.290.102.806.658.88101106.1886.493
30.80.80.72.340.020.320.072.753.083.87101105.5265.741
41.01.00.82.340.050.250.152.7910.4113.58101106.6946.996
51.51.51.22.340.050.340.072.8011.1815.24101106.7527.109基岩
61.21.21.22.340.080.350.012.781.001.80101104.5405.008
71.51.51.22.340.060.310.072.7810.7714.72101106.7407.100
), ArticleFig(id=1241057559877054766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Calculation results of uniformity indexes of boulders and bedrock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号边缘B其它B边缘d/mm其它d/mm边缘W其它W边缘m其它m边缘H/m其它H/m边缘b其它b边缘n其它n
10.60.860600.050.06111.011.212.52.60.961.06
20.81.060600.150.16112.973.172.63.21.181.49
30.70.860600.100.11112.002.202.22.30.950.98
40.81.060600.230.24114.674.872.12.71.021.33
51.21.51001000.110.12112.222.422.22.71.081.33
61.21.21001000.010.02110.250.452.62.40.980.97
71.21.51001000.110.12112.152.352.22.71.071.33
), ArticleFig(id=1241057560015466805, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467956240736, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

孤石和基岩凸起段均匀性指数计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号边缘B其它B边缘d/mm其它d/mm边缘W其它W边缘m其它m边缘H/m其它H/m边缘b其它b边缘n其它n
10.60.860600.050.06111.011.212.52.60.961.06
20.81.060600.150.16112.973.172.63.21.181.49
30.70.860600.100.11112.002.202.22.30.950.98
40.81.060600.230.24114.674.872.12.71.021.33
51.21.51001000.110.12112.222.422.22.71.081.33
61.21.21001000.010.02110.250.452.62.40.980.97
71.21.51001000.110.12112.152.352.22.71.071.33
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海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化爆破预处理方法研究
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魏海霞 1 , 崔有权 1 , 陈建福 2 , 杨小林 1 , 褚怀保 1 , 祝杰 1 , 陈士海 3
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(1): 81-88
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(1): 81-88
海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化爆破预处理方法研究
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魏海霞1 , 崔有权1 , 陈建福2, 杨小林1, 褚怀保1, 祝杰1, 陈士海3
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学 土木工程学院,焦作 454003
  • 2.中铁十四局集团有限公司,济南 250000
  • 3.华侨大学 土木工程学院,厦门 361021
  • 魏海霞(1982-),女,博士、副教授,主要从事爆炸理论及应用研究,(E-mail)

    WEI Hai-xia (1982-), female, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research on explosion theory and application, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

崔有权(1996-),男,硕士生,主要从事地下与隧道工程技术研究,(E-mail)
A Refined Blasting Pretreatment Method for Boulders and Bedrock Traversed by Shield Tunnels in Sea Area
Hai-xia WEI1 , You-quan CUI1 , Jian-fu CHEN2, xiao-lin YANG1, Huai-bao CHU1, Jie ZHU1, Shi-hai CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
  • 2.China Railway 14th Bureau Group Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
  • 3.College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.010
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海域盾构施工中常遇到大粒径孤石和基岩凸起段,通常采用爆破法进行预处理,爆破预处理的效果是盾构机顺利通过的关键。依托厦门轨道交通2号线工程,综合考虑海域孤石和基岩凸起段的覆盖层条件、爆破块度控制指标及海洋生物安全控制标准,提出了一种盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化爆破预处理方法。具体步骤包括:爆破孔网参数设计;炸药单耗、单孔装药量、平均块度尺寸的计算;装药结构及爆破网路设计;爆破块度分布效果预测;考虑生态环境影响进一步优化爆破方案。现场应用结果表明:爆破预处理后的块度在30 cm以内,满足盾构机推进的块度尺寸要求;盾构机在爆破预处理段能够顺利掘进,与正常段推进参数基本相近。实现了海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化、生态化、高效化和安全化爆破施工。

海域盾构  /  孤石  /  基岩凸起段  /  爆破预处理  /  块度

In constructing shield tunnels in a sea area, large-sized boulders and bedrock are often encountered, necessitating pretreatment via blasting. The effectiveness of blasting pretreatment is crucial for the regular excavation of shield machines. Based on Xiamen Metro Line 2 project, a refined blasting pretreatment method for boulders and bedrock in shield tunnels under the sea area is proposed. The method comprehensively considers overburden conditions, blasting fragmentation indexes, and marine biological safety standards. Specific steps include designing blasting parameters, calculating powder factor, determining single-hole charges and average block size, designing charge structures and initiation networks, predicting the distribution of blasting fragments, and optimizing the blasting program to minimize ecological impact. Field application results indicate that post-blasting fragment sizes are within 30 cm, meeting the size requirements for the shield machine. The shield machine could excavate smoothly through the blasting pretreatment section, with excavation parameters similar to those in regular sections. The proposed method achieved a refined, ecological, efficient and safe blasting construction in the sea section containing boulders and bedrock.

shield machines in the sea area  /  boulders  /  bedrock  /  blasting pretreatment  /  fragments
魏海霞, 崔有权, 陈建福, 杨小林, 褚怀保, 祝杰, 陈士海. 海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化爆破预处理方法研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (1) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.010
Hai-xia WEI, You-quan CUI, Jian-fu CHEN, xiao-lin YANG, Huai-bao CHU, Jie ZHU, Shi-hai CHEN. A Refined Blasting Pretreatment Method for Boulders and Bedrock Traversed by Shield Tunnels in Sea Area[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (1) : 81 -88 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.010
随着我国地下空间开发利用步伐的不断加快,盾构施工作为隧道、地铁、市政管线、越江、跨海等基础设施建设的一种主要方法得到了广泛的应用[1]。在中国东南部沿海城市的复杂地层中,厦门、福州、广州等地,都不同程度地存在孤石和基岩局部侵入隧道开挖断面的情况[2],若不对其进行预处理,盾构直接掘进将会使刀盘刀具磨损严重,产生施工进度缓慢,费用高等问题。针对孤石和基岩入侵情况,提前进行预处理是最好的选择。目前提前预处理的办法有人工挖孔、冲击破碎、旋挖钻取芯等,而对比各种处理技术的效果、安全、经济及对周边环境的影响,爆破技术则更有优势[3]
不少学者结合实际工程开展了孤石和基岩凸起段不同爆破预处理方法的应用研究,取得不错的爆破预处理效果。欧玉峰等提出了导爆管雷管孔外接力控制起爆技术并应用于基坑开挖项目大片区孤石处理[4],成功实现了一次性安全、可靠的起爆。许贵华将聚能装药技术运用到地铁盾构掘进过程遭遇的孤石处理中[5],发现在装药量减少的条件下,通过聚能装药起爆后产生的聚能效应仍能提高岩石的破碎效果。沈顺平等采用水下深孔爆破预处理海底盾构隧道内孤石、基岩的复合地层[6],改善了岩石破碎效果和盾构掘进效率。梁奎生等对海底取水隧道存在的孤石群和基岩凸起[7],采用地面垂直钻孔进行了无自由面爆破预处理,确保了盾构顺利通过。丁悦等采用地表钻孔地下爆破的方法对侵入盾构隧道的不同基岩厚度选择不同的炮孔间距及装药量并对基岩预处理效果进行了验证[8],结果表明基岩破碎效果良好。卢少壮等采用地质钻机钻孔和深孔爆破的方式进行了滨海沉积地区孤石地层的处理[9],处理效果良好。
爆破预处理的效果是盾构机顺利通过的关键。现有的孤石和基岩凸起段爆破参数一般借鉴露天台阶爆破设计方法或同类工程经验进行确定,对于海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段爆破预处理缺少理论指导依据,没有考虑海域孤石的覆盖层具体条件和块度粒径的细化控制指标,容易造成爆破后岩石块度过大,导致爆破预处理达不到预期效果,同时增加了二次破碎成本。另外,现有的海域爆破预处理方法鲜少考虑水下爆破冲击波对海域生态环境的影响,导致水下爆破作业引发的中华白海豚及其他海洋哺乳动物和鱼类的死亡事件时有发生。本文依托厦门轨道交通2号线工程,综合考虑海域孤石和基岩凸起段的覆盖层具体条件、爆破块度粒径的细化控制指标及海洋生物安全控制标准,提出一种同时考虑爆破破岩块度效果和海域生态环境影响的精细化爆破预处理方法,对实现海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化、生态化、高效化和安全化爆破施工具有重要意义,可为海域同类工程施工提供借鉴和指导。
厦门地铁2号线跨海隧道(起讫里程右DK18+531.484~DK21+267.569)自海沧大道站起,至东渡路站。区间隧道采用盾构法+矿山法施工,盾构法隧道采用圆形断面,开挖直径7.03 m。盾构区间采用“点”钻探“线”物探综合勘探,发现地层地质情况复杂多变,堪称“地质博物馆”,海上段加密补勘段(海沧侧海堤~大兔屿)主要为中等、微风化的花岗岩和中等、微风化的安山岩,地层分布如图1所示。
海上段已完成海沧侧海堤~大兔屿段(左线DK18+907.11~DK19+151.84、右线DK18+897~DK19+121.73)地质加密补勘,沿左右线线路中心线5 m一个补勘孔进行地质取芯,共发现孤石8处,基岩凸起5处。部分分布情况如表1所示。
针对现有海域孤石和基岩凸起段爆破预处理技术的不足,根据海域环境和工程特点,在此提出了一种考虑生态环境影响的海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化爆破预处理方法,该方法的具体步骤采用流程图的方式表示,如图2所示。
根据规范规定及前期勘探资料[10],采用地质钻机对揭露的孤石和侵入隧道的基岩凸起段进行垂直钻孔,采用ϕ 130 mm钢套管,ϕ 108 mm钻头和ϕ 146 mm钢套管,ϕ 130 mm钻头,一般钻至底部(部分侵入隧道断面外的可适当超深1~2 m)。成孔后,将90 mm PVC管和125 mmPVC管埋设至设计深度。沿隧道轴线方向采用梅花形交错形式布置炮孔,边缘孔距同侧边缘的距离b0取0.5~0.8 m。孔间距a和孔排距b取值如下:
(1)孤石爆破:当孤石厚度小于2 m时,ab均取0.7~0.8;当孤石厚度大于2 m小于3 m时,ab均取0.8~1.0;当孤石厚度大于3 m时,ab均取1.0~1.2。
(2)基岩凸起段爆破:当基岩厚度小于2 m时,ab均取0.8~1.0,当基岩厚度大于2 m时,ab均取1.0~1.5 m。
在海域进行爆破作业时,为了尽量扩大“爆腔”、“粉碎区”、“裂纹区”,其炸药单耗q要大于陆地爆破的炸药单耗。参照文献[11],考虑海域中孤石和基岩凸起段的水压深度、软土覆盖层厚度及岩石厚度等具体爆破环境条件,提出如下的炸药单耗计算公式
式中:q为水下钻孔爆破炸药单耗量,kg/m3q1为无覆盖层条件下陆域爆破炸药单耗;k1q1的系数;q2为爆区上方水压增量,q2=0.01h2h2为爆区上方水压等效深度;q3为爆区上方软土覆盖层增量,q3=0.02h3h3为爆区上方软土覆盖层等效厚度;q4为孤石和基岩凸起段的膨胀增量,q4=0.03h4h4为孤石和基岩凸起段的等效厚度。
本工程中孤石和基岩凸起段的覆盖层厚度在15~25 m之间,且爆破对象在水下,取k1为0.65,其余参数取值及炸药单耗的计算结果如表2所示。
每个炮孔的单孔装药量孔Qi由以下公式计算
式中:Qi为孤石和基岩凸起段第i个炮孔的单孔装药量,kg;对于首先起爆的边缘孔,bb0h4i为第i个炮孔位置处孤石和基岩凸起段的厚度,m。
孤石和基岩凸起段的参数选取和单孔装药量的计算结果如表2所示。
在计算孤石和基岩凸起段的平均块度尺寸时,分别计算边缘孔、其它孔的最大单孔装药量,记为Q0maxQ1max。最大单孔装药量边缘孔、其它孔对应爆破块度的平均尺寸X50由Cunningham修正的Kuznetsov方程计算[12]
式中:X50为爆破块度的平均粒径,cm;A为岩石系数,可参考取值[13]Q为每孔装药量,kg;对于边缘孔QQ0max,对于其它孔QQ1maxE为相对重量爆炸能量,铵油炸药E=100,水胶炸药E=110,TNT炸药E=115。
考虑盾构机的排渣要求,孤石和基岩凸起段爆破后块度最大尺寸控制值Xmax=30cm,平均块度尺寸的计算结果如表2所示。
(1)装药结构
采用特制的圆形塑料筒装药柱,孤石和基岩凸起段处药柱直径为d=60 mm和d=100 mm,爆破的孔内雷管选用工业电子雷管,炸药选用高密度(ρ0=1100 kg/m3)、高性能抗水乳化炸药。每个炮孔的装药段长度按照下式进行计算
式中:为孤石和基岩凸起段爆破的第i个炮孔的单孔装药量,kg;d为装药直径,mm;ρ0为炸药密度,kg/m3
对每个炮孔处的孤石和基岩凸起段厚度进行分类:(1)厚度在2 m以下的,采用轴向集中装药;(2)厚度在2 m以上的,采用轴向间隔装药。装药结构如图3图4所示。
(2)爆破网路设计
爆破网路采用工业电子雷管逐孔起爆网路,孔间延期时间为25~50 ms。首先对孤石和基岩凸起段的边缘孔进行爆破,利用边缘孔爆破产生的能量挤压周围土层而产生新的自由面,然后对其它孔进行爆破。
Ouchterlony等通过将Kuz-Ram模型中的R-R分布函数替换为Swebrec函数[14],提高了对大颗粒的预测能力,并将此模型称为Kuznetsov-Cunningham-Ouchterlony(KCO)模型。Swebrec函数与Kuz-Ram模型中Rosin-Rammler方程一样,仍使用X50的50%作为中心参数,但增加了Xmax的最大极限值,参数b则是定义曲线波动的参数,表达式如下[15]
式中:Px为通过x尺寸筛网的块度累积含量;Xmax为孤石爆破的块度最大尺寸控制值,无明确控制值时取所用盾构刀盘开口平均宽度的一半;b为波动参数;n为均匀性指数。
对均匀性指数n,由Cunningham通过现场试验提出的方程进行计算[16]
式中:B为最小抵抗线,m;W为钻孔精度标准差,m;m为炮孔密集系数;L为实际装药长度,m;H为梯段台阶高度,m。
每块孤石和基岩凸起段的最大单孔装药量边缘孔、其它孔,采用KCO模型中Swebrec三参数分布模型。孤石和基岩凸起段均匀性指数相关参数的选取及计算结果如表3所示。
利用KCO模型绘制的孤石边缘孔、其它孔爆破后块度累计曲线如图5所示。孤石区域边缘孔、其它孔爆破后20 cm以下的碎片占94%以上,1 cm以下的块度占20%以下,块度尺寸大部分集中在7 cm左右,相对于大块度的孤石,主要集中在8~9 cm之间。基岩边缘孔、其它孔爆破后块度累计曲线如图6所示,基岩区域边缘孔、其它孔爆破后20 cm以下的块度占95%以上,1 cm以下的块度占20%以下,块度尺寸大部分集中在8~9 cm左右,相对于大块度的基岩,主要集中在10 cm左右。故孤石和基岩凸起段块度分布均达到了比较好的爆破效果。
在爆破块度尺寸分布模型中,分别求解孤石和基岩凸起段最大单孔装药量边缘孔、其它孔块度尺寸x=0.8Xmax对应的块度累计含量,取二者的较小值,记为Pc max;块度尺寸x=0.01Xmax对应的块度累计含量,取两者的较大值,记为Pc min。孤石和基岩凸起段Pc maxPc min计算结果如图7图8所示。
图7图8可知,孤石和基岩凸起段区域Pc max>90%且Pc min<10%,说明较大爆破块度占比低,有利于提升盾构推进速度;另外微小爆破块度占比低,炸药能量利用率高。故爆破效果良好,孔网参数设计可行。
厦门海域是我国国家一级保护哺乳动物中华白海豚的主要栖息地,研究表明水下爆破产生的冲击波是爆破作业导致海洋生物死亡的主要原因[17],为了控制海底隧道爆破施工对海洋生物的影响,采用如下公式确定爆破作业在本海域被保护海洋动物的安全峰值速度
式中:Pmax为被保护海洋动物的安全超压临界值,一般可以参考鱼类取2×105 Pa;ρw为海水密度,此处取1.025×103 kg/m3Cp为海水纵波波速,此处取1500 m/s。海域爆破条件下的峰值速度预测公式采用依托翔安海底隧道工程基于量纲分析原理对现场监测数据回归建立的如下公式[18]
式中:R为被保护海洋动物所在海域位置监测点至孤石和基岩凸起段爆破药包中心距离,m;为考虑被保护海洋动物安全的孤石和基岩凸起段爆破最大单孔装药量,kg。
综合考虑最不利因素及安全系数,取R=80 m,联立公式(8)和(9),计算出考虑被保护海洋动物安全的孤石和基岩凸起段爆破的最大单孔装药量。将孤石和基岩凸起段边缘孔、其它孔的Qmax和考虑海洋生物安全的计算结果采用散点图绘制,结果如图9图10所示。由图9图10可知,孤石和基岩凸起段边缘孔、其它孔的最大单孔装药量均小于考虑海洋生物安全的最大单孔装药量,爆破方案可行。
为检验所提方法在实际工程中的爆破效果,对爆破预处理后的结果进行取芯检测验证。对孤石段区域每处取芯2处,其中一处位于孤石中心位置,所取芯样如图11所示;基岩凸起段处检测数量按总爆破孔数的3%,某处所取芯样如图12所示。取芯检测结果表明,爆破预处理后的全部块度都在30 cm以内,大部分块度在25 cm以内,满足盾构出渣要求,不需要进行二次爆破。
孤石和基岩凸起段经爆破预处理后采用盾构机进行作业,推进过程中,压力、液位稳定,盾构机在此区间未产生异常情况,均顺利通过。
进一步地,对正常段和爆破后孤石和基岩凸起段的盾构总推力、总扭矩、掘进速度和刀盘转速参数进行分析。其中,左线(246~408环)正常段平均总推力为14 074 kN,爆破后孤石和基岩凸起段的平均总推力14 554 kN,爆破预处理段相对于正常段平均总推力增加了3.41%;右线(239~388环)正常段平均总推力为11 959 kN,爆破后孤石和基岩凸起段的平均总推力12 397 kN,爆破预处理段相对于正常段平均总推力增加了3.66%;爆破预处理段与正常段的盾构掘进平均总推力相近。此外,爆破预处理段的盾构总扭矩为1~2 MN/m,掘进速度为10~20 mm/min,刀盘转速为1.0~1.5 RPM。从参数上来看,采用本文所述方法对孤石和基岩凸起段进行爆破预处理达到了理想的效果。
为最大程度确保爆破作业对白海豚不造成危害,爆破作业开始前利用声墙驱赶法将海域中华白海豚驱赶至安全距离(保险起见,取200 m)之外的保护水域,爆破作业过程中现场监测保护水域的声压峰值均未超过2 kPa,据观测附近海域中华白海豚活动无任何明显异常,证明了所提爆破预处理方法对海域生态环境没有产生不良影响。
(1)依托厦门轨道交通2号线工程,综合考虑海域孤石和基岩凸起段的覆盖层条件、爆破块度控制指标及海洋生物安全控制标准,提出了一种海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段的精细化爆破预处理方法。基于现场取芯检测结果、盾构推进情况及对海域生态环境影响的监测结论,验证了所提方法取得了良好的爆破预处理效果。
(2)本文所提爆破预处理方法科学精细、步骤明确、可操作性强,在进行海域盾构隧道孤石和基岩凸起段爆破方案设计时除了考虑各种常规设计因素外,同时全面考虑了海域中孤石和基岩凸起段每个设计炮孔处的水压深度、软土覆盖层厚度及孤石和基岩凸起段厚度等具体爆破环境条件,比现有设计方法具有更加明确的理论依据和针对性。同时,克服了现有技术中海域孤石和基岩凸起段爆破参数无针对性理论确定依据、块度效果控制不理想以及不考虑爆破作业对海洋生态环境影响等缺点和不足。
(3)文中计算单孔装药量时安全距离取R=80 m,尽管有研究数据表明距爆源安全距离以外的声压峰值和声压级均较小,但为了最大程度减小爆破作业对白海豚的危害,建议采取适当的措施(如渔船、声波或电磁波驱赶法)对海洋生物进行驱赶和保护,从而达到更高的安全性。
(4)由于孤石和基岩凸起段上方的覆盖层构造较为复杂,简单的等效深度和等效厚度不能够反映现场的真实条件,更精细的水下炸药单耗确定方法及块度控制模型有待进一步研究。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2907200)
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2025年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.010
  • 接收时间:2024-05-12
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-12
基金
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2907200)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC2907200)
作者信息
    1.河南理工大学 土木工程学院,焦作 454003
    2.中铁十四局集团有限公司,济南 250000
    3.华侨大学 土木工程学院,厦门 361021

通讯作者:

崔有权(1996-),男,硕士生,主要从事地下与隧道工程技术研究,(E-mail)
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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