Article(id=1241046464617566947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.023, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1683129600000, receivedDateStr=2023-05-04, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818134693, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1766764800000, pubDateStr=2025-12-27, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818134693, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818134693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818134693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241046461174043350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818133871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820872662, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=192, endPage=198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241046465703891695, articleId=1241046464617566947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Rapid Acceptance Technology of Underground Mine Blasting based on 3D Laser Scanning, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Measurement acceptance plays a crucial supervisory and guiding role in mining engineering. However, traditional blasting acceptance processes and methods in underground mines are insufficient to meet modern production needs and affect the efficiency and quality of underground mining. To address this issue, the Yanqianshan Iron Mine -213 m level roadway was studied to explore a new measurement and acceptance method based on a high-precision laser SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) algorithm. By obtaining point cloud data of the roadway before and after underground mine excavation, the foundation for subsequent data analysis and processing was established. In the data processing phase, methods such as point cloud denoising, ICP (Iterative Closest Point) registration, point cloud segmentation, and slicing were employed to create comprehensive measurement and acceptance processes for underground mining engineering. Point cloud denoising effectively removes noise and enhances data purity and credibility. The ICP registration method ensures precise alignment of point clouds through iterative optimization, maintaining high data consistency. Point cloud segmentation and slicing techniques offer practical solutions for accurately calculating irregular explosion volumes. The research results demonstrate that this high-precision laser SLAM measurement acceptance method improves work quality and efficiency. It ensures construction quality in underground mining and provides critical technical support for optimizing underground blasting designs.

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JING Hong-di (1988-), male, born in Chifeng, Inner Mongolia, Ph. D, associate researcher, mainly engaged in the research work of smart mining, (E-mail) .
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测量验收在采掘工程中起着监督和指导作用,然而传统地下矿的爆破验收流程与方法均难以满足现代生产需求,进而影响到地下矿山开采的效率和质量。为提升地下矿山测量验收工作效率,以眼前山铁矿-213 m水平巷道为研究对象,探讨了一种基于高精度激光SLAM算法的新型测量验收方法,通过获取地下矿山开挖前后的巷道点云数据,为后续的数据分析与处理奠定基础。在数据处理过程中,采用点云去噪、ICP配准、点云分割和切片等一系列方法,建立了一套完整的地下矿山采掘工程测量验收流程。点云去噪技术能够有效去除数据中的噪声,提高数据的纯净度和可信度;ICP配准方法则通过迭代优化实现点云的精确对齐,确保了数据的高度一致性;点云分割和切片技术则为不规则爆堆体积的精准计算提供了有效的解决途径。基于本文研究成果,该方案显著提高了高精度激光SLAM测量验收方法的工作质量与效率,不仅能够为地下矿山开采过程中的施工质量提供保障,还为地下矿山爆破设计优化提供了重要的技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
荆洪迪(1988-),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士、副研究员,主要从事智慧矿山方向研究工作,(E-mail)
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张宝金(1980-),男,辽宁鞍山人,工程师,主要从事采矿技术,机电设备管理工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Bao-jin (1988-), male, born in Anshan, Liaoning province, engineer, mainly engaged in mining technology and mechanical and electrical equipment management, (E-mail) .

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张宝金(1980-),男,辽宁鞍山人,工程师,主要从事采矿技术,机电设备管理工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Bao-jin (1988-), male, born in Anshan, Liaoning province, engineer, mainly engaged in mining technology and mechanical and electrical equipment management, (E-mail) .

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张宝金(1980-),男,辽宁鞍山人,工程师,主要从事采矿技术,机电设备管理工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Bao-jin (1988-), male, born in Anshan, Liaoning province, engineer, mainly engaged in mining technology and mechanical and electrical equipment management, (E-mail) .

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部分点云数据配准情况

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基于三维激光的地下矿爆破快速验收技术研究
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张宝金 1 , 荆洪迪 2 , 刘莹莹 3 , 迟强 1 , 楚长青 4 , 张兴帆 2
爆破 | 安全与管理 2025,42(1): 192-198
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2025, 42(1): 192-198
基于三维激光的地下矿爆破快速验收技术研究
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张宝金1 , 荆洪迪2 , 刘莹莹3, 迟强1, 楚长青4, 张兴帆2
作者信息
  • 1.鞍钢矿业有限公司 眼前山分公司,鞍山 114000
  • 2.中国科学院 沈阳自动化研究所,沈阳 110016
  • 3.鞍钢集团 关宝山矿业有限公司,鞍山 114000
  • 4.鞍钢矿业有限公司,鞍山 114000
  • 张宝金(1980-),男,辽宁鞍山人,工程师,主要从事采矿技术,机电设备管理工作,(E-mail)

    ZHANG Bao-jin (1988-), male, born in Anshan, Liaoning province, engineer, mainly engaged in mining technology and mechanical and electrical equipment management, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

荆洪迪(1988-),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士、副研究员,主要从事智慧矿山方向研究工作,(E-mail)
Research on Rapid Acceptance Technology of Underground Mine Blasting based on 3D Laser Scanning
Bao-jin ZHANG1 , Hong-di JING2 , Ying-ying LIU3, Qiang CHI1, Chang-qing CHU4, Xing-fan ZHANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.Ansteel Mining Co., Ltd., Yanqianshan Branch, Anshan 114000, China
  • 2.Shenyang Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, China
  • 3.Ansteel Guanbaoshan Mining Co., Ltd., Anshan 114000, China
  • 4.Anshan Steel Mining Co., LTD., Anshan 114000, China
出版时间: 2025-12-27 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.023
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测量验收在采掘工程中起着监督和指导作用,然而传统地下矿的爆破验收流程与方法均难以满足现代生产需求,进而影响到地下矿山开采的效率和质量。为提升地下矿山测量验收工作效率,以眼前山铁矿-213 m水平巷道为研究对象,探讨了一种基于高精度激光SLAM算法的新型测量验收方法,通过获取地下矿山开挖前后的巷道点云数据,为后续的数据分析与处理奠定基础。在数据处理过程中,采用点云去噪、ICP配准、点云分割和切片等一系列方法,建立了一套完整的地下矿山采掘工程测量验收流程。点云去噪技术能够有效去除数据中的噪声,提高数据的纯净度和可信度;ICP配准方法则通过迭代优化实现点云的精确对齐,确保了数据的高度一致性;点云分割和切片技术则为不规则爆堆体积的精准计算提供了有效的解决途径。基于本文研究成果,该方案显著提高了高精度激光SLAM测量验收方法的工作质量与效率,不仅能够为地下矿山开采过程中的施工质量提供保障,还为地下矿山爆破设计优化提供了重要的技术支撑。

地下矿  /  爆破  /  验收  /  激光SLAM  /  点云

Measurement acceptance plays a crucial supervisory and guiding role in mining engineering. However, traditional blasting acceptance processes and methods in underground mines are insufficient to meet modern production needs and affect the efficiency and quality of underground mining. To address this issue, the Yanqianshan Iron Mine -213 m level roadway was studied to explore a new measurement and acceptance method based on a high-precision laser SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) algorithm. By obtaining point cloud data of the roadway before and after underground mine excavation, the foundation for subsequent data analysis and processing was established. In the data processing phase, methods such as point cloud denoising, ICP (Iterative Closest Point) registration, point cloud segmentation, and slicing were employed to create comprehensive measurement and acceptance processes for underground mining engineering. Point cloud denoising effectively removes noise and enhances data purity and credibility. The ICP registration method ensures precise alignment of point clouds through iterative optimization, maintaining high data consistency. Point cloud segmentation and slicing techniques offer practical solutions for accurately calculating irregular explosion volumes. The research results demonstrate that this high-precision laser SLAM measurement acceptance method improves work quality and efficiency. It ensures construction quality in underground mining and provides critical technical support for optimizing underground blasting designs.

underground mine  /  blasting  /  acceptance  /  Laser SLAM  /  point cloud
张宝金, 荆洪迪, 刘莹莹, 迟强, 楚长青, 张兴帆. 基于三维激光的地下矿爆破快速验收技术研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (1) : 192 -198 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.023
Bao-jin ZHANG, Hong-di JING, Ying-ying LIU, Qiang CHI, Chang-qing CHU, Xing-fan ZHANG. Research on Rapid Acceptance Technology of Underground Mine Blasting based on 3D Laser Scanning[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (1) : 192 -198 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.023
近年来,随着经济全球化发展与各国战略资源配置规划交易,我国对矿产资源的需求不断提高,我国矿山企业在国际上将面临着更加激烈的竞争和挑战[12]。矿山企业必须及时准确地掌握矿山的生产运行情况,以便于快速地做出决策优化。测量验收工作在矿山企业生产运营过程中有着极为重要的作用,是维持矿山安全、高效、稳定发展的关键环节,也是需要不断创新创效、合理优化的重点对象。
然而,当前矿山测量验收工作面临着诸多挑战,包括工作流程的繁杂、标准的不统一以及工程技术人员的严重缺乏。这些问题导致生产测量验收数据获取不及时、不准确,严重影响地下矿山的生产效率。因此,如何在不增加技术人员的情况下满足测量验收的准确性与时效性,同时保障测量验收数据的真实性和可靠性,使生产作业计划得到严格执行,充分发挥计划的指导作用,对矿山企业来说是一个亟待解决的问题。
近年来,国内外学者在相关领域开展了部分研究工作。崔晓荣等提出了一种新的评估方法[3],通过定量分析采空区的稳定性和爆破效果,提高了验收的准确性和效率。亓玉浩等利用SLAM技术实现了综采工作面的实时三维建图[4],显著提高了数据收集的效率和准确性。XU等则通过改进视觉SLAM系统的场景自适应描述符[5],增强了系统在复杂矿山环境中的定位准确性。段志鑫与郑顺义等分别探讨了三维点集的表面重构和数据精简方法[67]。这些研究通过优化点云数据处理技术,提高了数据处理的效率和精确度。在数字图像相关测量方面,樊爽等提出了一种高精度的数字图像相关测量方法[8],通过逐点移动最小二乘拟合,提高了数据获取的精度和可靠性。此外,优化算法在矿业测量中的应用也不可忽视,戚远航等研究了一种优化算法在解决复杂路径规划问题中的应用[9],这一算法同样具有潜在地应用于矿山测量路径优化的可能性。
综上所述,以上研究成果多是集中在某一方面进行探索,并未形成一个快速、精准的测量验收方案。因此,本研究旨在提出一种高精度激光SLAM测量验收方法,不仅能够提高矿山测量验收的自动化水平,还通过技术创新提高了测量的准确性和时效性。确保生产作业计划的严格执行,充分发挥计划的指导作用,从而提高矿山的生产效率和经济效益,并且对促进矿山工程测量验收的自动化、智能化发展具有重要的理论和实践意义。
不同于露天矿山利用无人机倾斜摄影技术快速重构采场环境的快速性、简易性,地下矿山环境复杂恶劣,对设备的使用要求较多、较高[10]。采用高精度、高密集采样的三维激光扫描设备是地下矿山开采环境精准重构的发展趋势。三维激光扫描技术获取点云数据不但可以提供井下环境真实的空间信息,包括尺度、位置和姿态等,而且对光照和纹理变化等因素不敏感,能够完整地保留深度信息。基于地图构建算法(Simultaneous Localization and Mapping,SLAM)解决了空间点坐标定位问题,可以快速高效地收集空间可见目标表面的点云数据,形成具有真实空间位置的三维空间模型。
采用SLAM技术避免了扫描设备操作过程中需要手动连续定位坐标的部分环节,减轻了扫描工作量并提高了工作效率,为井下虚拟环境重构提供了一种崭新途径,如图1所示。
眼前山铁矿是鞍钢矿业公司下属主体矿山,位于鞍山市千山区,是鞍钢重要的铁矿原料生产基地之一,年产量接近500万t,采矿方法为无底柱分段崩落法,点云数据采集区域主要位于-213 m生产水平,基于SLAM的现场采集情况如图2图3所示。
地下矿点云数据现场采集过程中需要手持SLAM激光检测设备进入回采巷道开展爆破验收作业(如图4所示)。到达待测量的回采巷道采场后,随即正对待测爆堆开启SLAM激光检测设备,即可快速获得待测采场爆堆的高精度点云数据,通过自主开发程序的点云数据预处理功能,可以得到采场爆堆的精准三维模型,进而完成爆堆模型体积、块度分布等参数的快速计算、分析与验收。
利用三维激光扫描仪直接获取的地下矿巷道点云数据,由于拍摄环境、人为因素等的影响,可能存在孔洞或多余的部分,还需对原始点云进行去噪、拟合处理。
移动最小二乘法(moving least square,简称MLS)相较于其他拟合方法具有完备性和连续性,且精度较高。该算法是在点云原始数据点的基础上,利用高阶多项式插值的方式来对周围数据点进行拟合,重建表面点云的缺失部分,这不仅可以保持点云原始样本不变,而且可以使填补的孔洞区域与原始表面较为契合。
图5可见,基于移动最小二乘法进行巷道三维点云去噪、拟合,有很好的效果,完整地去除了巷道和工作面上的点云噪声点。
基于三维激光扫描技术获取地下矿爆堆三维点云,受环境、设备状态和人为因素影响,往往建立的爆破前、后巷道点云模型,具有不同的坐标系,将不同坐标系下的爆破前、后点云模型整合于同一坐标系,即巷道点云配准,其主要过程为求解两片点云之间的旋转矩阵R和平移矩阵T
假设点云{Q}为目标点云(参考点云),{P}为源点云(待配准的点云),pi(i∈1,2,…,N)是{S}中的一个点,qi是{E}中与pi距离最近的点。
计算从{P}到{Q}的RT变换矩阵,包括旋转矩阵R和平移矩阵T。假设参数变换是准确的,那么点云{P}中的每一个点pi,经过RT矩阵变换后将会与点云{Q}中的点qi完全重合,即:qiRpiT。但由于有噪声的存在,前后两次扫描所得点云不可能完全重合,所以定义目标函数
使目标函数最小的RT即为所求变换参数。F其实就是参考点云{Q}与已经进行RT矩阵空间变换的{P′}之间的平均距离。
点云的配准主要包括:降采样、icp配准、获取旋转平移矩阵三个步骤。见图6
(1)点云预处理
点云数据降采样能大幅提升算法速度。采用体素降采样的方法,将输入的点云数据搭建为一个三维体素栅格,然后在每个体素(即边长为mno的三维小立方体)内,用体素栅格中所有点的重心来近似表征显示。降采样点云只是用来参与运算从而获得变换矩阵,未降采样的点云的配准才是需要的,因此每次得到的矩阵还要用于去更新未降采样的源点云。
(2)icp配准
采用PCL实现爆破前、后巷道点云的配准,需引入icp.h模块,并设置相关参数,包括输入待配准点云、输入目标点云、设置最大迭代次数、设置最大距离阈值等。建立kd搜索树,并求解变换矩阵,满足要求即可结束迭代,不满足则重新建立点对关系。
(3)配准结果
为验证上述算法和解法的可行性,在鞍钢眼前山地下矿开展了现场三维激光测量数据的采集,在该矿-213 m水平随机选取采场爆堆进行数据采集,利用扫描得到的爆破前、后回采进路工作面点云数据进行测试。利用上述方法根据标靶坐标来求解转换参数,演示点云坐标的配准过程,表1为部分点云数据配准情况,图7为点云配准前后情况对比。
转换参数结果如下
半径内近邻搜索(Neighbors within Radius Search),是指搜索点云中一点在球体半径R内的所有近邻点。
搜索每个点的k邻域的步骤
(1)搜索子立方体的范围。
(2)将子立方体范围内的各点记录到点集M中,对已经搜索过的子立方体编号及数量进行标记;半径r值扩大后再次进行搜索,将新搜索到的未进行过标记的子立方体加入点集M中。
(3)判断点集M中的点的数量与k值的大小关系,若大于等于k,则转入步骤(4);若小于k,则将r值扩大a倍(取a=1.1),转入步骤(2),然后再次进行搜索。
(4)标记所求点并计算其与M中点的距离d。判断d值与半径r值的大小关系,若dr,则将该点记录到点集N中;若d>r,则不符合要求,不做记录。计算点集N中点的数量s
(5)判断s值和k值的大小关系,若sk,则按照d值的大小以升序方式进行排序,选取距离最近k个点作为期望k邻域。一个点的k邻域搜索结束后,再进行下一个点的k邻域搜索,需要对已经标记过的子立方体和点进行复位;若s<k,则再扩大r值,转入步骤(1)。
分割结果如图8所示。
切片法是将点云模型先在某一坐标轴方向上进行切片操作,再分别计算切片上、下两表面的面积,通过积分的方式累计多层切片体积求得总体积,具体流程如下:
(1)点云切片:纵轴方向切割点云数据,以h的间距将高度为H的点云模型自下而上依次切割,得到n组水平点云切片Si;其中,nH/hSi={D(xyz)|xyRz=(i/n)Hi∈[0,n]}。
(2)切片点云轮廓确定:采用双向最近点搜索法对单个乱序的点云切片进行排序,得到正确的点云切片外轮廓多边形。
(3)计算切片面积:平面点云切片排序完成后,该平面点云由m个点组成,切片面积计算公式为
式中:Ai为点云切片外轮廓对变形围成的面积;xjyj为点云切片外轮廓多边形Pi=(i∈[0,n])的顶点Pj=(j∈[0,m])的坐标;i为点云切片编号;j为点云切片外轮廓多边形的顶点编号;n为点云切片个数减1。
(4)计算点云体积:将各个切片的面积Ai累加,乘以相邻切片间距h,即点云总体积。
采用C++语言,基于PCL1.8.1+VTK8.0.0开发了地下矿掘进爆破验收系统,包括采场爆堆体积、面积计算、爆堆及采场爆破效果展示等,并集成了点云数据的显示、点云格式转换、点云曲面重构、点云配准等功能,主要功能有以下几方面:
(1)点云优化:主要功能是在点云加载的基础上,对密度不规则的点云数据进行平滑处理、去除因为遮挡问题造成的离群点、大量数据进行下采样、去除噪音数据等。
(2)曲面重建:在点云加载、点云优化以及基于icp点云配准的基础上,开发基于移动立方体算法、贪婪投影三角化算法、泊松算法、隐性曲面重建算法、Delaunay 3D算法的曲面重建功能。
(3)体积与面积测量:在地下矿爆堆曲面重建的基础上,对爆堆进行表面积和体积的快速计算分析。
为验证系统的有效性,创建点云数据测试集,图9所示的测试点云数据采集于眼前山铁矿-213 m水平8#回采巷道。首先对导入的点云数据进行自动icp配准(如图9所示),随后对配准后的点云数据进行分割与曲面重建,最后实现地下矿爆堆表面积与体积等数据的快速计算分析(如图10所示),测试结果符合现场工程实际。
本研究解决了地下矿采掘工程中,工程量快速、精准统计的难题,改变了传统人工测量与全站仪打点等计算方式,为地下矿山爆破工程设计优化与掘进工程质量快速、精准验收提供了技术支撑。
(1)基于SLAM三维激光扫描技术,研究了地下矿复杂工况条件下的采掘工程快速验收方法,并通过眼前山地下矿现场采集的点云数据进行验证,应用效果良好。
(2)基于MLS移动最小二乘法的高阶多项式插值方式重建表面点云的缺失部分,可以使填补的孔洞区域与原始表面较为契合,解决了地下矿狭长巷道视角遮挡的问题。
(3)采用icp点云配准方法,降低了现场三维激光检测对于视角和空间位置的要求,可以直接对不同视角检测到的点云数据进行自动配准,通过曲面重建后,利用切片法对三维模型进行统计分析,最终得到准确的采掘工程量,完成验收工作。
  • 国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U21A20106)
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2025年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.023
  • 接收时间:2023-05-04
  • 首发时间:2026-03-18
  • 出版时间:2025-12-27
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  • 收稿日期:2023-05-04
基金
Joint Fund project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U21A20106)
国家自然科学基金联合基金项目(U21A20106)
作者信息
    1.鞍钢矿业有限公司 眼前山分公司,鞍山 114000
    2.中国科学院 沈阳自动化研究所,沈阳 110016
    3.鞍钢集团 关宝山矿业有限公司,鞍山 114000
    4.鞍钢矿业有限公司,鞍山 114000

通讯作者:

荆洪迪(1988-),男,内蒙古赤峰人,博士、副研究员,主要从事智慧矿山方向研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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