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The resistance line, as a core parameter in a blast design, is closely related to rock throwing distance and fragmentation degree, thereby directly affecting the fragmentation effectiveness and the final shape of the blast pile. Due to the significant complexity of an underwater blasting project, the factors affecting the effect of underwater blasting are intricate and complex, so it is essential to explore the impact of resistance line parameters on underwater bench blasting law through both drilling and blasting tests and numerical simulations using the FLUENT-EDEM coupling method. Four resistance line cases (2 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, and 6.5 cm) were tested. The results indicate that as the resistance line parameter increases, the proportion of adequate energy used for rock fragmentation increases, resulting in a larger blasting funnel volume. However, with further increases in the resistance line, the explosive energy per unit volume of rock decreases, and the stress wave reflection intensity weakens. Consequently, the inhomogeneity of blasting block size first decreases and then increases with the resistance line. Additionally, numerical calculations effectively replicate the model test blasting effects, demonstrating that using the FLUENT-EDEM fluid-solid coupling method to study underwater bench blasting fragmentation is practical and feasible.

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抵抗线作为爆破设计中的核心参数,与岩石的抛掷距离以及破碎程度都有着密切的关系,从而直接影响破碎效果以及最终的爆堆形状。由于水下爆破工程具有显著的复杂性,影响水下爆破效果的因素错综复杂,因此,探究抵抗线参数对水下台阶爆破的影响规律是必不可少的。通过设置不同抵抗线参数的水下台阶钻爆试验,并采用FLUENT-EDEM耦合方法对抵抗线为2 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6.5 cm四种情况下的爆破试验进行数值模拟,将试验与数值模拟相结合综合评估了抵抗线参数对水下台阶爆破效果的影响。结果表明:抵抗线参数增加初期,用于破碎岩石的有效能量占比增加,且爆破漏斗体积也进一步增大,但随着抵抗线的进一步增加,岩体单位体积所承担的爆炸能量反而降低,另外应力波反射作用强度也减弱了,因此爆破块度的不均匀性呈现出随抵抗线先减小后增大的规律。此外,数值计算能较好地对模型试验的爆破效果进行模拟且结果一致,说明运用FLUENT-EDEM流固耦合方法来探究水下台阶爆破块度破碎问题是切实可行的。

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吴亮(1980-),男,湖北汉川人,博士、副教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究方面的工作,(E-mail)

WU Liang (1980-), male, born in Hanchuan city, Hubei province, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and rock dynamics research, (E-mail) .

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吴亮(1980-),男,湖北汉川人,博士、副教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究方面的工作,(E-mail)

WU Liang (1980-), male, born in Hanchuan city, Hubei province, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and rock dynamics research, (E-mail) .

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吴亮(1980-),男,湖北汉川人,博士、副教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究方面的工作,(E-mail)

WU Liang (1980-), male, born in Hanchuan city, Hubei province, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and rock dynamics research, (E-mail) .

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Study on the motion law of underwater blasting blocks based on Fluent-EDEM coupling[D]. Wuhan: Wuhan University of Science and Technology, 2022. 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figureFileSmall=txG9DypOqki5gEO26MmUlg==, figureFileBig=fCPQkbg/CP5KxhTGQaZkmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057546316862330, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046464793727717, language=CN, label=图8, caption=水下台阶EDEM模型(单位:cm), figureFileSmall=txG9DypOqki5gEO26MmUlg==, figureFileBig=fCPQkbg/CP5KxhTGQaZkmg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057546463662978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046464793727717, language=EN, label=Fig. 9, caption=Blasting breakage effect of different resistance lines, figureFileSmall=YiGpaHbrF0/6DqEFpKs3JA==, figureFileBig=7KxN9z4TEIo2G+xfrkMBlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057546585297803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046464793727717, language=CN, label=图9, caption=不同抵抗线爆破破碎效果, figureFileSmall=YiGpaHbrF0/6DqEFpKs3JA==, figureFileBig=7KxN9z4TEIo2G+xfrkMBlQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057546765652889, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046464793727717, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

EDEM model parameters of rock mass

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参数名称颗粒岩体壁面平行键参数
密度/(kg·m-3)26502650法向刚度/(GPa·m-1)30.52
杨氏模量/GPa44.0944.09切向刚度/(GPa·m-1)12.208
泊松比0.350.35最大法向应力/MPa15.76
恢复系数0.20.15最大切向应力/MPa7.9
静摩擦系数0.50.5平行键半径/mm10.2
滚动摩擦系数0.010.01  
), ArticleFig(id=1241057546895676322, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046464793727717, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩体EDEM模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称颗粒岩体壁面平行键参数
密度/(kg·m-3)26502650法向刚度/(GPa·m-1)30.52
杨氏模量/GPa44.0944.09切向刚度/(GPa·m-1)12.208
泊松比0.350.35最大法向应力/MPa15.76
恢复系数0.20.15最大切向应力/MPa7.9
静摩擦系数0.50.5平行键半径/mm10.2
滚动摩擦系数0.010.01  
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抵抗线对水下台阶爆破效果影响的模型试验及其数值分析
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吴亮 , 刘琳 , 余创 , 周俊汝
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(1): 56-62
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(1): 56-62
抵抗线对水下台阶爆破效果影响的模型试验及其数值分析
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吴亮 , 刘琳, 余创, 周俊汝
作者信息
  • 武汉科技大学 理学院 湖北省智能爆破工程技术研究中心,武汉 430065
  • 吴亮(1980-),男,湖北汉川人,博士、副教授,主要从事工程爆破与岩石动力学研究方面的工作,(E-mail)

    WU Liang (1980-), male, born in Hanchuan city, Hubei province, Ph. D, associate professor, mainly engaged in engineering blasting and rock dynamics research, (E-mail) .

Model Test and Numerical Analysis of Resistance Line Influence on Underwater Bench Blasting
Liang WU , Lin LIU, Chuang YU, Jun-ru ZHOU
Affiliations
  • Engineering Technology Research Center in Intelligent Blasting of Hubei Province, College of Science, Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430065, China
出版时间: 2025-07-20 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.007
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抵抗线作为爆破设计中的核心参数,与岩石的抛掷距离以及破碎程度都有着密切的关系,从而直接影响破碎效果以及最终的爆堆形状。由于水下爆破工程具有显著的复杂性,影响水下爆破效果的因素错综复杂,因此,探究抵抗线参数对水下台阶爆破的影响规律是必不可少的。通过设置不同抵抗线参数的水下台阶钻爆试验,并采用FLUENT-EDEM耦合方法对抵抗线为2 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6.5 cm四种情况下的爆破试验进行数值模拟,将试验与数值模拟相结合综合评估了抵抗线参数对水下台阶爆破效果的影响。结果表明:抵抗线参数增加初期,用于破碎岩石的有效能量占比增加,且爆破漏斗体积也进一步增大,但随着抵抗线的进一步增加,岩体单位体积所承担的爆炸能量反而降低,另外应力波反射作用强度也减弱了,因此爆破块度的不均匀性呈现出随抵抗线先减小后增大的规律。此外,数值计算能较好地对模型试验的爆破效果进行模拟且结果一致,说明运用FLUENT-EDEM流固耦合方法来探究水下台阶爆破块度破碎问题是切实可行的。

水下爆破  /  流固耦合  /  FLUENT  /  EDEM  /  抵抗线

The resistance line, as a core parameter in a blast design, is closely related to rock throwing distance and fragmentation degree, thereby directly affecting the fragmentation effectiveness and the final shape of the blast pile. Due to the significant complexity of an underwater blasting project, the factors affecting the effect of underwater blasting are intricate and complex, so it is essential to explore the impact of resistance line parameters on underwater bench blasting law through both drilling and blasting tests and numerical simulations using the FLUENT-EDEM coupling method. Four resistance line cases (2 cm, 4 cm, 5 cm, and 6.5 cm) were tested. The results indicate that as the resistance line parameter increases, the proportion of adequate energy used for rock fragmentation increases, resulting in a larger blasting funnel volume. However, with further increases in the resistance line, the explosive energy per unit volume of rock decreases, and the stress wave reflection intensity weakens. Consequently, the inhomogeneity of blasting block size first decreases and then increases with the resistance line. Additionally, numerical calculations effectively replicate the model test blasting effects, demonstrating that using the FLUENT-EDEM fluid-solid coupling method to study underwater bench blasting fragmentation is practical and feasible.

underwater blasting  /  fluid solid coupling  /  FLUENT  /  EDEM  /  resistance line
吴亮, 刘琳, 余创, 周俊汝. 抵抗线对水下台阶爆破效果影响的模型试验及其数值分析. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (1) : 56 -62 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.007
Liang WU, Lin LIU, Chuang YU, Jun-ru ZHOU. Model Test and Numerical Analysis of Resistance Line Influence on Underwater Bench Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (1) : 56 -62 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.007
众所周知,抵抗线是爆破设计中的重要参数,它与岩石的抛掷距离以及破碎程度都有着直接的关联[1]。若抵抗线太小,自由面距离炮孔的距离过短,爆炸能量主要以气体形式溢出造成能量浪费,而高压气体推动碎石运动,容易造成飞石[23]。若抵抗线太大,单位岩石中爆炸能量变小从而出现较多大块,最终影响爆破效果[4]。因此,在爆破设计中,选择适当的抵抗线大小至关重要。丁汉堃将压杆稳定理论引入推导炮孔抵抗线的计算中[5],旨在解决在爆破过程中因抵抗线选择不当而导致飞石、冲击波传播不规律以及残留根底等问题。为了探究不同抵抗线对破碎质量的影响,郑瑞春采用室内砂浆模型进行试验研究[6]。试验显示:若抵抗线持续增大,K50(即筛下累积百分率为50%时的筛孔尺寸)将表现为单调递增。林爱民在针对实际工程爆堆的深入研究中[7],观察到爆堆特征块度X0和均匀指数n随着抵抗线长度的增长均呈现出上升趋势。由此可以得出,在某一限定的范围内,当抵抗线长度增加时,爆破产生的岩石块度会相应增大,并且其分布将变得更为不均匀。此外,在爆破过程中,爆炸荷载作用集中程度体现在抵抗线方向,不仅能有效地缩短了爆炸应力波的行程,且最小化了爆轰能量的损失[8]。不同抵抗线的选择也会影响应力波和爆轰气体作用于岩石的方式和持续时间,进一步影响爆轰能量的扩散和分布状态[9]。这种变化往往导致岩石破碎后的块体尺寸差异增加,从而对整体爆破效果产生重要影响。因此,在爆破工程中,抵抗线对于优化爆破能量的利用效率以及实现理想的岩石破碎效果具有举足轻重的作用。
目前,对于抵抗线对水下台阶爆破效果的影响的研究还处于相对初步的阶段。水下爆破工程具有显著的复杂性,由于多种因素交织影响爆破效果,导致许多实际工程只能依赖于相关的经验公式和试验数据进行近似估算。爆破效果涉及破碎程度、岩石位移、水下冲击波传播情况等多个指标。通过试验和数值模拟相结合的方法,可以更全面地评估抵抗线对水下台阶爆破效果的影响。
近年来,CFD-DEM在工程领域中的应用日益广泛,尤其在处理水下岩塞爆破[10]、深海采矿等复杂问题中展现出显著优势[1112]。例如,XU通过CFD-DEM来研究水合物聚集和沉积导致的水合物堵塞过程[13],并分析在连续水相和离散水合物颗粒间双向相互作用,为模拟水合物堵塞过程提供了理论基础。此外,HE等人运用动态网格方法[14],旨在明确捕捉自由移动大型物体引发的流动,并将其与传统CFD-DEM方法相结合,以精确模拟颗粒流体流动中小颗粒的行为。FU等人则借助CFD-DEM耦合技术[15],揭示了渗流对水下隧道掌子面破坏机理的显著影响,使研究得到了进一步的丰富和深化。同时,WU等学者针对水下台阶爆破块体的运动及其爆后形态[1617],运用DEM颗粒接触模型,结合Fluent-EDEM耦合技术,展开了深入的探究与分析。
因此,通过设置不同抵抗线的钻爆试验,探讨了抵抗线对水下台阶爆破效果的影响。此外,在模拟分析过程中,运用了基于UDF开发的Fluent-EDEM耦合方法,并全面考虑颗粒间的相互作用,构建了相应的数值模型。
水下台阶模型采用C25水泥,混凝土浇筑按照水泥∶黄沙∶水=2∶1∶0.65的比例进行制备。台阶模型为300 cm×300 cm×15 cm的长方体,模型周边钻深10 cm且孔径8 mm炮孔。试验时,距离混凝土板顶部的水深为20 cm,抵抗线参数分别为0 cm、2 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6.5 cm、8 cm、10 cm、15 cm。混凝土台阶爆破模型见图1
水下混凝土介质钻爆试验中不同抵抗线破坏情况见图2。当W=0 cm为水下雷管接触爆炸,受水介质的覆盖作用,炸药爆炸产生的冲击荷载在混凝土台阶表面形成深1 cm、直径约6 cm的凹坑;当W=2 cm时,由于炸药中心距离台阶侧面的距离小于台阶顶部,爆炸能量过早地通过侧面的爆破漏斗缝隙泄出,因此,炸药爆炸后只在台阶侧面形成了深约4.5 cm、直径约10 cm的爆破漏斗;当W=4 cm时,随着抵抗线的逐渐增加,用于台阶破碎的爆炸能量也呈递增趋势,台阶上表面受应力波反射拉伸以及高压气体作用而剥离,台阶上表面破裂线长约25 cm,台阶底部混凝土介质约束大于台阶上表面,其破裂线长约11 cm;当W=5 cm时,台阶上表面破裂线长约24 cm,台阶底部破裂线长约20 cm;当W=6.5 cm时,台阶上表面破裂线长约30 cm,台阶底部破裂线长约20 cm;当W=8 cm时,台阶上表面有张裂裂纹,但未见块体剥离;当W≥10 cm时,在台阶表面未发现明显的裂纹。
试验中,不考虑粉碎区,当W≥4 cm时,作为集中爆源的单发雷管在台阶爆破时产生的破坏区分为3个部分,见图2。破坏区Ⅰ区为炸药爆炸在抵抗线方向形成的爆破漏斗,主要为爆炸压缩剪切与应力波反射拉伸引起;破坏区Ⅱ区为应力波在台阶上表面反射拉伸引起破裂,从台阶上表面看,破裂区最大的深度为抵抗线,破裂线范围与抵抗线成正比,从台阶侧面看,破裂区也形似一个扁平的爆破漏斗,漏斗的深度与应力波的强度相关;破坏区Ⅲ区为抵抗线方向与台阶上表面反射应力波共同影响的剥离区。
投影面积法是一种计算几何体体积的方法。它的基本原理是将一个三维的立体物体投影到一个平面上,然后根据投影的面积和高度来计算物体的体积,吕林在处理图像时[18],选用了投影面积法来分析块度分布。该方法的核心在于通过图像处理技术,准确测量每个碎块的投影面积,进而以这些数据为基础,深入分析块度的分布情况。另一项研究则深入探讨了投影面积法与网筛尺寸法之间的关系[19],发现两者在描述块度分布上虽角度不同,但结果一致,均表现出高度的准确性。这一发现不仅证明了投影面积法的有效性,也表明在实际应用中,可以根据研究需求灵活选择这两种方法进行分析。
不同抵抗线爆破试验的块度情况见图3。将不同的抵抗线的块度收集后按以上的方法进行处理,W=4 cm时最大块度为3551.93 mm2,平均块度为2123.789 mm2W=5 cm时最大块度为5814.73 mm2,平均块度为1242.86 mm2W=6.5 cm时最大块度为11 991.06 mm2,平均块度为3132.16 mm2。抵抗线W=6.5 cm试验的块度色块图见图4
水下不同抵抗线爆破块度分布见图5。结果表明,抵抗线为4 cm时,爆破漏斗体积较小,同时爆破块度也较小;抵抗线为5 cm时,其爆破块度分布较另外两种情况要更加均匀;抵抗线为6.5 cm时,爆破块度不均匀且大块率最高。这是因为抵抗线的增加初期,用于破碎岩石的有效能量占比增加,且爆破漏斗体积也进一步增大,但随着抵抗线的进一步增加,岩体单位体积所承担的爆炸能量反而降低,另外应力波反射作用强度也减弱了,所以爆破块度的不均匀性随抵抗线先减小后增大。
在计算流体力学领域内,通过将有限数量的空间离散点上的变量值集合进行近似。基于这些离散点,构建了描述场变量之间关系的代数方程组。这些方程组依据流体力学的基本守恒原理,即质量守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒方程。通过求解这些离散的代数方程组,能够获得场变量的近似解,从而对流场进行数值模拟。式(1)和式(2)分别为质量守恒方程和动量守恒方程。
式中:ρ为流体密度;∇为哈密顿算子;t表示时间;为流体速度矢量;为加速度矢量;p为流体介质压力;为颗粒与流体之间的相互作用力;为应力张量。
在DEM(离散元方法)模型中,颗粒的运动状态基于牛顿第二定律,这一定律不仅涵盖了颗粒的平移运动,还涉及了它们的旋转运动。颗粒的动力学行为通过其运动方程(即动量守恒方程)来具体表达,如方程(3)和(4)所示
式中:vω分别为颗粒的速度和角速度;m为颗粒质量;FijtFg分别为颗粒间的接触力和引力;Ff为流体和颗粒的相互作用力;I是颗粒转动惯量;T是颗粒间的力矩;Tf是流体引起的扭矩。
为了更好地计算DEM颗粒之间的作用力,本文采用具备滚动摩擦特性的Hertz-Mindlin接触模型计算[20],如图6所示。
在DEM中,颗粒被视为离散的实体,需要通过接触力来模拟颗粒之间的相互作用,而平行键模型(Parallel Bond Model,PBM)是一种常用的接触力模型,一般用于模拟微观结构如何影响宏观行为。它基于平行键模型的概念,应用于颗粒接触界面的力学行为,它将颗粒之间的接触力分为切向力和法向力。切向力由颗粒表面之间的摩擦行为导致,而法向力则受到颗粒重叠程度的影响。PBM假设颗粒表面的接触区域可以看作是由一系列平行排列的键所组成,这些键在接触过程中可以变形和断裂。
根据水下台阶爆破试验,台阶模型为100 cm×50 cm×15 cm的长方体,距离混凝土板顶部的水深为20 cm,抵抗线分别为2 cm、4 cm、5 cm、6.5 cm。颗粒采用直径10 mm的球形颗粒,共填充90 839颗,如图8所示。爆源区域大小与实际雷管一致,爆炸荷载压力为2 GPa,本节离散元的计算步长为5×10-6 s,流体的计算步长为1×10-4 s。
在EDEM模型中,通过接触力来模拟离散颗粒之间的相互作用,而平行键模型是一种常用的接触力模型,能够更精确地模拟连续的岩体介质。此模型除了设置密度、杨氏模量等一些基本的参数以外,还需要输入法向刚度、切向刚度等其他平行键参数,以更准确地在微观上描述岩体的力学行为特性。已知平行键的半径被设定为与颗粒半径相同,但其他平行键参数当前尚未能与实验中获得的参数联立起来,且两者之间的明确数学关系也无法得知。因此,为确保数值计算的精确性和可靠性,对平行键模型的参数进行精确标定显得尤为重要。
为此,众多学者已经利用离散元方法(DEM)进行了巴西劈裂数值计算实验,通过与实际实验结果的对比和校验,成功地对平行键模型的参数进行了标定,并且利用标定后的平行键模型参数,能够成功地将颗粒建模为具有平行键的堆积体系。详细的参数设置列于表1中。
抵抗线大小对水下岩石爆破破碎影响见图9。结果表明:随着抵抗线的增加,爆破破坏区域也在增加,爆破块度的不均匀性随抵抗线先减小后增大;数值计算能较好地对模型试验的爆破效果进行模拟且结果一致。
开展了不同抵抗线参数下的水下台阶钻爆试验。在试验的基础上,利用UDF开发的Fluent-EDEM耦合方法,并充分考虑到颗粒间的相互作用,构建了相应的数值模拟模型。通过数值分析模型对试验过程进行了精准地模拟。基于模拟结果,得出了以下结论:
(1)从台阶上表面看,破裂区最大的深度为抵抗线,破裂线范围与抵抗线成正比。表明随着抵抗线的适当增加,会导致台阶破坏面的扩大,且爆堆总质量也呈增大趋势。
(2)随着抵抗线的增加,初期用于破碎岩石的有效能量占比会增加,但随后岩体单位体积所承担的爆炸能量会下降。因此,爆破块度的不均匀性随抵抗线先减小后增大。
(3)数值分析结果显示,随着抵抗线的增加,爆破破坏区域也会增加,爆破块度的不均匀性随抵抗线先减小后增大。该模拟结果与试验现象相吻合,说明运用FLUENT-EDEM流固耦合方法来探究水下台阶爆破块度破碎问题是切实可行的。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51779193; 51979205)
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2025年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.007
  • 接收时间:2024-05-28
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-07-20
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  • 收稿日期:2024-05-28
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National Natural Science Foundation of China(51779193; 51979205)
国家自然科学基金项目(51779193; 51979205)
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    武汉科技大学 理学院 湖北省智能爆破工程技术研究中心,武汉 430065
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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