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Article(id=1241046466098156274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1717430400000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818135046, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818135046, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818135046, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818135046, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241046461174043350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818133871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820872662, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=89, endPage=96, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241046469860447021, articleId=1241046466098156274, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Test of Shaped-charge Hydraulic Smooth Blasting for Small Section Tunnel, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The drilling and blasting method is widely used in tunnel excavation. Typically, smooth blasting can meet the quality formation requirements. However, achieving ideal contour control blasting effects and ensuring the safety and stability of surrounding rock mass are challenging due to limitations in drilling conditions and charging in small section tunnels, especially when encountering adverse geological conditions. This often results in increased costs for subsequent support and lining. To address these issues, on-site blasting tests were conducted based on small-section hydraulic tunnels to explore applying energy-gathering hydraulic blasting technology to improve blasting parameters in poor geological conditions. The main conclusions from analyzing and evaluating the quality of contour excavation using 3D laser scanning technology are as follows: (1) The results indicate that shaped charge blasting can reduce over-excavation and under-excavation by 40.8% and 54.2%, respectively, compared to conventional blasting under the same geological conditions. (2) A comparative analysis of blasting results under different borehole arrangements shows that no boreholes are needed to connect the arch crown and the side wall. Utilizing the shaped charge effect to control can reduce over-excavation at the arch shoulder. (3) In fourth-class surrounding rock mass, including silty mudstone and stratified sandstone, the smoothness of the wall surface is less affected by blasting parameters and is promarily determined by lithology. Moreover, the smoothness of stratified sandstone can be improved by more than 30% compared to silty mudstone. In summary, the reasonable application of shaped charge water pressure blasting technology in small cross-section hydraulic tunnels can improve tunnel wall shaping under smooth blasting conditions.

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LI Hong-tao(1979-), male, born in Xiantao City, Hubei province, Ph. D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in teaching and research related to engineering blasting and water conservancy engineering construction, (E-mail) .
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钻爆法在隧洞开挖中得到广泛应用，通常采用光面爆破以达到成型质量要求，但在小断面隧洞中，特别是遇到不良地质条件时，受洞内钻孔条件及装药等限制，难以达到理想的轮廓控制爆破效果，从而影响围岩安全稳定，也会导致后期支护及衬砌成本增加。针对上述问题，依托小断面水工隧洞开展现场爆破试验，探究聚能水压爆破技术应用于不良地质小断面隧洞的爆破参数，利用三维激光扫描技术对轮廓开挖质量进行分析与评价，主要结论如下：（1）超欠挖检测结果表明，同种地质条件下，聚能爆破相对于常规爆破可降低超挖量与欠挖量分别为40.8%和54.2%；（2）通过不同炮孔布置方式下的爆破结果对比分析发现，在弧顶与边墙连接处可不布设孔，利用聚能效应控制成型，可减少拱肩处的超挖；（3）在Ⅳ类围岩的粉砂质泥岩和层状砂岩中，壁面平整度受爆破参数影响较小，主要由岩性决定，且层状砂岩相比粉砂质泥岩平整度可提高30%以上。综上所述，在小断面水工隧洞中合理应用聚能水压爆破技术，可有效提高光面爆破下的隧洞壁面成型效果。

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李洪涛（1979-），男，湖北省仙桃市，博士、教授、博士生导师，主要从事工程爆破及水利工程施工相关的教学与研究，（E-mail）。
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黄高翔（1971-），男，四川省南充市，本科、高级工程师，主要从事爆破、水利工程设计方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

HUANG Gao-xiang (1971-), male, born in Nanchong city, Sichuan province, bachelor's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in blasting, water conservancy engineering design research work, (E-mail) .

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黄高翔（1971-），男，四川省南充市，本科、高级工程师，主要从事爆破、水利工程设计方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

HUANG Gao-xiang (1971-), male, born in Nanchong city, Sichuan province, bachelor's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in blasting, water conservancy engineering design research work, (E-mail) .

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黄高翔（1971-），男，四川省南充市，本科、高级工程师，主要从事爆破、水利工程设计方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

HUANG Gao-xiang (1971-), male, born in Nanchong city, Sichuan province, bachelor's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in blasting, water conservancy engineering design research work, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on initiation and propagation mechanism of internal cracks caused by dynamic and static action of shaped charge blasting under in-situ stress, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057572325741227, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=28, authorNames=戴俊, journalName=岩石动力学特性与爆破理论, refType=null, unstructuredReference=戴俊. 岩石动力学特性与爆破理论[M].2版. 北京: 冶金工业出版社, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057572388655788, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=29, authorNames=DAI Jun, journalName=Dynamic behaviors and blasting theory of rock, refType=null, unstructuredReference=DAI Jun. Dynamic behaviors and blasting theory of rock[M]. Second Edition. Beijing: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2013. 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label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of smooth blasting

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孔型孔径/mm孔深/m孔数/个药卷直径/mm起爆延时/s单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg
掏槽孔1422.52320.51.22.4
掏槽孔22.541.014
崩落孔12.541.50.83.2
崩落孔22.552.00.84.0
周边孔2.592.50.6~0.86.6
底板孔2.543.00.8~1.03.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241057567430988394, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

光面爆破参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
孔型孔径/mm孔深/m孔数/个药卷直径/mm起爆延时/s单孔装药量/kg总装药量/kg
掏槽孔1422.52320.51.22.4
掏槽孔22.541.014
崩落孔12.541.50.83.2
崩落孔22.552.00.84.0
周边孔2.592.50.6~0.86.6
底板孔2.543.00.8~1.03.6
), ArticleFig(id=1241057567523263084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test conditions of Haitangba Tunnel(unit：lengths—cm、explosives—roll)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况1工况2工况3工况4
), ArticleFig(id=1241057567594566254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

海棠坝隧洞试验工况(单位：长度—cm、药卷数量—卷)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况1工况2工况3工况4
), ArticleFig(id=1241057567661675120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Test conditions of Huafangzi Tunnel(unit：lengths——cm、explosives——roll)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况5工况6工况7工况8
), ArticleFig(id=1241057567779115636, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

花房子隧洞试验工况(单位：长度——cm、药卷数量——卷)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况5工况6工况7工况8
), ArticleFig(id=1241057567925916280, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Charge structures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况装药结构/cm
工况1、7
工况2、8
工况3~ 6
), ArticleFig(id=1241057568034968188, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

装药结构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况装药结构/cm
工况1、7
工况2、8
工况3~ 6
), ArticleFig(id=1241057568102077053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Contour shaping after blasting under various working conditions

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况左侧视图正视图右侧视图
工况1
工况2
工况3
工况4
工况5
工况6
工况8
), ArticleFig(id=1241057568185963135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各工况爆破后轮廓成型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况左侧视图正视图右侧视图
工况1
工况2
工况3
工况4
工况5
工况6
工况8
), ArticleFig(id=1241057568265654913, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Flatness under different tolerances

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况平整度/%(标尺1 m)
公差0.05 m公差0.10 m公差0.15 m
工况144.4057.6071.30
工况244.8053.4068.10
工况317.4045.5067.90
工况442.2055.9068.90
工况54.1223.5044.20
工况63.7119.3041.20
工况87.0720.8039.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241057568383095427, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046466098156274, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同公差下的平整度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况平整度/%(标尺1 m)
公差0.05 m公差0.10 m公差0.15 m
工况144.4057.6071.30
工况244.8053.4068.10
工况317.4045.5067.90
工况442.2055.9068.90
工况54.1223.5044.20
工况63.7119.3041.20
工况87.0720.8039.20
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小断面隧洞聚能水压光面爆破试验
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黄高翔 1 , 许国庆 2 , 姚强 2 , 杨旭 2 , 陈星艮 2 , 李洪涛 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(1): 89-96
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(1): 89-96
小断面隧洞聚能水压光面爆破试验
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黄高翔1 , 许国庆2, 姚强2, 杨旭2, 陈星艮2, 李洪涛2
作者信息
  • 1.四川省水利科学研究院，成都　610072
  • 2.四川大学　水利水电学院，成都　610065

    • 黄高翔（1971-），男，四川省南充市，本科、高级工程师，主要从事爆破、水利工程设计方面的研究工作，（E-mail）。

    HUANG Gao-xiang (1971-), male, born in Nanchong city, Sichuan province, bachelor's degree, senior engineer, mainly engaged in blasting, water conservancy engineering design research work, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

李洪涛（1979-），男，湖北省仙桃市，博士、教授、博士生导师，主要从事工程爆破及水利工程施工相关的教学与研究，（E-mail）。
Test of Shaped-charge Hydraulic Smooth Blasting for Small Section Tunnel
Gao-xiang HUANG1 , Guo-qing XU2, Qiang YAO2, Xu YANG2, Xing-gen CHEN2, Hong-tao LI2
Affiliations
  • 1.Sichuan Academy of Water Conservancy, Chengdu 610072, China
  • 2.College of Water Resource & Hydropower, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.011
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摘要
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钻爆法在隧洞开挖中得到广泛应用，通常采用光面爆破以达到成型质量要求，但在小断面隧洞中，特别是遇到不良地质条件时，受洞内钻孔条件及装药等限制，难以达到理想的轮廓控制爆破效果，从而影响围岩安全稳定，也会导致后期支护及衬砌成本增加。针对上述问题，依托小断面水工隧洞开展现场爆破试验，探究聚能水压爆破技术应用于不良地质小断面隧洞的爆破参数，利用三维激光扫描技术对轮廓开挖质量进行分析与评价，主要结论如下：（1）超欠挖检测结果表明，同种地质条件下，聚能爆破相对于常规爆破可降低超挖量与欠挖量分别为40.8%和54.2%；（2）通过不同炮孔布置方式下的爆破结果对比分析发现，在弧顶与边墙连接处可不布设孔，利用聚能效应控制成型，可减少拱肩处的超挖；（3）在Ⅳ类围岩的粉砂质泥岩和层状砂岩中，壁面平整度受爆破参数影响较小，主要由岩性决定，且层状砂岩相比粉砂质泥岩平整度可提高30%以上。综上所述，在小断面水工隧洞中合理应用聚能水压爆破技术，可有效提高光面爆破下的隧洞壁面成型效果。

聚能爆破  /  水压爆破  /  不良地质  /  小断面隧洞  /  三维激光扫描

The drilling and blasting method is widely used in tunnel excavation. Typically, smooth blasting can meet the quality formation requirements. However, achieving ideal contour control blasting effects and ensuring the safety and stability of surrounding rock mass are challenging due to limitations in drilling conditions and charging in small section tunnels, especially when encountering adverse geological conditions. This often results in increased costs for subsequent support and lining. To address these issues, on-site blasting tests were conducted based on small-section hydraulic tunnels to explore applying energy-gathering hydraulic blasting technology to improve blasting parameters in poor geological conditions. The main conclusions from analyzing and evaluating the quality of contour excavation using 3D laser scanning technology are as follows: (1) The results indicate that shaped charge blasting can reduce over-excavation and under-excavation by 40.8% and 54.2%, respectively, compared to conventional blasting under the same geological conditions. (2) A comparative analysis of blasting results under different borehole arrangements shows that no boreholes are needed to connect the arch crown and the side wall. Utilizing the shaped charge effect to control can reduce over-excavation at the arch shoulder. (3) In fourth-class surrounding rock mass, including silty mudstone and stratified sandstone, the smoothness of the wall surface is less affected by blasting parameters and is promarily determined by lithology. Moreover, the smoothness of stratified sandstone can be improved by more than 30% compared to silty mudstone. In summary, the reasonable application of shaped charge water pressure blasting technology in small cross-section hydraulic tunnels can improve tunnel wall shaping under smooth blasting conditions.

shaped charge blasting  /  hydraulic blasting  /  adverse geology  /  small section tunnel  /  3D laser scanning
黄高翔, 许国庆, 姚强, 杨旭, 陈星艮, 李洪涛. 小断面隧洞聚能水压光面爆破试验. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (1) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.011
Gao-xiang HUANG, Guo-qing XU, Qiang YAO, Xu YANG, Xing-gen CHEN, Hong-tao LI. Test of Shaped-charge Hydraulic Smooth Blasting for Small Section Tunnel[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (1) : 89 -96 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.011
正文
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钻爆法在小断面短距离硬岩隧洞开挖中有不可替代的优越性，但在不良地质条件下采用爆破开挖时难以控制轮廓成型质量[1]。传统光面爆破在完整性好时可通过调整爆破参数有效控制超欠挖，但面对不良地质条件时难以满足质量控制要求，为进一步提高光爆效果，聚能爆破应运而生。
何满潮等提出了双向聚能拉伸爆破方法[2]，为复杂成型爆破提供了一种高效低耗途径；秦健飞等基于聚能射流理论，提出了椭圆双极线性聚能爆破，对其爆破机理进行了深入研究并提出了主要控制参数；郭德勇等对聚能爆破在不同装药结构及初始条件下的煤层深孔致裂增透机制进行了深入研究[4-6]；Yin Yao等通过数值模拟揭示了聚能爆破破岩机理及微差起爆时间效应[7]；何广沂等提出了水压爆破技术[8]，并成功应用于城市露天爆破开挖，有效降低了爆破粉尘并提高了破岩效率；Wang等将椭圆双极线性聚能爆破与水压爆破结合[9]，有效提高了爆破破岩效率；吴波等通过数值模拟分析了聚能水压控制爆破机理及损伤演化过程[10]，并在隧道施工建设中取得良好爆破效果；盖梦飞等通过现场试验对不同装药结构下的水压爆破应变场演化及致裂效果进行了研究[11]，结果表明水压爆破相比于空气介质爆破可延长裂纹扩展时间。
目前，聚能爆破广泛应用于矿山和交通隧道工程[12-15]，但在水工隧洞爆破开挖中应用较少，尤其是针对小断面不良地质条件的聚能水压光面爆破参数并没有积累足够的工程经验，基于此开展聚能水压光面爆破现场试验，以期为聚能水压爆破技术在小断面不良地质条件水工隧洞中的应用提供借鉴。
1　工程概况及聚能水压爆破试验方案
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1.1　工程概况
试验依托四川省南江县红鱼洞水库及灌区工程，结合恩阳分干渠花房子隧洞和海棠坝隧洞工程施工开展。花房子隧洞总长1956.46 m，试验段洞室围岩为层砂岩夹层状粉砂质泥岩，以软岩为主，岩体互层状结构，试验中未见地下水渗漏，掌子面工作环境干燥，围岩类别为Ⅳ类，围岩不稳定，断面成型条件差；海棠坝隧洞总长2438.16 m，试验段洞室围岩为互层状砂岩，以中硬岩为主，呈新鲜、薄层状，地下水活动中等，开挖时需进行抽水，洞室围岩类别为Ⅳ类，围岩中砂、泥岩层间接合力差，易脱层、掉块及坍塌，且开挖暴露后易风化，断面成型条件差。见图1。
1.2　聚能水压爆破机理及装药方法
不耦合装药情况下，爆轰波在压缩药卷与炮孔壁间的空气后再作用于炮孔壁上的岩石，若不考虑线装药密度的影响，可将常规柱状装药下炮孔壁受到的冲击压力表示为[16]
式中：D为爆速，m/s；ρ0为炸药密度，kg/m3；db为炮孔直径；dc为装药直径；n为应力波放大系数，通常为8~11。
聚能爆破利用了炸药爆炸的门罗效应，即爆轰产物会沿炸药表面外法线方向运动，在药柱岩体预裂方向切槽，药包起爆后形成聚能射流，如图2所示。高温高压射流先于其它方向抵达炮孔壁，使该方向岩体瞬间粉碎，形成初始裂缝，初始裂缝在应力集中效应和爆生气体准静态作用下进一步扩展，最终在聚能方向形成优势裂缝，在其他方向形成次裂缝。炮孔壁聚能方向峰值压力为[7]
式中：QV为单位炸药所产生的能量，J/kg；β为聚能槽锥角度数的二分之一；R0为药卷等效半径，m；r为与药卷中心距离，m；其余参数同上。
试验中所采用的2#岩石乳化炸药密度ρ0约为1.1 g/cm3，爆速D约为4000 m/s，爆热QV为3688 kJ/kg，炮孔直径为42 mm，药卷直径db为32 mm，聚能装药等效半径R0约为13.4 mm，聚能槽半锥角β为30°，取应力波放大系数为8，则通过公式(1)和公式(2)分别计算得到常规柱状装药和聚能装药作用下炮孔壁压力分别为3.4 GPa、30.6 GPa。
聚能方向产生的优势裂缝长度lp
式中：rb为炮孔半径；σt为岩石动态抗拉强度；μ为岩石的泊松比；α为应力波的衰减指数，α＝2－b。
水压爆破利用水介质的近似不可压缩性以及缓能效应，减小了爆轰波在空气中的衰减，可形成高压水侵入爆破裂纹产生“水楔”劈裂作用，促使裂纹的准静态扩展；另一方面，水在高温作用下汽化，爆破过程结束后遇冷液化形成水雾，可凝结爆破粉尘形成浆体，促使粉尘在自重作用下的沉降，可有效改善工作面作业环境，降低爆破后通风时间。
试验采用一体卡扣式聚能管及矿用2#岩石乳化炸药，管长1.5 m，将ϕ 32 mm药卷(长300 mm)切成两段后间隔4~5 cm放入聚能管，单节管可放入3.5个药卷，利用药卷截面面积大于聚能管闭合后的截面面积使药卷间的空隙被填满，防止出现瞎炮，如图3所示。水袋采用自封口式，充水后利用水压实现自动封口，直径约40 mm、长约30 cm。
1.3　聚能水压光面爆破试验方案
通过前期爆破试验发现，即便采用小间距、少装药的传统光面爆破，仍无法取得理想的爆破效果，因此，为减少钻孔数量以加快施工进度，采用了大间距、多装药的爆破方案，同时，所有炮孔直径和采用的药卷均保持一致，为节省装药时间，所有装药孔均通过一发数码电子雷管引爆，底部加强连续装药。具体装药量、起爆延时见表1，炮孔布置如图4所示。
为了提高钻孔质量，钻孔前，采用红铅油准确绘出开挖断面的中轴线和轮廓线，标出炮眼位置，并按炮眼位置钻孔，钻孔误差不超过3 cm。钻周边眼时根据眼口位置和岩石的凹凸程度调整炮眼深度，保证炮眼底部在同一平面上。
分别在海棠坝隧洞和花房子隧洞各进行四场次爆破试验，试验中仅改变周边孔布孔参数和装药结构，如表2~4所示，图中主要标明了方案改变处，未标明处即与工况1一致。
工况1~4在海棠坝隧洞进行，其中工况1采用常规柱状药包、水袋填充，炮孔布置为现场原爆破方案；工况2为聚能装药、水袋填充，按原方案布置炮孔，顶部和边墙相对于初始方案增加0.5个药卷，弧顶与边墙连接处以及边墙与底板连接处减小0.5个药卷；工况3为聚能装药、空气介质，弧顶采用常规装药，边墙采用聚能装药；工况4采用聚能装药、空气介质，弧顶为常规装药、边墙为聚能装药，相对于工况3减小边墙装药量。
工况5~8在花房子隧洞进行，其中工况5采用聚能装药、空气介质，按原方案布置炮孔，边墙与弧顶及底板连接处相对于工况1减少0.5个药卷；工况6采用聚能装药、空气介质，弧顶采用常规装药，左边墙仍采用初始布孔，右边墙与弧顶连接处设空孔，炮孔间距增至120 cm；工况7采用常规柱状药包、水袋填充，按原方案布置炮孔；工况8均为水袋填充，为减小节理等地质条件对结果的影响，在同一断面左右两侧分别采用聚能装药和常规柱状装药，其中左侧采用聚能装药，边墙与弧顶连接处不布孔，通过调整炮孔间距和聚能方向进行轮廓成型；右边墙及弧顶采用常规装药并按原始方案布置炮孔。见表2、表3、表4。
2　试验结果与分析
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2.1　成型质量及超欠挖
采用固定式三维激光扫描仪获取各工况下爆破后壁面点云数据，通过3DReshaper软件处理得到了各工况下的左侧视图、正视图及右侧视图，结果如表5所示。
工况1为目前该隧洞爆破施工主要采取的爆破方案，整体以超挖为主，欠挖主要出现在边墙与弧顶及底板的过渡段，在右上方弧顶处有明显的块状岩体剥落现象。工况2中弧顶及边墙共计11个炮孔均采用聚能装药，所有炮孔装药量均为3.5卷，水袋填充剩余空间，炮泥堵塞。结果显示，在弧顶处出现了大体积的欠挖，边墙成型效果较好，左边墙与弧顶过渡处出现欠挖，且欠挖面平整，为沿炮孔方向层状岩体出现的典型欠挖现象，右边墙与弧顶过渡处出现块状岩体剥落，整体弧顶处超挖严重，应减少弧顶处药量。工况3弧顶处3个炮孔采用常规装药，出现大体积欠挖，边墙及与底板交汇处采用聚能装药，基本未出现欠挖，造成边墙下半段倾斜的可能原因是聚能方向并非完全竖直。工况4中左边墙至弧顶处出现了大体积岩块欠挖，欠挖区域表面平整，一直延伸至底板，属炮孔与层状岩体呈一定角度相交后应力波无法传递所致；弧顶接近炮孔底部处出现深度较大的欠挖，右边墙处欠挖较小，整体成型效果差；弧顶处采用常规装药存在大量欠挖，边墙处采用聚能装药，未出现欠挖，边墙未垂直于底板，靠近底板处超挖量较大。
工况5地质条件为粉砂质泥岩，相比于工况2减少了弧顶及边墙处的装药量，弧顶成型效果好，边墙处超挖量相较于其他工况明显降低，但欠挖量较大，欠挖区域相对于海棠坝试验组分布更加均匀，未出现大块整体剥落现象，边墙靠近底板处超挖量较大。
工况6中弧顶采用常规装药，右边墙与弧顶连接处设空孔，右边墙炮孔间距增大至120 cm，爆破结果表明在该间距下相邻炮孔贯穿裂缝会向自由面方向偏移，总而造成相邻炮孔间岩体大体积欠挖；左边墙及弧顶处有少量欠挖，弧顶右上方有一定量的超挖；底板转角处也存在一定量的欠挖。最终在右边墙处钻单孔进行了二次爆破。工况8左右两边形成对照，左边墙及弧顶采用聚能装药，右边墙及弧顶采用常规装药，且左边墙与弧顶连接处不设孔，通过调整左边墙与弧顶的炮孔间距，利用聚能爆破形成定向裂缝的特点进行贯穿。结果表明通过贯穿形成转角轮廓是可行的，左边墙及弧顶成型效果较好，超挖量较小且几乎无欠挖，而常规装药爆破下弧顶处超挖严重，右边墙超挖与欠挖交替出现，成型效果差。见图5。
各工况下的超欠挖量如图6所示，其中：
工况1为常规装药，其超挖和欠挖量作为对照组；工况2在弧顶和边墙均采用聚能装药，弧顶和边墙处单孔药量比工况1高，其超挖量相对工况1提高69.4%，欠挖量降低76.8%；工况3仅在边墙处采用聚能装药，弧顶仍采用常规装药，相比于工况1，其超挖量降低21.0%，欠挖量提高85.6%；工况4仅在边墙处采用聚能装药，装药量相对于工况3降低，相对于工况1，其超挖量提高35.3%，欠挖量降低56.7%。
工况5弧顶及边墙均采用聚能装药，超挖量为0.658 m3，欠挖量为0.298 m3；工况6仅在边墙处采用聚能装药，且右边墙与弧顶转角处设空孔，右边墙炮孔间距增加至120 cm，超挖量为0.402 m3，为欠挖量为0.576 m3，其超挖量为所有工况最小，欠挖量为所有工况最大；工况8中轴线左边为聚能装药，中轴线右边为常规装药，左边墙及弧顶超挖量为0.454 m3，欠挖量为0.11 m3，右边墙及弧顶相对于左边墙及弧顶超挖量提高66.5%，欠挖量增大118.2%。
2.2　平整度
试验中平整度检测标尺为1 m，通过三维激光点云处理软件分别获取了各工况下公差分别为0.05 m、0.10 m和0.15 m的平整度，结果如表6及图7所示。海棠坝隧洞中工况3与其他工况的平整度相差较大，对比分析时不考虑该工况下的平整度数据，则海棠坝公差为0.05 m时的平整度均值为43.8%，公差为0.10 m时的平整度均值为52.2%，公差为0.15 m时的平整度均值为69.1%；花房子公差为0.05 m时的平整度均值为5.0%，公差为0.10 m时的平整度均值为21.2%，公差为0.15 m时的平整度均值为41.5%。
由此可见层状砂岩爆破后的壁面平整度远高于粉砂质泥岩，层状砂岩相对粉砂质泥岩在公差0.05 m时的平整度提高38.8%，公差0.1 m时的平整度提高31%，公差0.15 m时的平整度提高27.6%，平均可提高30%以上。
3　结论
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(1)由成型质量可知，聚能水压爆破可有效提高光爆质量，在同一地质条件下，相比于常规爆破超挖量可降低40.8%，欠挖量可降低54.2%，但需严格控制装药量和炮孔间距并调整好聚能方向。
(2)通过不同炮孔布置方式下的爆破效果对比研究发现，在边墙与拱顶连接处极易出现大块掉落，可取消连接处的布孔，利用聚能爆破对裂缝的导向效应实现连接处的轮廓成型。
(3)根据不同公差下的平整度结果可知，同一岩性条件下平整度受爆破参数影响较小，受岩性影响较大，在Ⅳ类围岩中，砂岩爆破后的壁面平整度比泥岩高30%以上。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51809188)
  • 国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008305)
文献
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2025年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.011
  • 接收时间：2024-06-04
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-06-04
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51809188)
国家自然科学基金(51809188)
National Key Research and Development Program(2023YFC3008305)
国家重点研发计划(2023YFC3008305)
作者信息
    1.四川省水利科学研究院，成都　610072
    2.四川大学　水利水电学院，成都　610065

通讯作者:

李洪涛（1979-），男，湖北省仙桃市，博士、教授、博士生导师，主要从事工程爆破及水利工程施工相关的教学与研究，（E-mail）。
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