Article(id=1241046465225741033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716048000000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818134837, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1752940800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818134837, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818134837, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818134837, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241046461174043350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818133871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820872662, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=151, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241046466203013876, articleId=1241046465225741033, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Rock Fracturing Technology based on Liquid Oxygen Energy Storage, columnId=1240702073851925013, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As rock-breaking technology advances, the limitations of traditional explosive methods are increasingly evident. The liquid oxygen energy storage method, a new non-explosive technique, presents an uncertain blasting mechanism and scientific challenges that must be addressed. Field vibration tests were conducted to analyze the variation trends and the decay characteristics of peak vibration velocities in particles to further characterize the liquid oxygen energy storage rock-breaking blasts and address the challenges of applying empirical methods on-site. Additionally, indoor small-scale blasting experiments were performed to identify key parameters for small liquid oxygen charges. The experimental results reveal that the liquid oxygen energy storage effectively fractures rocks while maintaining low dust and noise levels. Peak particle vibration velocities at 3 m, 6 m, and 10 m under single blast conditions were 3.04, 1.24, and 0.62 cm/s, respectively. The small-scale charge tests reveal that for the liquid oxygen charge to detonate successfully and effectively fracture the rock, appropriate inflation time and pressure are required to prevent detonation and other issues. Increased inflation time and pressure lead to more significant adsorption of liquid oxygen by the charge's absorbent, facilitating saturation and enhancing detonation probability. Overall, the liquid oxygen energy storage method stands out due to its low vibration, environmental friendliness, and non-polluting nature, marking a significant potential advancement in engineering blasting.

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WANG Yan-bing (1987-), male, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in research on rock dynamics and geotechnical blasting direction, (E-mail) .
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随着破岩技术的更新发展,传统炸药破岩方法的弊端日益凸显。液氧储能破岩方法作为新型的非炸药破岩方法,其爆破反应机理不明确,相关科学问题有待研究。为进一步确定液氧储能破岩爆破特点,解决工程现场经验法应用难题,开展了液氧储能爆破现场振动测试,分析质点峰值振动速度变化规律及衰减特点;进行室内小尺寸药包爆破试验,明确小尺寸液氧药包爆破关键因素。相关试验结果表明:液氧储能破岩方法能有效破碎岩石,整个爆破过程中扬尘和噪音都控制在较低水平,单炮条件下3 m、6 m和10 m处测点的质点峰值振动速度分别为3.04 cm/s、1.24 cm/s和0.62 cm/s。而小尺寸药包试验则表明要想液氧药包能成功起爆,取得良好破碎效果,则必须作用以合适的充气时间、压力,避免出现爆燃等现象。充气时间和充气压力越大,药包内部吸收剂吸附液氧越多,液氧含量更容易达到饱和,药包更容易成功起爆。总的来说:液氧储能破岩方法与传统炸药方法相比具有振动小、绿色环保无污染等特点,具备在工程爆破领域进一步推广使用的明显优势。

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王雁冰(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事岩石动力学和岩土爆破方向的研究,(E-mail)
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Test parameters for small-scale liquid oxygen charge blasting

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编号药包直径/mm药包长度/cm充气时间/min充气压力/MPa
115561.5
215761.7
3151062.0
415581.5
515781.7
6151082.0
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小尺寸液氧药包爆破试验参数

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编号药包直径/mm药包长度/cm充气时间/min充气压力/MPa
115561.5
215761.7
3151062.0
415581.5
515781.7
6151082.0
), ArticleFig(id=1241057551832371354, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046465225741033, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Statistics of PVC pipe results after explosion

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编号结果
1未起爆
2爆燃
3起爆
4起爆
5起爆
6起爆
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爆后PVC管结果统计

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编号结果
1未起爆
2爆燃
3起爆
4起爆
5起爆
6起爆
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基于液氧储能的岩石破碎技术研究
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雷振 1 , 王雁冰 2a, 2b , 付代睿 2a , 黄晢航 2a , 张臣 3
爆破 | 爆破器材 2025,42(1): 151-158
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爆破 | 爆破器材 2025, 42(1): 151-158
基于液氧储能的岩石破碎技术研究
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雷振1, 王雁冰2a, 2b , 付代睿2a, 黄晢航2a, 张臣3
作者信息
  • 1.贵州理工学院 矿业工程学院,贵阳 550003
  • 2a.中国矿业大学(北京) 力学与土木工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2b.中国矿业大学(北京) 隧道工程灾变防控与智能建养全国重点实验室,北京 100083
  • 3.贵州津建建筑工程有限公司,贵阳 550000

通讯作者:

王雁冰(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事岩石动力学和岩土爆破方向的研究,(E-mail)
Research on Rock Fracturing Technology based on Liquid Oxygen Energy Storage
Zhen LEI1, Yan-bing WANG2a, 2b , Dai-rui FU2a, Zhe-hang HUANG2a, Chen ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Mining Engineering, Guizhou University of Technology, Guiyang 550003, China
  • 2a.School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 2b.State Key Laboratory for Tunnel Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
  • 3.Guizhou Jinjian Construction Engineering Company Limited, Guiyang 550000, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.018
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随着破岩技术的更新发展,传统炸药破岩方法的弊端日益凸显。液氧储能破岩方法作为新型的非炸药破岩方法,其爆破反应机理不明确,相关科学问题有待研究。为进一步确定液氧储能破岩爆破特点,解决工程现场经验法应用难题,开展了液氧储能爆破现场振动测试,分析质点峰值振动速度变化规律及衰减特点;进行室内小尺寸药包爆破试验,明确小尺寸液氧药包爆破关键因素。相关试验结果表明:液氧储能破岩方法能有效破碎岩石,整个爆破过程中扬尘和噪音都控制在较低水平,单炮条件下3 m、6 m和10 m处测点的质点峰值振动速度分别为3.04 cm/s、1.24 cm/s和0.62 cm/s。而小尺寸药包试验则表明要想液氧药包能成功起爆,取得良好破碎效果,则必须作用以合适的充气时间、压力,避免出现爆燃等现象。充气时间和充气压力越大,药包内部吸收剂吸附液氧越多,液氧含量更容易达到饱和,药包更容易成功起爆。总的来说:液氧储能破岩方法与传统炸药方法相比具有振动小、绿色环保无污染等特点,具备在工程爆破领域进一步推广使用的明显优势。

液氧储能  /  岩石破碎  /  爆破振动  /  气体破岩

As rock-breaking technology advances, the limitations of traditional explosive methods are increasingly evident. The liquid oxygen energy storage method, a new non-explosive technique, presents an uncertain blasting mechanism and scientific challenges that must be addressed. Field vibration tests were conducted to analyze the variation trends and the decay characteristics of peak vibration velocities in particles to further characterize the liquid oxygen energy storage rock-breaking blasts and address the challenges of applying empirical methods on-site. Additionally, indoor small-scale blasting experiments were performed to identify key parameters for small liquid oxygen charges. The experimental results reveal that the liquid oxygen energy storage effectively fractures rocks while maintaining low dust and noise levels. Peak particle vibration velocities at 3 m, 6 m, and 10 m under single blast conditions were 3.04, 1.24, and 0.62 cm/s, respectively. The small-scale charge tests reveal that for the liquid oxygen charge to detonate successfully and effectively fracture the rock, appropriate inflation time and pressure are required to prevent detonation and other issues. Increased inflation time and pressure lead to more significant adsorption of liquid oxygen by the charge's absorbent, facilitating saturation and enhancing detonation probability. Overall, the liquid oxygen energy storage method stands out due to its low vibration, environmental friendliness, and non-polluting nature, marking a significant potential advancement in engineering blasting.

liquid oxygen energy storage  /  rock fragmentation  /  blasting vibration  /  gas rock breaking
雷振, 王雁冰, 付代睿, 黄晢航, 张臣. 基于液氧储能的岩石破碎技术研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (1) : 151 -158 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.018
Zhen LEI, Yan-bing WANG, Dai-rui FU, Zhe-hang HUANG, Chen ZHANG. Research on Rock Fracturing Technology based on Liquid Oxygen Energy Storage[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (1) : 151 -158 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.018
长期以来,在基础设施建设和矿产资源开采中,传统炸药破岩方法因其高效且成本低廉的特点,被广泛用于各种工程项目中[1],是岩石破碎的主要手段。这种方法利用炸药的爆炸能量来迅速破裂和移除岩石,其操作相对简单,且效果显著。然而,与这项技术的高效性并存的,是其在实际应用过程中带来的诸多问题。传统炸药破岩方法在爆炸时,会产生剧烈的振动和冲击波[23],这些都可能对施工周边的建筑物和基础设施造成不同程度的损害。此外,炸药爆炸时还会产生大量的噪音和粉尘[45],甚至是有毒有害气体[6],这不仅增加了施工现场的环境污染,还会对人体健康产生潜在威胁。因此,尽管传统炸药破岩技术具有高效和成本低廉的优势,但其带来的环境和健康问题也不可忽视。
为了应对这些问题,研究人员不断探索新的破岩方法,从而开发出二氧化碳爆破和静态破碎剂等非炸药破岩技术[7-10]。二氧化碳爆破通过利用发热装置将液态二氧化碳瞬间转化为气态,从而产生大量气体[11];静态破碎剂则通过混合粉末的化学反应,生成大量气体和热量[12]。这些气体通过膨胀作用于岩体表面,从而使岩石破裂。与传统炸药破岩相比,这些非炸药破岩方法在很大程度上减少了爆炸过程中产生的剧烈振动、噪音和粉尘污染,从而减小对周围环境和施工人员的负面影响。但却因其能量转化率低、施工周期长、成本高等原因难以得到大范围推广使用,施工范围受到限制。液氧储能破岩方法作为一种全新的岩石破碎方法,与二氧化碳爆破类似,其通过瞬时产生的大量高压气体破坏岩石,是一种典型的物理爆炸过程,反应过程不涉及有毒有害气体产生,还能最大程度地减少爆后粉尘污染,有效缓解了传统炸药破岩的危害。但目前对于液氧储能破岩方法的研究还处于起步阶段,仅有的现场工程应用实例也多按照经验法进行施工[1314],少有室内实验室系统研究。
由于液氧储能破岩反应机理暂不明确,背后科学问题有待研究,本文结合现场液氧储能破岩实际工程案例,对实验室内小尺寸液氧药包爆破开展研究,分析液氧爆破起爆机理,研究充气时间和充气压力两组作用因素下小尺寸液氧药包爆破特征变化。
液氧储能岩石破碎技术是一种全新的非炸药破岩方法,整个施工流程中不涉及易制爆危险化学品,借助液氧强氧化性、高膨胀比、低沸点等特征[15],使得反应气体膨胀倍数大、反应产物绿色无污染、爆破振动噪音影响小,能有效控制传统爆破技术振动、飞石、冲击波和有毒气体等危害。
液氧储能岩石破碎技术的核心是基于杜瓦罐、气化器和液氧柔性药包实现的液-气瞬时转化,从而达到破碎岩石的目的。其中,杜瓦罐用于运输和现场储存液氧;气化器串联连接杜瓦罐,对罐内液氧增压,使其可以长时间稳定地充入液氧柔性药包;液氧柔性药包主要由用于炮孔内临时储存液氧的塑料外套膜、吸附液氧的吸收剂、充装液氧的充气管、维持柔性药包内压力恒定的排气管和点火激发气体膨胀反应的电点火头组成。
液氧储能岩石破碎技术使用时,利用杜瓦罐和气化器将液氧平稳的充装到柔性药包内,吸收剂作为可燃物吸收液氧,长时间的充填使得药包内液氧浓度处于合理的可爆范围。利用导线将外部激发电源与药包内电点火头连接形成通路。在电源的激发作用和液氧的助燃作用下,吸收剂迅速燃烧放热,液态氧发生物理相态转化变成气态,体积膨胀约800倍,并与燃烧生成的二氧化碳混合,在炮孔内的有限空间内产生大量高温高压的混合气体,柔性药包的约束作用可近似忽略,故在炮孔周围对岩体产生压力,当这一高压混合气体压力超过岩石抗压强度后,炮孔壁处产生初始裂隙,气体迅速楔入并促进裂纹进一步发育扩展,最终实现岩石破碎效果。
氧气在常温常压下为无色、无臭、无味气体,性质稳定,具有助燃作用。液氧作为液态的氧气,呈天蓝色透明液体状,在常温下为气态,需要在极低的温度(约-182.96℃)下才能保持液态状态,它本身并不是燃料,而是一种极强的氧化剂,在可燃物作用下即可迅速反应,也正是因此,液氧储能破岩方式可以迅速产生大量的高温高压混合气体,破坏岩石。液氧储能破岩反应过程的爆炸产物单一,仅有大量的混合气体生成,其中相变气化的氧气占多数,少量为吸收剂燃烧反应生成的二氧化碳。
传统工业炸药则是将氧化剂和还原剂按照零氧平衡或接近零氧平衡原则进行组分配比,氧化剂在爆炸反应中提供氧原子,还原剂则在爆破时与氧原子结合放出热量。使用时,其内含的化学能通过外部引爆激发迅速转化成大量热能和气体,工业炸药以成本低廉、制作简单、使用方便和能量较高为特点,广泛用于矿岩爆破等各个方面,目前常用的工业炸药品种有三种:硝铵炸药、铵油炸药和乳化炸药。
传统炸药破岩过程中,炸药爆炸是一个高速的放热反应,同时在炮孔内生成强烈压缩状态的高压气体。在强烈冲击波和高温高压爆生气体共同作用下形成粉碎区、破裂区和震动区。
液氧储能破岩则是基于高压气体作用实现的物理破岩方式,在电点火头的加热激发下,液氧迅速气化,氧气体积迅速膨胀800倍,与吸收剂燃烧生成的少量其他气体混合,共同在炮孔内形成膨胀静压力,裂纹在此作用下迅速沿初始微小裂隙起裂发育,最终扩展贯通,岩体也因此被切割呈块,形成破裂区,从而达到致裂目的。
横向对比液氧储能破岩和传统炸药破岩,不难看出两者的破坏模式有着明显的差异,传统炸药破岩过程中,冲击波作用在药包附近产生的压碎破坏和应力波反射拉伸破坏是岩体破坏的主要原因。而液氧储能破岩则是利用气体的膨胀准静压力作用,使得初始裂纹不断扩展发育,造成岩石破坏。此外,液氧储能破岩过程中不会产生强烈的爆炸冲击波,在一定程度上提高了爆破能量的利用效率,同时降低爆破振动的危害。
本次试验所选场地为贵州省某高速公路土石方平整工程,采用台阶法开挖爆破,根据现场实际情况共布置了48个炮孔进行液氧储能破岩试验,具体布置参数如下,炮孔直径90 mm,炮孔深度6.2 m,液氧药包3.6 m,堵塞长度2.6 m,排距2 m,间距2.5 m,共计4排,如图1
现场开展液氧爆破的过程中,存在诸多不确定因素,包括地质条件、设备性能以及人为操作等,这些因素可能对试验的顺利进行和结果的可靠性产生影响。为了尽量减少这些因素对现场试验的影响,整个液氧储能破岩需按照以下步骤进行:
1)组装孔内供液氧系统。根据钻孔直径大小、深度和堵塞高度组装孔内供液氧系统装置。药包的直径通常比钻孔的内径小15 mm至20 mm,以确保药包能够顺畅装入钻孔。将组装好的孔内供液氧系统放入钻孔内,确保其正确放置到孔底,上部留出足够空间作为堵塞段。安装完成后,有序放置供充液管、排气管和激发装置导线,并确保其顺利延伸到孔口,同时做好标记以防止意外损坏。在孔内供液氧系统安装后,选择合适的填塞材料如炮泥、钻屑或小颗粒碎屑,对钻孔上端进行填塞,确保填塞材料密封良好。
2)起爆准备。填塞完成后,连接地面液氧供液系统,检查所有接头处是否密封,无气体泄漏。接入电激发系统。液氧供体系接线后,进行电激发系统的连接。确保所有相关接头用电胶布固定,预防漏电现象。全面检查电激发系统。检查激发系统的所有组件连接是否稳固并满足点火条件,测试电路阻抗确保通路畅通无阻。确保所有系统安装到位后,打开各个钻孔处的阀门并启动液氧充装泵,开启液氧储罐,开始供液氧,持续时间预计为20~30 min。最后,设置警戒线并清理作业现场,确保所有无关人员撤离至安全区域。在确认场地和人员安全后,操作电点火激发器进行充电,发出点火指令,进行爆破作业。
图2展示的是液氧储能破岩现场破碎效果,非常直观地反映了液氧储能爆破技术在岩石破碎领域的应用结果和优势。图2(a)展示了爆破作业前的准备状态,包括爆破网路布置和液氧充填装备的布局,在这一过程中,利用液氧杜瓦罐将液氧通过充填网络注入钻孔中的液氧药包内。图2(b)则清晰展现了爆破瞬间岩石的抛掷情景,从图像中可以看出,在液氧爆破的作用下,靠近临空面边缘的岩石向前抛掷距离较短,同时无较多炮烟等污染物产生。图2(c)图2(d)展示了爆破后岩石破碎状态的更多细节,靠近临空面的岩石多被均匀破碎成小块,而远离临空面的岩石则从原位置处的岩体中脱离,以较大块体保留在原位,这极大便利了随后的机械开挖和铲装操作,减少了作业难度和时间成本。与此同时,整个爆破过程中扬尘和噪音都控制在较低水平,与传统的使用炸药的爆破方法相比,液氧储能爆破在环境保护和施工安全方面表现出了显著优势。
为进一步展现液氧储能破岩的爆破振动特征,制作长度1 m的液氧药包,进行单炮振动测试试验,其中炮孔深度4 m,炮孔直径90 mm。测点布置如图3所示,共布设3台爆破测振仪,其与炮孔间距分别为3 m、6 m和10 m。
图4所示不同位置处的质点峰值振动速度曲线。图4(a)是间隔3 m处的爆破质点峰值振动速度曲线,在0.01 s时,质点峰值振动速度迅速上升达到了最大值3.04 cm/s,此后曲线再因岩石破裂而造成的二次振动而发生波动,当时间在0.25 s时,振动速度逐渐减弱,曲线逐渐恢复平稳,最终回到基线水平。图4(b)是间隔6 m处的爆破质点峰值振动速度曲线,在0.02 s时,质点峰值振动速度迅速上升达到了最大值1.24 cm/s,此后曲线再因岩石破裂而造成的二次振动而发生波动,当时间在0.18 s时,振动速度逐渐减弱,曲线逐渐恢复平稳,最终回到基线水平。图4(c)是间隔10 m处的爆破质点峰值振动速度曲线,在0.01 s时,质点振动速度迅速上升达到了峰值0.62 cm/s,此后曲线再因岩石破裂而造成的二次振动而发生波动,当时间在0.06 s时,振动速度逐渐减弱,曲线逐渐恢复平稳,最终回到基线水平。
图5展示的是质点峰值振动速度随距离衰减关系,由于测点较少,不能直观展现出质点振动速度峰值随距离快速衰减的变化关系,但从图中仍可看出质点峰值振动速度的变化趋势,初始阶段,当距离爆源较近时,曲线处于初始快速衰减阶段,振动速度表现出随距离增大的快速衰减;随后距离增大到一定程度时,振动速度衰减速率逐渐趋于平缓。速度距离曲整体线呈现对数衰减关系,同时还表现出液氧储能爆破本身振动速度小、衰减快等特点。
液氧储能破岩技术的现场应用推广已取得了较好的效果,能有效完成隧道、基坑等不同类型的破岩任务,但其爆破反应规律还有待进一步探索研究。为此,设计了相关小尺寸液氧药包,探讨分析液氧储能爆破反应规律,试验过程中的相关参数如表1
表1中所说的药包直径和长度所指均为外侧模拟炮孔的PVC材料,而影响反应剧烈程度的吸收剂尺寸则只需在此基础上相应在长宽方向上缩小2 mm即可。以编号1的小尺寸药包为例,药包直径15 mm,药包长度5 cm,对应的吸收剂尺寸即为直径13 mm,长度3 cm。
图6所示为本实验使用的小尺寸药包制作流程,首先利用低粘度速干性硬质PVC胶粘剂连接一侧管帽与管身,如图6(a),保证管体本身的气密性;其次在橙色充液管底部开取用于出液的小孔,将吸收剂环向缠绕于充液管外侧,电点火头粘结于吸收剂中心位置,并将塑料桶膜包裹在吸收剂上,完成药包制作,如图6(b);在确保电点火头回路电阻值正常,即电路处于联通状态后,可将药包穿过钻凿有小孔的另一侧管帽,如图6(c);完成上述工作后,将PVC管材组装,实现模拟炮孔的目的如图6(d)
图7所示为不同尺寸的液氧药包爆破结果。从图中可以看出进行液氧爆破时,由于短时间内的持续充填液氧,药包周围环境温度持续降低并会使空气中的水蒸汽凝结成冰晶附着在物体表面。
6组试验的PVC管在不同试验条件下表现出了较为明显的差异,整体看来,爆后PVC管材表现出三种破坏特征,分别是液氧爆破后的残片、未起爆的完整管身和气体燃烧造成的管体损坏,如图7(a)、(b)、(c)。相关统计结果如表2所示。当小尺寸液氧药包能成功起爆时,制作好的药包内部迅速产生大量高压气体,当管身某处超出其承受的压力极限时,便会在此处产生应力集中,管身在此作用下发生局部膨胀,形成薄弱结构,裂纹也更易起裂。这种现象也会在管身上多个位置同时发生,当不同位置的裂纹扩展贯通时,PVC管身也会被撕裂成多种残片。当PVC管内液氧药包发生爆燃时,反应产生的作用在管壁上的气体压力不足以直接破坏管身,其会伴推动燃烧形成的火焰沿着药包轴向发育并在管口处发生碳化。
横向对比相同尺寸不同充气时间的“1&4”、“2&5”和“3&6”三组试件起爆结果,液氧药包的充气时间变化对爆后结果产生了明显影响。当药包尺寸较小时,以试件1&4组别为例,此时如若液氧充气时间不足,则会使得药包内部环境中的液氧浓度不足,导致电火花激发不足以引起液氧发生相变气化反应,瞬时在炮孔有效空间内产生大量高温高压气体。由于液氧温度与周围环境温度差异过大,故在液氧充填过程中首先需持续充填液氧将药包周围环境温度降低,这一步骤可有效避免药包内部液氧快速气化。当药包的液氧充气时间进一步增长时,吸收剂对于液氧的吸附作用进一步增强,药包内部液氧含量得以增加,此时电火花激发作用即可成功激发反应自发持续进行,药包顺利起爆。试件2&5组别效果同上,当充气试件不足时,试件2首先发生了爆燃,但当充气时间进一步增大时,药包即可顺利起爆。液氧药包的起爆机制极其依赖于吸收剂对液氧的吸附能力,在装填液氧时,吸收剂的作用首先是吸附并存储这些液态氧气,只有当药包内部的液氧浓度达到饱和状态时,吸收剂在燃烧过程中产生的高温才能够完全被用来驱动液氧的物理相变,从液态转变为气态。这个相变在短时间内迅速释放大量高压气体,从而产生强烈的物理爆炸。如果液氧药包内的液氧含量未达到饱和点,状况将会有所不同。在这种情况下,吸收剂燃烧时产生的热量无法得到充分有效地利用,因为部分热量会被释放到周围环境中而不是用于推动液氧的相变。除此之外,还必须充分考虑使用液氧时的安全性问题,由于液态氧本身是一种极强的氧化剂,其与任何可燃物质的混合都可能导致剧烈反应。充气时间过长,意味着液态氧在PVC管内的停留时间增加,这不仅会导致更多的液氧因蒸发而损失,也增加了因操作不慎而导致提前爆炸的风险。因此,可以看出,液氧的充气时间直接影响到液氧药包能否有效产生和维持必要的高压条件,进而决定了物理爆炸的成功与否。
纵向对比编号1、2、3的三组药包,其维持相同的充气时间,改变了液氧药包的尺寸和充气压力。尺寸的改变意味着药包可吸附液氧量增加,充气压力的变化则是直接影响液氧的充填速率,故相同时间内三组药包内充入的液氧含量不同。药包1中液氧含量最低,吸收剂尺寸最小,在这两因素的共同影响下,药包未起爆;药包2中液氧含量和吸收剂尺寸均居中,但却因为在这一尺寸下吸收剂不能吸附液氧达到饱和,在未饱和条件下,吸收剂得以燃烧并释放热量,但药包内却没有剩余足够的液氧与这部分热量进一步反应,发生物理爆炸。故表现出结果为爆燃,如图8,从模拟炮孔的PVC管材中取出爆燃的液氧药包,发现外侧塑料薄膜、吸收剂、点火导线上均发生了明显燃烧碳化现象。药包3中的液氧含量和吸收剂尺寸均最大,药包成功起爆。
在液氧爆破工程中,合理的充气压力是确保该过程顺利进行的关键因素之一。这是因为充气压力的变化直接影响到液氧在药包内的充填速率以及液氧含量的分布情况。当施加较高的充气压力时,液氧分子能够更快地穿透吸收剂,与其表面进行更多接触和吸附反应。这种高充气压力带来的加速反应过程使得液氧与吸收剂之间的混合更加充分,从而提高了反应速率和效率,增大爆破威力。然而,需要注意的是,充气压力过高也可能带来一些负面影响。过高的压力可能导致液氧在充填过程中因气化产生的损失耗费增多。此外,过高的压力还可能使得药包结构承受不了过大的压力而发生破裂,从而导致安全隐患。因此,在液氧爆破工程中,需要综合考虑各种因素,以确定最合适的充气压力。这包括考虑到液氧的性质、吸收剂的特性以及工程环境等因素,以确保爆破过程既高效又安全。
(1)液氧储能破岩过程是一个典型的气体破岩过程,液氧相变反应会使体积瞬间膨胀约800倍,少量吸收剂燃烧生成的二氧化碳与其混合,在炮孔狭小密封环境内形成高压气体,共同作用导致岩体破裂。
(2)液氧储能岩石破碎技术与传统炸药爆破相比,具有振动强度小,噪声及粉尘污染少等绿色环保优势,单炮条件相同距离下测点的质点峰值振动速度仅为传统炸药爆破的31.5%,可作为某些特殊条件下无法实施炸药破岩作业的技术补充。
(3)当小尺寸药包内液氧含量不足时,药包便会发生爆燃,甚至不起爆。此时需要增大充气压力和充气时间,使得药包内吸收剂充分吸附液氧,充气时间和充气压力越大,药包内液氧含量越足,此条件下进行爆破作业便会取得较好的效果。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFC2902103)
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(51934001)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2023JCCXLJ02)
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2025年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.018
  • 接收时间:2024-05-19
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-19
基金
National key research and development program(2021YFC2902103)
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2021YFC2902103)
Key Program of National Natural Science Foundation of China(51934001)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(51934001)
the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(2023JCCXLJ02)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金(2023JCCXLJ02)
作者信息
    1.贵州理工学院 矿业工程学院,贵阳 550003
    2a.中国矿业大学(北京) 力学与土木工程学院,北京 100083
    2b.中国矿业大学(北京) 隧道工程灾变防控与智能建养全国重点实验室,北京 100083
    3.贵州津建建筑工程有限公司,贵阳 550000

通讯作者:

王雁冰(1987-),男,博士、副教授,主要从事岩石动力学和岩土爆破方向的研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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