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Article(id=1241046467868152577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726588800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818135467, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1736438400000, pubDateStr=2025-01-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818135467, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818135467, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818135467, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241046461174043350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818133871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820872662, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=63, endPage=70, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241046468631515927, articleId=1241046467868152577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Field Application of Mixed Emulsion Explosives with Decked Charge Technology in an Open-pit Mine, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the effects of decked charge structure on the energy transfer and blasting outcomes, a study was conducted to improve the energy utilization rate of explosives and enhance the blasting impact based on the blasting operations of a limestone mine in Chenzhou. Combining LS-DYNA numerical simulations with on-site optimization experiments, this research examined the rock stress distribution across different charge structures during bench blasting. Simulations were performed on four charge structures: continuous charge, 0.6 m deck, 1.0 m deck, and 1.5 m deck, with effective stress monitored at key points. Field optimization experiments were then conducted using a novel transmissible explosive deck to analyze the overall blasting performance of the blast pile. The research results indicate that the rock damage extent and average maximum effective stress reach peak values at a 1.0 m deck length, resulting in favorable fragmentation. In field tests, the decked charge reduced the powder factor from 0.199 kg/t to 0.179 kg/t, lowered the fine ore rate by 6.54%, reduced the oversize rate by 3.7%, and increased the average block size by 5 cm. This approach minimized energy wastage and resolved uneven fragmentation issues with mixed emulsion explosives, enhancing the mine's economic efficiency.

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HUANG Gang(1986-), male, bron in Huanggang city, Hubei province, associate professor, Ph. D, master's supervisor, engaged in teaching and research in mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .
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为了研究间隔装药结构对炸药能量的传递和爆破效果的影响，提高炸药能量利用率，增强爆破效果，基于郴州某石灰石矿山爆破工程实践，采用LS-dyna数值模拟、现场优化实验相结合的方法，研究台阶爆破过程中不同装药结构的岩石应力变化规律。分别设置连续装药，0.6 m、1.0 m、1.5 m间隔长度的四种装药结构进行模拟实验，并监测其有效应力，基于新式可传爆间隔器开展现场装药结构优化试验，分析优化后爆堆整体效果。研究结果表明：当间隔长度为1.0 m时，岩石应力损伤范围与各测点的平均最大有效应力达到峰值，整体岩石破碎更为有利。现场实验采用间隔装药后，炸药单位消耗量由0.199 kg/t降低至0.179 kg/t，粉矿率降低6.54%，大块率降低3.7%，爆堆平均块度上升5 cm，改善了混装乳化炸药使用过程中存在的能量浪费，爆堆块度尺寸不均的问题，提升了矿山的经济效益。

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黄刚（1986-），男，湖北省黄冈市人，副教授、博士、硕导，从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。
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张建华（1963-），男，博士、教授、博导，从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Jian-hua (1963-), male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, engaged in teaching and research in mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .

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张建华（1963-），男，博士、教授、博导，从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Jian-hua (1963-), male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, engaged in teaching and research in mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .

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张建华（1963-），男，博士、教授、博导，从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Jian-hua (1963-), male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, engaged in teaching and research in mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=LuM8P/19soZAgStCl4opRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057554072137901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=图9, caption=装药结构优化前后爆堆块度效果对比, figureFileSmall=N2rEWy5N/gZ2nbD0MADcKg==, figureFileBig=LuM8P/19soZAgStCl4opRg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057554231521456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanical parameters of rock specimens

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg·m－3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比μ抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa
石灰岩260021.900.295.1182.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241057554340573368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩石试件力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料密度/(kg·m－3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比μ抗拉强度/MPa抗压强度/MPa
石灰岩260021.900.295.1182.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241057554466402496, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Open-pit bench blasting parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔参数
钻孔形式炮孔直径d/mm钻孔孔深l/m堵塞长度ld/m超深lc/m孔距a/m排距b/m
垂直孔15013.53.51.57.254.75
台阶参数装药参数起爆参数
台阶高度台阶坡面角α/°装药方式单位消耗量q/(kg·t－1)单孔装药量Q/kg孔间延时/ms排间延时/ms
12.071连续装药0.1792642965
), ArticleFig(id=1241057554562871492, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

露天台阶爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
钻孔参数
钻孔形式炮孔直径d/mm钻孔孔深l/m堵塞长度ld/m超深lc/m孔距a/m排距b/m
垂直孔15013.53.51.57.254.75
台阶参数装药参数起爆参数
台阶高度台阶坡面角α/°装药方式单位消耗量q/(kg·t－1)单孔装药量Q/kg孔间延时/ms排间延时/ms
12.071连续装药0.1792642965
), ArticleFig(id=1241057554671923401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

On-site explosives parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药类型密度ρ/(kg·m－3)爆破速度D/(m·s－1)波阻抗Z/(pa·s－1)爆热Qv/(J·kg－1)爆压/GPa
现场混装乳化炸药126050106.31e63.4e67.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241057554801946831, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

现场炸药参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炸药类型密度ρ/(kg·m－3)爆破速度D/(m·s－1)波阻抗Z/(pa·s－1)爆热Qv/(J·kg－1)爆压/GPa
现场混装乳化炸药126050106.31e63.4e67.9
), ArticleFig(id=1241057554927775957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Parameters of the RHT equation of state of explosives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg·m－3)弹性模量E/GPa抗压强度σc/MPa A N抗拉强度σb/MPa A2/GPa A3
260021.982.52.448.445.112.10.5
n/GPa B0 B1 B T1/GPa T2 D1 D2
2.481.221.220.0525.700.000.041
B* p el/GPa p co/GPa A f N f N p
1.60.530.70.460.250.623
), ArticleFig(id=1241057555271708884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

RHT岩石模型材料参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg·m－3)弹性模量E/GPa抗压强度σc/MPa A N抗拉强度σb/MPa A2/GPa A3
260021.982.52.448.445.112.10.5
n/GPa B0 B1 B T1/GPa T2 D1 D2
2.481.221.220.0525.700.000.041
B* p el/GPa p co/GPa A f N f N p
1.60.530.70.460.250.623
), ArticleFig(id=1241057555519172824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Parameters of the JWL equation of state of explosives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg·m－3)爆速D/(m·s－1) A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa
12605010276.28.445.22.10.52.48
), ArticleFig(id=1241057555779219678, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

炸药材料JWL方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度ρ/(kg·m－3)爆速D/(m·s－1) A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/GPa
12605010276.28.445.22.10.52.48
), ArticleFig(id=1241057556047655134, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Parameters of the air equation of state of explosives

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ k/(kg·m－3) C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E
129000000.40.4025
), ArticleFig(id=1241057556265758944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

空气材料及状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ k/(kg·m－3) C0 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 E
129000000.40.4025
), ArticleFig(id=1241057556379005155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Simulation test plan for charging with different deck lengths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号间隔长度/m装药长度/m
下部中部上部
1#0 11.5 
2#0.65.450.65.45
3#1.05.251.05.25
4#1.55.001.55.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241057556475474151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

不同装药结构模拟试验方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号间隔长度/m装药长度/m
下部中部上部
1#0 11.5 
2#0.65.450.65.45
3#1.05.251.05.25
4#1.55.001.55.00
), ArticleFig(id=1241057556550971624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

The proportion of different block sizes in the blast pile before and after optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破区域爆堆位置岩块尺寸/mm
0~1010~2020~5050~100100~200200~600>600
各粒径占比/%
优化前爆破效果上部16.728.2515.8515.4721.2416.805.67
中部9.394.4012.4015.4819.8832.006.45
底部7.254.818.3815.3228.6725.4810.09
平均11.125.8510.5415.4023.9324.767.40
优化后爆破效果上部6.407.459.7213.5027.8832.202.85
中部2.322.128.0010.0127.7145.084.76
底部5.017.4710.7513.5227.5232.253.48
平均4.585.689.4912.3427.7036.513.70
), ArticleFig(id=1241057556651634923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

优化前后的爆堆不同尺寸块度的占比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破区域爆堆位置岩块尺寸/mm
0~1010~2020~5050~100100~200200~600>600
各粒径占比/%
优化前爆破效果上部16.728.2515.8515.4721.2416.805.67
中部9.394.4012.4015.4819.8832.006.45
底部7.254.818.3815.3228.6725.4810.09
平均11.125.8510.5415.4023.9324.767.40
优化后爆破效果上部6.407.459.7213.5027.8832.202.85
中部2.322.128.0010.0127.7145.084.76
底部5.017.4710.7513.5227.5232.253.48
平均4.585.689.4912.3427.7036.513.70
), ArticleFig(id=1241057556743909614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Comparison of explosion parameters before and after optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验方案炸药单耗/(kg·t－1)松散系数η大块率/%粉矿率/%抛掷距离/m平均块度/cm
连续装药0.1991.387.4011.1229.0725
1 m空气间隔0.1791.423.704.5819.3030
), ArticleFig(id=1241057556924264689, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046467868152577, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

优化前后爆堆相关参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验方案炸药单耗/(kg·t－1)松散系数η大块率/%粉矿率/%抛掷距离/m平均块度/cm
连续装药0.1991.387.4011.1229.0725
1 m空气间隔0.1791.423.704.5819.3030
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混装乳化炸药间隔装药技术在某露天矿山现场应用研究
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张建华 1 , 李佳乐 1 , 张肯 2 , 赵强 3 , 黄刚 1 , 刘犇 4 , 姜苏宸 1 , 梁伟韬 1 , 赵亮 1 , N M MUNYARADZI 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(1): 63-70
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(1): 63-70
混装乳化炸药间隔装药技术在某露天矿山现场应用研究
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张建华1 , 李佳乐1, 张肯2, 赵强3, 黄刚1 , 刘犇4, 姜苏宸1, 梁伟韬1, 赵亮1, N M MUNYARADZI1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
  • 2.安徽江南化工股份有限公司，合肥　230031
  • 3.北方爆破科技有限公司，北京　100097
  • 4.华新水泥（郴州）有限公司，郴州　423022

    • 张建华（1963-），男，博士、教授、博导，从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。

    ZHANG Jian-hua (1963-), male, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, engaged in teaching and research in mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

黄刚（1986-），男，湖北省黄冈市人，副教授、博士、硕导，从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。
Field Application of Mixed Emulsion Explosives with Decked Charge Technology in an Open-pit Mine
Jian-hua ZHANG1 , Jia-le LI1, Ken ZHANG2, Qiang ZHAO3, Gang HUANG1 , Ben LIU4, Su-chen JIANG1, Wei-tao LIANG1, Liang ZHAO1, N M MUNYARADZI1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Anhui Jiangnan Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., Hefei 230031, China
  • 3.North Blasting Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100097, China
  • 4.Huaxin Cement (Chenzhou) Co., Ltd., Chenzhou 423022, China
出版时间: 2025-01-10 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.008
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摘要
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为了研究间隔装药结构对炸药能量的传递和爆破效果的影响，提高炸药能量利用率，增强爆破效果，基于郴州某石灰石矿山爆破工程实践，采用LS-dyna数值模拟、现场优化实验相结合的方法，研究台阶爆破过程中不同装药结构的岩石应力变化规律。分别设置连续装药，0.6 m、1.0 m、1.5 m间隔长度的四种装药结构进行模拟实验，并监测其有效应力，基于新式可传爆间隔器开展现场装药结构优化试验，分析优化后爆堆整体效果。研究结果表明：当间隔长度为1.0 m时，岩石应力损伤范围与各测点的平均最大有效应力达到峰值，整体岩石破碎更为有利。现场实验采用间隔装药后，炸药单位消耗量由0.199 kg/t降低至0.179 kg/t，粉矿率降低6.54%，大块率降低3.7%，爆堆平均块度上升5 cm，改善了混装乳化炸药使用过程中存在的能量浪费，爆堆块度尺寸不均的问题，提升了矿山的经济效益。

混装乳化炸药  /  空气间隔  /  数值模拟  /  大块率  /  粉矿率

To investigate the effects of decked charge structure on the energy transfer and blasting outcomes, a study was conducted to improve the energy utilization rate of explosives and enhance the blasting impact based on the blasting operations of a limestone mine in Chenzhou. Combining LS-DYNA numerical simulations with on-site optimization experiments, this research examined the rock stress distribution across different charge structures during bench blasting. Simulations were performed on four charge structures: continuous charge, 0.6 m deck, 1.0 m deck, and 1.5 m deck, with effective stress monitored at key points. Field optimization experiments were then conducted using a novel transmissible explosive deck to analyze the overall blasting performance of the blast pile. The research results indicate that the rock damage extent and average maximum effective stress reach peak values at a 1.0 m deck length, resulting in favorable fragmentation. In field tests, the decked charge reduced the powder factor from 0.199 kg/t to 0.179 kg/t, lowered the fine ore rate by 6.54%, reduced the oversize rate by 3.7%, and increased the average block size by 5 cm. This approach minimized energy wastage and resolved uneven fragmentation issues with mixed emulsion explosives, enhancing the mine's economic efficiency.

mixed emulsion explosives  /  air decking  /  numerical simulation  /  block rate  /  fine ore rate
张建华, 李佳乐, 张肯, 赵强, 黄刚, 刘犇, 姜苏宸, 梁伟韬, 赵亮, N M MUNYARADZI. 混装乳化炸药间隔装药技术在某露天矿山现场应用研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (1) : 63 -70 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.008
Jian-hua ZHANG, Jia-le LI, Ken ZHANG, Qiang ZHAO, Gang HUANG, Ben LIU, Su-chen JIANG, Wei-tao LIANG, Liang ZHAO, N M MUNYARADZI. Field Application of Mixed Emulsion Explosives with Decked Charge Technology in an Open-pit Mine[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (1) : 63 -70 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.008
正文
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随着矿山爆破中深孔爆破技术的发展，以混装车为载体的现场混装炸药的使用占比在矿山爆破用药中越来越大。乳化炸药现场混装技术集生产、运输和装药于一体[1]，具有爆破效果好、安全、计量准确和机械化程度高等显著特点。混装乳化炸药在使用过程中，装药过程中为“全耦合装药”，炸药单耗高，粉碎区半径大，造成爆破能量的浪费，因此通过空气间隔装药方式改善混装炸药装药结构具有重要意义。
空气间隔装药技术由来已久，在理论研究方面，早在20世纪40年代，Melniokov等通过室内试验提出采用间隔装药来减少爆破装药量，降低炮孔的爆压峰值[2]。张玉淋研究发现采用PVC管空气间隔器实施间隔装药爆破[3]，能降低作用在炮孔壁上的冲击压力峰值，减小冲击波作用，防止炮孔附近的矿石被过度破碎。王银涛等在炮孔顶部放置不同长度空心PVC管作间隔器，发现PVC长度为1.2 m时，爆破效果最好[4]。董源模拟发现空气间隔装药中空气层的存在能够有效降低孔壁压力[5]，保护孔壁岩石不被过度压碎，改善了爆破效果。谭元军等对空气间隔装药方式下爆破的能量、冲击波以及爆生气体作用情况进行了研究[6]，得到了炮孔近区的能量分布公式。李章超基于JKSimBlast软件和现场试验，发现采用空气间隔装药结构爆破后大块率平均降低9.24%，爆破效果最好[7]。
在现场应用方面，王静通过测量不同装药结构爆破前后模型的纵波速度发现[8]，炮孔中空气间隔的存在起到了缓冲作用，对炮孔底部的岩石损伤减小，起到了保护作用。王凯等研究表明露天深孔台阶爆破采用空气间隔装药爆破技术[9]，可以降低爆破振动效应以及大块率。张迎吉等开展了在不同位置设置空气间隔的爆破振动和破碎效果试验[10]，得出中部间隔有着最佳爆破效果。郭建新等探究了炮孔含水情况下的底部间隔装药技术[11]，取得了良好的经济效益。
目前，该郴州华新水泥芒头岭矿山在混装乳化炸药在使用过程中，炸药能量利用率较低，底部大块过多，中上部粉矿多，因此，以该灰岩骨料矿山为对象，采用LS-DYNA有限元软件开展连续装药与可传爆间隔器在不同间隔长度下的爆破效果数值分析对比，模拟不同装药结构的应力变化规律，然后基于模拟结果，在现场基于可传爆间隔器进行对比试验，分析现场混装乳化炸药在使用过程中的不同装药结构下各粒径占比规律，获取最优装药结构。
1　矿区地质条件
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1.1　矿山工程概况
研究矿山位于湖南省郴州市，台阶坡面角为75°。目前该矿区爆破作业全部使用现场混装乳化炸药，但由于现场混装乳化炸药在使用过程中单耗较高，爆破后的爆堆块度尺寸大小不均，经常出现中上部粉矿多，底部大块多的情况，影响生产作业及后续骨料筛分的效率。因此，需要提高0.2~0.6 m矿石粒径占比，降低矿山的大块率与粉矿率。
1.2　岩石参数获取
为了对现场爆破参数进行优化，需要掌握矿山岩石的物理力学性质，从矿区现生产的458平台对有代表性的矿岩进行现场取样，加工后的标准石灰岩岩样尺寸为ϕ 50 mm×100 mm，如图1所示，在室内进行岩石物理力学试验。
本次室内试验采用TAJW-2000型岩石试验机，测得该矿区岩石的抗压强度、抗拉强度等力学参数见表1。矿山爆破采用75.8%硝酸铵，17%水，0.1%柴油，1.5%硫脲，4%机油，1.5%高分子乳化剂；0.1%的20%NaNO2溶液混合制成的现场混装乳化炸药，台阶爆破基本参数见表2，现场使用的炸药参数见表3。
2　台阶爆破空气间隔装药数值模型
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2.1　基于LS-Dyna数值计算模型
2.1.1　模型尺寸及边界条件
为了对比不同装药结构对岩石损伤的影响，根据矿山实际工况，基于LS-dyna建立三维台阶不同装药结构数值计算模型，装药模型分为两种，一种是连续装药模型，由岩体、炸药段和堵塞段组成，如图2(a)所示。一种是基于可传爆间隔器的不同空气间隔装药模型，由岩体、炸药段和堵塞段以及中部间隔段的少量炸药组成，间隔段的少量炸药可用于传爆，如图2(b)所示。单元类型选取Solid164，堵塞、炸药、空气采用共节点网格划分且采用ALE算法，岩石采用Lagrange算法，单位制为cm-g-μs。
模型总高度为15 m，宽度为8 m，坡面角75°，抵抗线为1.8 m，建立2排炮孔，排距为4 m，第二排孔距为4 m，炮孔直径为150 mm、堵塞长度3.5 m、装药高度11.5 m，中段炸药与上下两段药柱共节点，直径为75 mm。模型坡顶面，坡面与坡底面均为自由面，其余面条件为无反射边界。模型详细尺寸参数如图2所示。
2.1.2　模型参数及状态方程
(1)岩石材料模型
在LS-DYNA自定义材料模型中，MAT_RHT可以用来模拟爆破荷载下岩石的本构关系，RHT岩石材料的状态方程如式(1)。
式中：μ为泊松比；ρ0为岩石初始密度；ρ为压缩过程中材料的密度；e为初始内能；A1、A2、A3、B0、B1、T1和T2为状态方程参数。
岩石模型具体参数结合物理力学试验与其他学者研究所得[12-16]，具体参数见表4。
(2)炸药材料模型
在LS-DYNA数值模拟软件中内嵌有高能炸药，*MAT_HIGH_EXPLISIVE_BURN这种材料类型用来代表炸药材料[13，15]。通过JWL状态方程，对炸药的起爆时间以及起爆位置进行确定，方程参数根据现场炸药状态方程如式(2)
式中：A、B、R1、R2、ω为材料输入参数；P为爆轰产物的压力；V为相对体积装药，即单位体积装药产生的爆轰产物的体积；E0为初始比内能。方程参数如表5所示。
(3)空气材料模型
空气使用*MAT_NULL材料模型及线性多项式状态方程*EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL加以描述，空气状态方程如式(3)，材料参数见表6。
式中：C0~C6为材料常数；E为单位体积空气介质的初始内能。
2.1.3　间隔装药数值模拟方案
为确定在炸药装药过程中，药柱中部使用增加空气间隔的最佳间隔高度，对采用空气间隔的不同间隔高度进行分别模拟。根据矿山实际工况分别建立连续装药结构、中部间隔长度分别为0.6 m、1 m、1.5 m的多孔台阶微差爆破模型。模拟试验方案及间隔位置见表7，不同间隔长度对应装药结构如图3所示，起爆方式均为底部起爆。
2.2　不同间隔长度数值模型结果分析
2.2.1　爆炸应力云图分析
连续装药结构与1 m间隔长度台阶药柱爆破剖面应力云图如图4所示。分别对应t1＝600 μs，t2＝1300 μs，t3＝2048 μs，t4＝4000 μs。从图4(a)可以明显看出，在连续装药结构下，当炮孔底部炸药起爆后，产生的应力波从爆心开始向四周岩体传播，炮孔上段应力分布面积明显大于底部，台阶整体应力分布面积较小。从图4(b)可以看出，采用1 m的空气间隔长度后，当底部炸药起爆后，炸药沿炮孔向上传爆，当到达空气间隔段后，应力波到达空气段后首先发生反射，增大底部应力分布范围。同时应力波通过中部间隔段的炸药继续传爆，从而降低了传统间隔装药时的间隔段的应力叠加作用，该装药结构既保证了岩体底部的破碎效果，又不至于中上部过度破碎，产生粉矿。从最后的应力云图可以看出，1 m间隔装药后结构的台阶应力分布面积更大且均匀，表明此种装药结构更有利于岩体的破碎和爆破后岩石应力的均匀分布。
2.2.2　应力时程曲线分析
为进一步观察不同装药结构的应力变化差异，选取孔中心区域的药柱上、中、下三个区域，间距均为4.2 m，提取其应力时程曲线，测点位置如图5所示。
经计算后应力曲线结果如图6所示，由图可以看出，随着炸药沿药柱开始起爆，各监测点的应力依次激增，均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势。不同装药结构下岩石受到的初始应力变化一致，随着时间的推移，应力趋势逐渐发生变化。不同装药情况的应力变化情况有着明显差异。
图6(a)可以看出，在上部测点，连续装药结构与间隔装药的应力变化基本一致，但随着间隔长度的增加，间隔后应力峰值不断下降，但下降幅度较小，依旧满足岩石破碎的强度。图6(b)可以看出，对于中部测点，不同装药结构在1200 μs到达第一个峰值后，随后在2200 μs处后应力会明显叠加，产生粉矿，采用空气间隔后，叠加后的应力随着间隔长度的增加逐渐降低，有效避免了岩石在中部的过度破碎情况。图6(c)可以看出，对于下部测点，随着间隔长度的增加，下部岩石所受到应力先升高后降低，其中间隔1.0 m时，岩石所受的应力最高，此时更有利于台阶下部岩石的破碎，防止根底大块的产生。
2.3　数值模拟结果分析
基于中部间隔装药技术，模拟了不同装药结构下台阶的药柱起爆过程，对应力云图及应力时程曲线进行分析。同时考虑矿山现状为底部大块多，中上部粉矿多的问题，综合结果表明，相较于其他装药方式，间隔长度为1.0 m时效果最好，此时中上段的应力峰值明显降低，底部应力最高，在底部岩石充分破碎的同时，避免中上部岩石过度破碎，使炸药能量在岩体中均匀分布，减少了大块与粉矿的产生。后续对连续装药结构与1.0 m空气间隔进行现场对比试验，分析爆破效果。
3　矿山现场爆破试验
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3.1　现场爆破试验参数
根据数值模拟结果，在矿山＋170平台进行现场对比试验，本次现场试验共设计40个孔，左侧20个孔采取1 m空气间隔装药，右侧孔正常连续装药，其中间隔段采用H 1.0 m×ϕ 75 mm的可传爆间隔器。现场炮孔图如图7所示。试验台阶边坡及装药结构如图8所示。
3.2　试验过程与结果分析
优化前后的爆堆尺寸图像，如图9所示。爆后利用Split-desktop 4.0块度分析软件分别在爆堆表面和内部选取多个区域对爆堆进行处理分析。块度分析后得到优化前后的爆堆不同尺寸块度的占比见表8。
优化前后爆堆相关参数对比见表9。对比爆堆尺寸占比，结合表8，表9可以得出结论：采用1.0 m间隔后的装药结构不仅降低了炸药的单耗。且爆破后的爆堆中上部粉矿占比分别降低了10.32%，7.37%，底部600 mm以上大块占比降低了6.61%，200~600 mm粒径平均占比上升11.75%，松散系数增加0.04，有利于后续矿山进行铲装运输作业。
4　结论
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针对郴州某露天矿山混装乳化炸药单耗高，爆堆粉矿率高，爆堆块度尺寸差异大的问题，基于一种可传爆间隔器的使用，通过LS-Dyna建立出4种不同装药结构的爆破数值模型，分析不同装药结构对应力分布的影响，结合现场试验结果得出如下结论：
(1)爆破应力云图结果表明，采用间隔装药后，当炸药能量从底部传至间隔段时，应力波遇到空气发生反射，增大了底部应力作用范围，同时中部炸药量的减少，减少了中上部粉碎圈范围，使能量分布更为均匀。
(2)应力变化曲线结果表明，当采用中部间隔装药时，随着间隔长度的增加，中上部的应力峰值一直降低，中部应力叠加效果也一直降低，下部应力效果先增加后降低。当间隔长度为1.0 m时，此时岩石中上部应力峰值较低，中部应力叠加效果降低下部应力最大，应力分布最均匀。
(3)采用1.0 m长度可传爆间隔器进行现场试验后，炸药单耗由0.199 kg/t降低至0.179 kg/t，爆破后的平均粉矿率降低6.54%，平均大块率降低3.7%，平均块度上升5 cm，极大方便了后续铲装运输。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(42271296)
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[1]
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2025年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.008
  • 接收时间：2024-09-18
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-01-10
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  • 收稿日期：2024-09-18
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(42271296)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(42271296)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学　资源与环境工程学院，武汉　430070
    2.安徽江南化工股份有限公司，合肥　230031
    3.北方爆破科技有限公司，北京　100097
    4.华新水泥（郴州）有限公司，郴州　423022

通讯作者:

黄刚（1986-），男，湖北省黄冈市人，副教授、博士、硕导，从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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