Article(id=1241046465926197583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736956800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818135004, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1741968000000, pubDateStr=2025-03-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818135004, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818135004, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818135004, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241046461174043350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818133871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820872662, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=133, endPage=141, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241046467834605918, articleId=1241046465926197583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy-duplex Stainless Steel Composite Plates Fabricated by Explosive Welding, columnId=1241046467696193882, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=SPECIAL BLASTING, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the rapid advancement of modern industry, the demand for high-performance materials has grown significantly. Titanium/duplex stainless steel composite plates, known for their exceptional corrosion resistance, demonstrate vast potential for diverse applications. In this study, a bimetallic composite plate comprising TP270C titanium alloy and SUS821L1 high-strength duplex stainless steel was fabricated using explosive welding. The microstructural characteristics of the composite plate interface were thoroughly investigated through metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Additionally, the welding quality was systematically evaluated. The results showed that the welded interface exhibited an intermediate structure between flat and wavy when the interface deposition energy was low. In contrast, the welded interface displayed a wavy structure at higher interface deposition energy. Element diffusion and grain refinement were observed in the regions adjacent to both interfaces. Complete recrystallization predominated in the welded interface, molten zone, and adiabatic shear band. Near the welded interface, titanium underwent partial recrystallization, while duplex stainless steel exhibited a combination of partial recrystallization and deformed grains. Localized thermal accumulation facilitated grain growth in the molten layer, whereas titanium particles encapsulated within the molten layer exhibited refined grain structures. Mechanical performance tests indicated that the sample with higher interface deposition energy achieved a 40.33% increase in shear strength and a 4.52% improvement in bending strength compared to the sample with lower interface deposition energy.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
CHEN Xiang (1990-), male, born in Huainan city, Anhui province, Ph. D, associate Professor, mainly engaged in the research of explosion and impact dynamics effects, explosion processing theory and applications, (E-mail) .
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随着现代工业的快速发展,对高性能材料的需求日益增加,钛/双相不锈钢复合板凭借其卓越的耐腐蚀性能,展现了广泛的应用前景。本研究通过爆炸焊接制备了TP270C钛合金/SUS821L1高强度双相不锈钢的双金属复合板,并采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等技术,对复合板的界面微观特征进行了深入分析。此外,还结合力学性能测试对焊接质量进行了评估。研究结果表明:界面沉积能量较低时,焊接界面介于平直界面和波状界面之间;而当界面沉积能量较高时,焊接界面呈波状。两者界面附近均出现了元素扩散和晶粒细化现象。在焊接界面、熔化区域以及绝热剪切带内以完全再结晶为主;靠近焊接界面的位置,钛以部分再结晶为主,双相不锈钢以部分再结晶和变形晶为主。局部热积累促进了熔化层内晶粒的长大,然而,被熔化层“包裹”的钛颗粒出现了晶粒细化。在力学性能测试中,界面沉积能量较高的样品抗剪强度和抗弯强度相对于界面沉积能量较低的样品分别提升了40.33%和4.52%。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
陈翔(1990-),男,安徽省淮南市,博士、副教授,从事爆炸与冲击动力学效应、爆炸加工理论及应用方向的研究,(E-mail)
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刘金涛(1985-),男,高级工程师,河南省周口市,从事层状金属复合材料加工及应用研究,(E-mail)

LIU Jin-tao (1985-), male, senior engineer, born in Zhoukou city, Henan province, mainly engaged in the research of processing and application of layered metal composite materials, (E-mail) .

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刘金涛(1985-),男,高级工程师,河南省周口市,从事层状金属复合材料加工及应用研究,(E-mail)

LIU Jin-tao (1985-), male, senior engineer, born in Zhoukou city, Henan province, mainly engaged in the research of processing and application of layered metal composite materials, (E-mail) .

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刘金涛(1985-),男,高级工程师,河南省周口市,从事层状金属复合材料加工及应用研究,(E-mail)

LIU Jin-tao (1985-), male, senior engineer, born in Zhoukou city, Henan province, mainly engaged in the research of processing and application of layered metal composite materials, (E-mail) .

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057545310229300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Parameters of explosive welding

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号(Sample)炸药厚度(Explosive thickness)药量(Amount of explosive)钛合金厚度(TP270C thickness)不锈钢厚度(SUS821L1 thickness)间隙(Stand-off)焊接结果(Weld results)
148 mm508 g5 mm3 mm5 mm焊接成功(Welding success)
248 mm508 g5 mm3 mm10 mm焊接成功(Welding success)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057545410892602, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

爆炸焊接参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号(Sample)炸药厚度(Explosive thickness)药量(Amount of explosive)钛合金厚度(TP270C thickness)不锈钢厚度(SUS821L1 thickness)间隙(Stand-off)焊接结果(Weld results)
148 mm508 g5 mm3 mm5 mm焊接成功(Welding success)
248 mm508 g5 mm3 mm10 mm焊接成功(Welding success)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057545553498949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Calculate the velocity of the flyer plate Vp and the collision angle β

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号(Sample)爆速(Explosion velocity)
VD/(m·s-1)
多方指数(Multifactor index)
K
爆炸比(Explosion ratio)
r
碰撞角(Impact angle)
β
碰撞速度(Impact velocity)
Vp(m·s-1)
125752.481.8714.1°633
225752.481.8716.4°735
), ArticleFig(id=1241057545700299598, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算飞板速度Vp,碰撞角β

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号(Sample)爆速(Explosion velocity)
VD/(m·s-1)
多方指数(Multifactor index)
K
爆炸比(Explosion ratio)
r
碰撞角(Impact angle)
β
碰撞速度(Impact velocity)
Vp(m·s-1)
125752.481.8714.1°633
225752.481.8716.4°735
), ArticleFig(id=1241057545872266073, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Point analysis results of sample 1

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 12345678910
Ti(Wt%)73.9249.2511.0399.3273.7293.480.7699.070.5499.86
Fe(Wt%)26.0850.7588.930.6826.286.5299.240.9399.460.14
), ArticleFig(id=1241057545998095201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

1号样品点分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 12345678910
Ti(Wt%)73.9249.2511.0399.3273.7293.480.7699.070.5499.86
Fe(Wt%)26.0850.7588.930.6826.286.5299.240.9399.460.14
), ArticleFig(id=1241057546102952806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Point analysis results of sample 2

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 12345678910
Ti(Wt%)23.6215.6697.1214.4399.301.7799.642.4899.340.58
Fe(Wt%)76.3884.342.8885.570.7098.230.3697.520.6699.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241057546203616111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

2号样品点分析结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 12345678910
Ti(Wt%)23.6215.6697.1214.4399.301.7799.642.4899.340.58
Fe(Wt%)76.3884.342.8885.570.7098.230.3697.520.6699.42
), ArticleFig(id=1241057546308473720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

The results of the tensile shear test

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号(Sample)1-11-21-32-12-22-3
最大抗剪强度(Maximum shear strength)/MPa171.25233.62280.61352.50265.14344.31
样品断裂位置(Fracture location of the sample)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)
), ArticleFig(id=1241057546467857283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465926197583, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

拉伸剪切试验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号(Sample)1-11-21-32-12-22-3
最大抗剪强度(Maximum shear strength)/MPa171.25233.62280.61352.50265.14344.31
样品断裂位置(Fracture location of the sample)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)界面(Interface)
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爆炸焊接钛合金-双相不锈钢的微观组织特征与力学性能研究
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刘金涛 1, 2 , 朱桂春 3, 4 , 黄佳雯 3, 4 , 陈令杰 1, 2 , 韩刚 1, 2 , 陈翔 3, 4
爆破 | 特种爆破 2025,42(1): 133-141
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爆破 | 特种爆破 2025, 42(1): 133-141
爆炸焊接钛合金-双相不锈钢的微观组织特征与力学性能研究
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刘金涛1, 2 , 朱桂春3, 4, 黄佳雯3, 4, 陈令杰1, 2, 韩刚1, 2, 陈翔3, 4
作者信息
  • 1.洛阳船舶材料研究所(中国船舶集团有限公司第七二五研究所),洛阳 471023
  • 2.海洋腐蚀与防护全国重点实验室,洛阳 471023
  • 3.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 4.湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院,武汉 430056
  • 刘金涛(1985-),男,高级工程师,河南省周口市,从事层状金属复合材料加工及应用研究,(E-mail)

    LIU Jin-tao (1985-), male, senior engineer, born in Zhoukou city, Henan province, mainly engaged in the research of processing and application of layered metal composite materials, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

陈翔(1990-),男,安徽省淮南市,博士、副教授,从事爆炸与冲击动力学效应、爆炸加工理论及应用方向的研究,(E-mail)
Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy-duplex Stainless Steel Composite Plates Fabricated by Explosive Welding
Jin-tao LIU1, 2 , Gui-chun ZHU3, 4, Jia-wen HUANG3, 4, Ling-jie CHEN1, 2, Gang HAN1, 2, Xiang CHEN3, 4
Affiliations
  • 1.Luoyang Ship Material Research Institute, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 2.National Key Laboratory of Marine Corrosion and Protection, Luoyang 471023, China
  • 3.State Key Laboratory of Fine Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
  • 4.Hubei Institute of Explosion and Blasting Technology, Wuhan, 430056, China
出版时间: 2025-03-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.016
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随着现代工业的快速发展,对高性能材料的需求日益增加,钛/双相不锈钢复合板凭借其卓越的耐腐蚀性能,展现了广泛的应用前景。本研究通过爆炸焊接制备了TP270C钛合金/SUS821L1高强度双相不锈钢的双金属复合板,并采用金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)和电子背散射衍射(EBSD)等技术,对复合板的界面微观特征进行了深入分析。此外,还结合力学性能测试对焊接质量进行了评估。研究结果表明:界面沉积能量较低时,焊接界面介于平直界面和波状界面之间;而当界面沉积能量较高时,焊接界面呈波状。两者界面附近均出现了元素扩散和晶粒细化现象。在焊接界面、熔化区域以及绝热剪切带内以完全再结晶为主;靠近焊接界面的位置,钛以部分再结晶为主,双相不锈钢以部分再结晶和变形晶为主。局部热积累促进了熔化层内晶粒的长大,然而,被熔化层“包裹”的钛颗粒出现了晶粒细化。在力学性能测试中,界面沉积能量较高的样品抗剪强度和抗弯强度相对于界面沉积能量较低的样品分别提升了40.33%和4.52%。

爆炸焊接  /  钛/钢复合板  /  界面形貌  /  力学性能  /  电子背散射衍射(EBSD)

With the rapid advancement of modern industry, the demand for high-performance materials has grown significantly. Titanium/duplex stainless steel composite plates, known for their exceptional corrosion resistance, demonstrate vast potential for diverse applications. In this study, a bimetallic composite plate comprising TP270C titanium alloy and SUS821L1 high-strength duplex stainless steel was fabricated using explosive welding. The microstructural characteristics of the composite plate interface were thoroughly investigated through metallographic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD). Additionally, the welding quality was systematically evaluated. The results showed that the welded interface exhibited an intermediate structure between flat and wavy when the interface deposition energy was low. In contrast, the welded interface displayed a wavy structure at higher interface deposition energy. Element diffusion and grain refinement were observed in the regions adjacent to both interfaces. Complete recrystallization predominated in the welded interface, molten zone, and adiabatic shear band. Near the welded interface, titanium underwent partial recrystallization, while duplex stainless steel exhibited a combination of partial recrystallization and deformed grains. Localized thermal accumulation facilitated grain growth in the molten layer, whereas titanium particles encapsulated within the molten layer exhibited refined grain structures. Mechanical performance tests indicated that the sample with higher interface deposition energy achieved a 40.33% increase in shear strength and a 4.52% improvement in bending strength compared to the sample with lower interface deposition energy.

explosive welding  /  Titanium/steel composite plate  /  interface morphology  /  mechanical properties  /  electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD)
刘金涛, 朱桂春, 黄佳雯, 陈令杰, 韩刚, 陈翔. 爆炸焊接钛合金-双相不锈钢的微观组织特征与力学性能研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (1) : 133 -141 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.016
Jin-tao LIU, Gui-chun ZHU, Jia-wen HUANG, Ling-jie CHEN, Gang HAN, Xiang CHEN. Microstructural Characteristics and Mechanical Properties of Titanium Alloy-duplex Stainless Steel Composite Plates Fabricated by Explosive Welding[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (1) : 133 -141 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.016
爆炸焊接技术在制备钛/钢复合板方面展现出显著优势,包括实现高强度的冶金结合、减少热影响区、增强耐腐蚀和耐高温性能、减少后处理需求、提高材料利用率以及具有良好的经济性[12]。近年来,爆炸焊接技术在钛/钢、钛/不锈钢的焊接中得到广泛应用,Mudali等通过爆炸焊接将纯钛与AISI 304L不锈钢结合,系统分析了焊接材料的腐蚀行为与微观结构特征,为理解异种金属的腐蚀机制提供了重要依据[3]。Manikandan等通过精准控制能量条件,实现了纯钛(TP340)与SUS304不锈钢的高质量结合,并有效抑制了焊接界面熔化层的产生,显著提升了界面质量[4]。Mousavi等进一步研究了热处理及不同爆炸载荷对焊接界面的影响,发现热处理促进了金属间相的生成,而爆炸载荷的变化对结合强度和界面形貌具有显著调控作用[5]。此外,陈沛等采用阶梯形多层基板方案,通过试验确定单位面积装药1.048 g/cm2、间隙9~11 mm的参数范围可实现良好焊接质量[6],并揭示了界面波形的形成机制以及爆炸参数不当可能引发的缺陷问题[7]。Qiang Zhou等制备的TA2/Q235复合板显示焊接界面呈波浪状,且断裂模式在准静态和动态加载下存在差异,均表现出韧脆混合断裂特性[8]。Cui Ye等通过局部扩散制备了TA1/LAS(钢)复合板,实现了波浪状界面的冶金结合,并发现钢侧晶粒在爆炸冲击作用下发生了显著变化[9]
尽管之前对钛与不锈钢、钢的爆炸焊接进行了一些研究,但由于双相不锈钢与其他不锈钢、钢具有显著区别,其是由铁素体和奥氏体组成,关于其与钛爆炸焊接的界面微观形貌、晶粒分布及再结晶情况尚无深入研究。针对上述问题,本研究使用两组不同的爆炸焊接参数制备TP270C/SUS821L1金属复合板,均焊接成功。对复合板的界面形貌进行了分析,采用EBSD技术获取晶体取向和微观结构信息,通过力学性能试验评估复合板界面结合质量。
在本研究中,选取TP270C钛合金作为飞板,而基板则选用SUS821L1不锈钢。飞板TP270C的尺寸规格为200 mm×100 mm×5 mm,基板SUS821L1的尺寸规格为200 mm×100 mm×3 mm。通过爆炸焊接技术,我们实现了这两种材料的结合。本实验中,我们设定了两组不同的爆炸焊接参数,对应生成了编号为1号和2号的样品,相关参数的具体数值已列于表1中。
爆炸焊接过程通过图1的示意图进行直观展示。在焊接操作过程中,试验板材按照平行方向布置。飞板TP270C与基板SUS821L1之间预设的间隙,即图1所示的间隙,间隙高度为5 mm或10 mm。角度β是飞板与基板在接触时形成的角度,称为碰撞角度。本实验采用了粉状乳化炸药,并掺杂了特定的添加物,这种炸药的密度大约为530 kg/m3,爆速为2575 m/s,起爆的具体位置选择在板材短边的中心区域进行。
实验中,飞板速度为(Vp)和碰撞角度(β)是计算爆炸焊接参数的重要因素,飞板速度为(Vp)与碰撞角度(β)的关系如下式所示[10]
V D为炸药的爆速,Deribas提出一个计算碰撞角β的公式[11]
式中:r是爆炸比;te是炸药厚度;s是间隙;K是多方指数。相关参数及计算结果见表2
为探究TP270C钛合金/SUS821L1双相不锈钢复合板的微观结构,采用了一系列微观表征试验方法。首先,对爆炸焊接后的复合板进行切割取样,将试样依次通过精研一体机、自动磨抛机打磨,并利用离子减薄仪去除应力层,随后使用金相显微镜观察并拍摄结合界面的金相组织与形貌,初步分析焊接界面的形态与缺陷。接着,借助扫描电子显微镜进一步观察结合界面微观图像,对金相观察结果进行补充和细化。同时,运用能量色散X射线光谱技术,分别进行线扫描和点分析,前者沿特定线段判断元素分布与化合物生成情况,后者在多个位置分析元素组成及浓度,以推断元素的微观分布特征。最后,针对出现波状界面的2号样品进行电子背散射衍射分析,通过获取局部取向差分图和反极图等数据,研究界面附近的绝热剪切带、熔化层晶粒情况以及晶粒取向的演变,全面揭示爆炸焊接过程中界面附近的微观组织特征。
为了验证TP270C/SUS821L1复合板界面的的结合强度,对复合板进行了拉伸剪切测试,以评估爆炸复合板的焊接结合强度[1213]。实验中,对两组样品进行了测试,如图2所示,每组包含3个试样,共计6个试样。测试使用了金属材料万能试验机,该设备能够精确测量焊接复合板在剪切力作用下的力学性能。为了确保测试结果的准确性和可重复性,试验机的加载速度被设定为1 mm/min。
弯曲试验是评估TP270C/SUS821L1复合板焊接质量的另一个重要因素并检测材料的弯曲强度、韧性[14-16]。本次试验采用三点弯曲试验,分别进行正弯试验(飞板SUS821L1一侧受拉)和背弯试验(基板TP270C一侧受拉)。如图3所示,弯曲试样的样品尺寸为100 mm×10 mm×7.5 mm(长×宽×高),样品1和样品2分别为2个试样,共计4个试样,试验跨距为72 mm,压头直径为5 mm。
图4为TP270C/SUS821L1复合板结合界面的金相图片。如图4(a)和4(c)所示,1号样品的TP270C/SUS821L1的结合界面几乎无波形,介于平直界面和波状界面之间,未观察到显著的裂纹,这反映出焊接过程的优良性能和材料间的高度结合质量。如图4(b)和4(d)所示,2号样品的TP270C/SUS821L1的结合界面出现连续且均匀的波状结构,波长约为186 μm,波高约为50 μm。爆炸焊接技术能够产生两种典型的结合界面形态:平直界面和波状界面[17-20]。在爆炸焊接中,当采用较低的装药量和较小的间隙时,复板的加速距离不够,导致其速度偏低,在焊接界面沉积能量不足,是导致焊接界面未出现波状界面的原因[21-23]
扫描电子显微镜下TP270C/SUS821L1复合板的结合界面如图5所示。可以清楚地看到,1号样品的结合界面近乎无波形,处于平直界面与波状界面之间;2号样品的结合界面呈现出波状结构,这与上述金相图片的情况相符。使用同等炸药的情况下,在一定范围内,间隙越大,碰撞速度越大,即较大的间隙(10 mm)会使焊接界面沉积更多的能量,射流量大,界面失稳范围大,进而形成波状界面;而较小的间隙(5 mm),焊接界面沉积的能量小,射流量小,界面失稳范围小,不足以形成稳定的波形。
图6为EDS线扫描结果,均沿黄色线段进行扫描,经过化合物区域显著看到颜色变化。由图6可知,1号样品和2号样品扫描区域界面附近均发生元素扩散。
图7为EDS点分析的采样点布局。通过在样品上进行多点EDS点分析,可以知道不同位置的元素组成及其浓度,从而推断出元素在微观层面的分布特征。对于每个样品,共选取了10个不同的分析点,具体的点分析数据分别列于表3表4表3中的1、2、3及表4中的1、2、4这6个采样点元素分布说明有化合物生成,且结果进一步揭示元素在材料界面处的扩散现象。
选取出现波状界面的2号样品进行电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析,研究TP270C与SUS821L1在爆炸焊接过程中界面附近的微观组织特征。爆炸焊接时,飞板TP270C以高速撞击基板SUS821L1,产生高温、高压,形成金属射流,部分射流被捕捉在界面上,形成涡旋区域(图8(a))[24]。通过局部取向差分图(图8(b))可观察到界面附近出现显著的绝热剪切带。这些绝热剪切带是材料在极高应变率和冲击载荷作用下,局部塑性变形剧烈导致的热积累效应的结果。由于热量无法快速传递,局部区域的变形能量集中,从而加剧了剪切应变并在界面形成高温高压区域[25]图8(c)显示熔化层内和焊接界面几乎全部由大角度晶界构成,特别是熔化层中包含的钛颗粒,其大角度晶界比例显著高于周围熔化层。这种现象是动态再结晶的典型特征,表明在焊接过程中熔化层和界面区域经历了极高的温度和压力。这些条件促进了晶粒的完全再结晶,使界面区域表现出均匀而细小的新生晶粒。在焊接界面、熔化区域以及绝热剪切带内以完全再结晶为主;靠近焊接界面的位置,钛以部分再结晶为主,双相不锈钢以部分再结晶和变形晶为主。
图9(a)展示了焊接界面附近区域的反极图,以分析晶粒取向的演变特征。在爆炸焊接过程中,大量塑性流动和剪切变形显著改变了界面两侧的微观组织结构。具体而言,TP270C一侧的晶粒受强烈拉伸作用而显著拉长和细化,而SUS821L1一侧由铁素体和奥氏体组成的双相则表现出部分晶粒的圆周运动,形成涡旋状区域。在靠近界面的区域,由于材料变形过程中储存的能量较高,驱动了完全再结晶的发生,从而进一步细化了晶粒。这种现象在TP270C和SUS821L1两侧均有体现,如图9(b)所示。此外,在熔化层内,局部热积累显著促进熔化层晶粒的长大,熔化层大部分为柱状晶粒。这种现象主要是由于熔化层在爆炸焊接过程中经历了高温和高压的叠加作用。高温条件下,局部热积累为晶界迁移提供了充足的驱动力,而高压作用则强化了材料内部的动态回复与再结晶过程,使得熔化层晶粒在这些区域显著长大。与此同时,被熔化层“包裹”的钛颗粒(α-Ti)因在高速碰撞过程中受到极高应变作用,局部区域经历了强烈的塑性变形。这种高应变状态促使动态再结晶发生,形成了细小且均匀的再结晶晶粒。同时,晶粒的生长行为还与熔化层的尺寸密切相关[26]。当熔化层较大(>30 μm)时,由于温度梯度的作用,原子核可以向熔化层核心方向生长,从而形成具有方向性的柱状晶粒;而当熔化层较小(<30 μm)时,由于较高的冷却速率,大量原子核会同时成核,最终形成细小的等轴晶粒。这种熔化层尺寸对晶粒形态的影响表明,控制熔化层大小是调节晶粒形态和优化焊接工艺的重要因素。
图10(b)为复合板的拉伸试验的载荷-位移曲线,破坏后的实物图如图10(a)所示。由图10(b)表5可知1号样品的3个试样的抗剪强度分别为171.25 MPa、233.62 MPa和280.61 MPa,取其平均值228.49 MPa作为TP270C/SUS821L1复合板的界面抗剪强度,3个试样的断裂位置均为焊接界面,这与其平滑界面的结合强度较低有关。2号样品的3个试样的抗剪强度分别为352.50 MPa、265.14 MPa和344.31 MPa,取其平均值320.65 MPa作为TP270C/SUS821L1复合板的界面抗剪强度,3个试样的断裂位置均为焊接界面,2号样品的抗剪强度大于1号样品抗剪强度,高出1号样品抗剪强度40.33%。
图11(a)可以看出,正弯试验和背弯实验,TP270C/SUS821L1焊接界面均未发生分离,说明焊接结果好。由图11(b)可知,1号样品的最大抗弯强度分别为1061.22 MPa、1230.73 MPa,最大抗弯强度平均为1145.98 MPa。2号样品的最大抗弯强度分别为1125.97 MPa、1269.68 MPa,最大抗弯强度平均为1197.83 MPa。其中曲线中有一部分有滑移,是由于试验过程中样品发生滑移。2号样品的最大抗弯强度大于1号样品的最大抗弯强度,高出1号样品最大抗弯强度4.52%。
(1)利用爆炸焊接技术成功制备钛合金TP270C与高强度双相SUS821L1的金属复合板,两组不同间隙的焊接实验均获得成功,界面沉积能量较低,TP270C/SUS821L1界面介于平直界面和波状界面之间;界面沉积能量较高,TP270C/SUS821L1界面为波状界面。在拉伸剪切试验中,断裂分离均发生焊接界面。平直界面样品抗剪强度为171.25~280.61 MPa,最大抗弯强度为1061.22~1230.73 MPa;波状界面样品抗剪强度为265.14~352.50 MPa,最大抗弯强度为1125.97~1269.68 MPa。在三点弯曲试验中,样品均未出现分层与裂纹。波状界面样品在抗剪强度和抗弯强度方面表现更为优异,这与波状界面样品加工硬化更显著有关。
(2)对于界面沉积能量较高的样品,EBSD分析显示界面处出现显著的晶粒细化。熔化区域和绝热剪切带主要以完全再结晶为主;靠近焊接界面的位置,钛以部分再结晶为主,而双相不锈钢由铁素体和奥氏体组成,表现为部分再结晶和变形晶的混合。熔化层内,在高温高压条件下,局部热积累促进了晶粒的长大,大部分为柱状晶。然而,熔化层内被“包裹”的α-Ti晶粒经历高应变,促使动态再结晶发生,形成了细小且均匀的再结晶晶粒。
  • 湖北省教育厅重点项目(D20234406)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(12302436)
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2025年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.016
  • 接收时间:2025-01-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-03-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-16
基金
Key Project of the Education Department of Hubei Province(D20234406)
湖北省教育厅重点项目(D20234406)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12302436)
国家自然科学基金项目(12302436)
作者信息
    1.洛阳船舶材料研究所(中国船舶集团有限公司第七二五研究所),洛阳 471023
    2.海洋腐蚀与防护全国重点实验室,洛阳 471023
    3.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
    4.湖北(武汉)爆炸与爆破技术研究院,武汉 430056

通讯作者:

陈翔(1990-),男,安徽省淮南市,博士、副教授,从事爆炸与冲击动力学效应、爆炸加工理论及应用方向的研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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