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Article(id=1241046460926587172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.013, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1716134400000, receivedDateStr=2024-05-20, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773818133813, onlineDateStr=2026-03-18, pubDate=1750348800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-20, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773818133813, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-18, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773818133813, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773818133813, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1241046461174043350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='198', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=0, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773818133871, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773820872662, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1241057948554817924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1241046461174043350, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=107, endPage=115, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1241046461224382759, articleId=1241046460926587172, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Influence Study of Blast Incision's Central Angle and Height on Collapse Effect of Cooling Tower, columnId=1240702072073548400, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the influence of different blast incision central angles and heights on a cooling tower's overall collapse effect, the structure's collapse process was simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software. The original model was modified to explore the effects of various blasting incision's central angles and heights. Five different blasting incision heights (14 m, 15 m, 16 m, 17 m, 18 m) and three blasting incision central angles (190°, 210°, 230°) were selected for orthogonal combination to analyze their impact on the collapse effect. The results indicate that the blasting incision's central angle significantly influences the distribution range of the collapse debris, while the blasting incision height plays a secondary role. The highest point of the pile is generally located along the collapse centerline and near the transverse fracture of the tower wall. The degree of fragmentation and location of fissures on the rear tower wall determine the height and location of the highest point of the debris pile. At a fixed blasting incision height, the vertical touchdown velocity of the structure decreases as the incision's central angle increases. Conversely, at a fixed incision central angle, the vertical touchdown velocity decreases and then increases with increasing incision height. The optimal demolition parameters for the cooling tower are a blasting incision angle of 210° and a blasting incision height of 17 m.

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KOU Yu-ming (1999-), male, master candidate, from Huimin, Shandong Province, mainly engaged in scientific research on geotechnics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .
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为探究不同爆破切口圆心角及高度对冷却塔整体倒塌效果的影响，采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件，对结构的倒塌过程进行复现，验证数值模拟的可靠性。在原模型基础上，仅改变爆破切口圆心角和高度，选定14 m、15 m、16 m、17 m、18 m五种爆破切口高度和190°、210°、230°三种爆破切口圆心角，将其正交排列组合，探究两者对爆破效果的影响。得到以下结论：爆破切口圆心角对冷却塔爆堆范围的变化起着主要作用，爆破切口高度起次要作用；爆堆最高点基本位于倒塌中心线上，且分布在塔壁横向断裂位置附近，结构后方塔壁的裂隙出现位置和破碎程度决定了结构爆堆高度和爆堆高度最高点出现的位置；在爆破切口高度一定时，结构的竖向触地速度随爆破切口圆心角的增加而减小；当爆破切口角度圆心角一定时，随着爆破切口高度的不断增加，结构的竖向触地速度呈现先减后增的趋势；此类冷却塔结构爆破拆除时的最优爆破切口圆心角为210°，最优爆破切口高度为17 m。

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寇玉明（1999-），男，硕士生，山东惠民人，主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的科研工作，（E-mail）。
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高文乐（1966-），男，教授、硕士，山东栖霞人，主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。

GAO Wen-le (1966-), male, professor, master, from Qixia, Shandong Province, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research of geotechnics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .

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高文乐（1966-），男，教授、硕士，山东栖霞人，主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。

GAO Wen-le (1966-), male, professor, master, from Qixia, Shandong Province, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research of geotechnics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .

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高文乐（1966-），男，教授、硕士，山东栖霞人，主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。

GAO Wen-le (1966-), male, professor, master, from Qixia, Shandong Province, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research of geotechnics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Effect of cut shape on collapse effect of cooling tower demolition by blasting, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057567540040303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046460926587172, doi=10.19931/j.EB.20210362, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=86, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=28, authorNames=刘桂勇, 李坤鹏, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘桂勇, 李坤鹏. 复杂环境61 m高双曲线冷却塔拆除爆破[J]. 工程爆破, 2021, 27(6): 86-91., articleTitle=复杂环境61 m高双曲线冷却塔拆除爆破, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1241057567623926383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046460926587172, doi=10.19931/j.b.(20210362), pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=27, issue=6, pageStart=86, pageEnd=91, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[16], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LIU Gui-yong, LI Kun-peng, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Gui-yong, LI Kun-peng. 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Theoretical research and numerical simulation of blasting demolition of tall reinforced concrete chimneys[D]. Ningbo: Ningbo University, 2011. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1241057561072423382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046460926587172, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Cutting blasting parameters of cooling tower

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称爆破位置宽/cm抵抗线/cm孔距/cm孔深/cm单药量/g根数总孔数总药量/kg
2#冷却塔人字柱上部3618272550、753621614.40
人字柱下部36182725754828819.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241057561202446809, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046460926587172, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

冷却塔切口爆破参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称爆破位置宽/cm抵抗线/cm孔距/cm孔深/cm单药量/g根数总孔数总药量/kg
2#冷却塔人字柱上部3618272550、753621614.40
人字柱下部36182725754828819.20
), ArticleFig(id=1241057561303110110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046460926587172, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Physical and mechanical parameters of materials

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称密度/(kg·m－3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗拉强度/MPa
钢筋78502100.30335.0
混凝土2500350.181.5
), ArticleFig(id=1241057561412162019, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046460926587172, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

材料物理力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称密度/(kg·m－3)弹性模量/GPa泊松比抗拉强度/MPa
钢筋78502100.30335.0
混凝土2500350.181.5
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Program information table

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 14 m15 m16 m17 m18 m
190°方案1方案2方案3方案4方案5
210°方案6方案7方案8方案9方案10
230°方案11方案12方案13方案14方案15
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方案情况表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 14 m15 m16 m17 m18 m
190°方案1方案2方案3方案4方案5
210°方案6方案7方案8方案9方案10
230°方案11方案12方案13方案14方案15
), ArticleFig(id=1241057563161186801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046460926587172, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Blasting pile hights under different schemes(unit：m)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
 14m15m16m17m18m
190°5.902.503.254.902.45
210°1.902.902.652.203.65
230°2.154.554.053.554.10
), ArticleFig(id=1241057563245072887, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1241046460926587172, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同方案下爆堆高度表(单位：m)

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 14m15m16m17m18m
190°5.902.503.254.902.45
210°1.902.902.652.203.65
230°2.154.554.053.554.10
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爆破切口圆心角及高度对冷却塔倒塌效果的影响研究
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高文乐 1 , 李云飞 1 , 寇玉明 1 , 孙鸿 1 , 张建伟 2 , 柳姬 3
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2025,42(1): 107-115
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2025, 42(1): 107-115
爆破切口圆心角及高度对冷却塔倒塌效果的影响研究
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高文乐1 , 李云飞1, 寇玉明1 , 孙鸿1, 张建伟2, 柳姬3
作者信息
  • 1.山东科技大学　土木工程与建筑学院，青岛　266590
  • 2.中建八局第二建设有限公司，济南　250014
  • 3.山西朔州平鲁区龙矿大恒煤业有限公司，朔州　036899

    • 高文乐（1966-），男，教授、硕士，山东栖霞人，主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的教学和科研工作，（E-mail）。

    GAO Wen-le (1966-), male, professor, master, from Qixia, Shandong Province, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research of geotechnics and blasting safety technology, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

寇玉明（1999-），男，硕士生，山东惠民人，主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的科研工作，（E-mail）。
Influence Study of Blast Incision's Central Angle and Height on Collapse Effect of Cooling Tower
Wen-le GAO1 , Yun-fei LI1, Yu-ming KOU1 , Hong SUN1, Jian-wei ZHANG2, Ji LIU3
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2.China Construction eighth Bureau Second construction Co., Ltd., Jinan 250014, China
  • 3.Shanxi Shuozhou Pinglu District Longkuang Daheng Coal Industry Co., Ltd., Shuozhou 036899, China
出版时间: 2025-06-20 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.013
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摘要
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为探究不同爆破切口圆心角及高度对冷却塔整体倒塌效果的影响，采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件，对结构的倒塌过程进行复现，验证数值模拟的可靠性。在原模型基础上，仅改变爆破切口圆心角和高度，选定14 m、15 m、16 m、17 m、18 m五种爆破切口高度和190°、210°、230°三种爆破切口圆心角，将其正交排列组合，探究两者对爆破效果的影响。得到以下结论：爆破切口圆心角对冷却塔爆堆范围的变化起着主要作用，爆破切口高度起次要作用；爆堆最高点基本位于倒塌中心线上，且分布在塔壁横向断裂位置附近，结构后方塔壁的裂隙出现位置和破碎程度决定了结构爆堆高度和爆堆高度最高点出现的位置；在爆破切口高度一定时，结构的竖向触地速度随爆破切口圆心角的增加而减小；当爆破切口角度圆心角一定时，随着爆破切口高度的不断增加，结构的竖向触地速度呈现先减后增的趋势；此类冷却塔结构爆破拆除时的最优爆破切口圆心角为210°，最优爆破切口高度为17 m。

爆破拆除  /  爆破切口参数  /  数值模拟  /  冷却塔  /  爆破效果

To investigate the influence of different blast incision central angles and heights on a cooling tower's overall collapse effect, the structure's collapse process was simulated by ANSYS/LS-DYNA finite element software. The original model was modified to explore the effects of various blasting incision's central angles and heights. Five different blasting incision heights (14 m, 15 m, 16 m, 17 m, 18 m) and three blasting incision central angles (190°, 210°, 230°) were selected for orthogonal combination to analyze their impact on the collapse effect. The results indicate that the blasting incision's central angle significantly influences the distribution range of the collapse debris, while the blasting incision height plays a secondary role. The highest point of the pile is generally located along the collapse centerline and near the transverse fracture of the tower wall. The degree of fragmentation and location of fissures on the rear tower wall determine the height and location of the highest point of the debris pile. At a fixed blasting incision height, the vertical touchdown velocity of the structure decreases as the incision's central angle increases. Conversely, at a fixed incision central angle, the vertical touchdown velocity decreases and then increases with increasing incision height. The optimal demolition parameters for the cooling tower are a blasting incision angle of 210° and a blasting incision height of 17 m.

blasting demolition  /  blasting incision parameter  /  numerical simulation  /  cooling tower  /  blasting effect
高文乐, 李云飞, 寇玉明, 孙鸿, 张建伟, 柳姬. 爆破切口圆心角及高度对冷却塔倒塌效果的影响研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (1) : 107 -115 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.013
Wen-le GAO, Yun-fei LI, Yu-ming KOU, Hong SUN, Jian-wei ZHANG, Ji LIU. Influence Study of Blast Incision's Central Angle and Height on Collapse Effect of Cooling Tower[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (1) : 107 -115 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.013
正文
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拆除爆破是拆除大型建(构)筑物和大型设备的主要手段，在社会和经济发展过程中发挥着重要的作用[1]。但随着建筑物向着更高和周边环境更加复杂的方向发展，拆除爆破的难度不断加大，对拆除爆破的要求也在不断提高。高文乐等以十里泉电厂92 m高冷却塔定向爆破拆除为例[2]，根据现场的结构尺寸大小，复现结构在爆破拆除中的倒塌过程。张宝岗等探究爆破切口圆心角对冷却塔结构爆破拆除的影响[3]，以分离式共节点法建立冷却塔爆破拆除的有限元模型，对其倒塌过程进行研究。费鸿渌等对冷却塔爆破拆除时塔体触地瞬间受力分析[4]，得到关于结构母线的几何方程。谢钱斌等使用多段毫秒延时导爆管雷管起爆网路[5]，确保冷却塔在下坐前和下坐的过程中按预定的倾倒方向倒塌并解体，实现冷却塔的定向爆破拆除。蒋超等利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对某冷却塔爆破拆除的倒塌过程进行模拟[6]，与现场的爆破效果进行对比，发现两者的爆破效果较为一致。Ruan Jinkui等以云南利阳兴城二期建筑群为例[7]，基于高层建筑物爆破拆除的定向倒塌和双向倒塌构建了高层建筑拆除爆堆预测模型。段海霞等通过5组不同切口尺寸的倒塌模拟方案[8]，研究在冷却塔爆破拆除中爆破切口尺寸对其倒塌过程的影响，选出最优的爆破切口尺寸。张建华依托某发电厂冷却塔的爆破拆除工程[9]，对比分析两种爆破技术的爆破效果，发现后者对于改善结构的倒塌速度和触地破碎程度有着良好的效果。Song Qianqian利用数值模拟对某电厂冷却塔拆除爆破过程中的失稳运动特性进行了深入研究[10]，对模型的准确性进行了验证。张焜琨通过选择切口位置、精确定位倒塌方向和开设定向窗等措施[11]，两座烟囱在空中实现对碰，且周边保护目标安全无恙。
以威海市热电集团某工厂2#冷却塔为研究背景，分析冷却塔的实际倒塌过程与仿真模拟结果，验证数值模拟的可靠性。其次在保证模型尺寸和其他爆破参数不变的情况下，仅改变原结构模型的爆破切口圆心角和高度，利用数值模拟得到在不同爆破切口参数下冷却塔的爆堆高度、爆堆范围和触底速度等爆破效果，确定最优的爆破切口圆心角和爆破切口高度，为类似冷却塔爆破拆除工程提供指导[12-16]。
1　工程实例
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1.1　工程概况
威海市热电集团某工厂2#冷却塔需进行爆破拆除。北侧5 m、76 m处为板房和1#冷却塔；东北侧97 m处为储存厂棚；南侧距离3#冷却塔为18 m和南侧35 m处为12 m高的待建道路；东南侧8 m处为块石挡墙(可预拆除)；西侧距离储存厂棚为39 m；西北侧39 m处为厂棚，地下无保护管线，地上20 m内无保护管线。周边环境如图1所示。
1.2　结构特点
2#冷却塔的标高为47 m，上部直径为19.36 m，下部直径为35.19 m，筒体下部壁厚350 mm，中间壁厚127 mm，上部壁厚120 mm，人字形支撑立柱共有32对，垂直高度4 m，截面尺寸为36 cm×36 cm。2#冷却塔示意图和立面结构图如图2、图3所示。
2　爆破方案设计
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2.1　工程方案
此次爆破工程选用“预开导向窗、定向窗、卸荷槽，预处理部分塔壁板块、预留部分塔体支撑板块、切断圈梁、最后爆破支撑人字柱”的定向倒塌方案。2#冷却塔倒塌方向为东偏南45°，冷却塔爆破切口角度示意图如图4所示。
2.2　倒塌切口设计
爆破切口高度Hp由人字柱高度h1、圈梁高度h2以及塔身处高度h3三部分组成。
2#冷却塔爆破时，h1＝4.0 m、h2＝1.0 m，导向窗开设到距离地面垂直距离16 m高度处，2#冷却塔爆破切口形状立面示意图见图5所示。
2.3　爆破参数设计
本次冷却塔爆破拆除采用钻孔爆破，药包布置在爆破切口部分人字柱的两端部位。每根人字柱的两端分别布置3个炮孔，且均为水平钻孔。冷却塔切口爆破参数如表1所示。
3　数值模拟分析
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3.1　模型参数设置
采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件对钢筋混凝土冷却塔进行实体建模时，通常采用3D单元类型。由于本次模拟采用整体式建模，故选用SOLID164单元来模拟冷却塔倒塌过程。
在建筑物的爆破拆除数值模拟中，*MAT_BRITLLE_DAMAGE材料本构模型可以通过对参数的调整，较好地模拟钢筋混凝土结构的配筋率，同时由于冷却塔的配筋布置较为规整，因此采用该本构模型来模拟钢筋混凝土材料，将钢筋弥散于整个单元之中[17]。对此材料本构进行赋值时需要设置混凝土参数、配筋率和钢筋参数，其中钢筋、混凝土构件的物理力学参数如表2所示。
在实际爆破拆除过程中材料的失效过程十分复杂，目前应用较广的失效模型有以下四种：
第一种强度理论模型
第二种强度理论模型
第三种强度理论模型
第四种强度理论模型
式中：[σ]为许用应力，[σ]＝屈服极限/安全系数；σ1、σ2、σ3为三个主应力。
基于以上失效原则，考虑到混凝土在失效时主要发生断裂破坏，因此选择第一与第二强度理论对其失效进行控制，数值模型中利用关键字*MAT_ADD_EROSION控制材料的失效。
3.2　数值模拟与实际对比
2#冷却塔模型采用*MAT_BRITLLE_DAMAGE材料本构模型来模拟钢筋混凝土冷却塔的爆破拆除倒塌过程。求解完成的d3plot文件导入LS-PrePost进行处理，将实际拍摄的倒塌图片与模拟结果进行对比。如图6所示。
将模拟结果与实际倒塌过程进行对比，发现冷却塔爆破拆除的数值模拟结果与实际倒塌过程中的倒塌姿态和倒塌时间保持高度吻合，证实了数值模拟的有效性和准确性。
3.3　方案组合与倒塌形态
在合理范围内选定14m、15m、16m、17m和18m五种爆破切口高度和190°、210°和230°三种爆破切口圆心角进行正交排列组合，得到15种爆破切口参数组合，组合方案如表3所示。
根据表3所示的15种方案建立数值模型并计算求解，将求解得到的d3plot文件导入LS-PrePost中进行处理分析，不同方案下结构的倒塌过程如图7所示。
3.4　爆堆范围与高度
利用后处理软件读取15种方案的爆堆范围数据，采用Origin软件绘制点线图并进行比较分析，爆堆长度点线图和爆堆宽度点线图如图8和图9所示。
对图8和图9分析：在爆破切口高度一定的条件下，爆堆长度和宽度均随爆破切口圆心角的增加而减小，最大分别可达5.07 m、6.82 m。在爆破切口高度一定时，爆破切口圆心角越大，爆破切口后方保留塔壁面积越少，结构倒塌后爆堆宽度越小。当爆破切口圆心角越小时，爆破切口后方保留塔壁的面积越大，对上方塔壁倒塌的约束作用越大，当塔壁之间的作用力达到结构的失效值时，后方塔壁开始出现横向裂隙，在裂隙上方塔壁失去下方塔壁的约束作用力后，沿新支撑点向前翻转倒塌，导致爆堆长度较长。
根据图8发现：当爆破切口圆心角为190°时，爆堆长度保持在54.24~55 m，最大爆堆长度与最小爆堆长度相差仅有0.76 m；在爆破切口圆心角为210°时，爆堆长度处于53.19~54.11 m，长度相差不到1 m。当爆破切口圆心角为190°和210°时，在五种不同爆破切口高度下，冷却塔爆破倒塌完成后爆堆长度的变化很小。而当爆破切口圆心角为230°时，在爆破切口高度由14 m增长至16 m的过程中，爆堆长度从52.22 m减小至49.17 m，当爆破切口高度增长至18 m时，爆堆长度再次增长至51.4 m，爆堆长度随爆破切口圆心角的增大，整体呈现出先减后增的趋势。
从图9中看出，当爆破切口圆心角为190°时，相较于其他两种角度，在五种爆破切口高度下的爆堆宽度变化相差较小。在爆破切口圆心角为210°时，除爆破切口高度为17m外的4种方案下的爆堆宽度基本一致，仅在爆破切口高度17 m时发生突变，爆堆宽度减小。当爆破切口圆心角为230°时，除爆破切口高度为16 m时发生突变，剩余四种方案下的爆堆宽度随爆破切口高度的增加而减小。
通过以上对不同爆破切口参数下爆堆长度和宽度的分析，发现爆破切口圆心角对于结构爆堆范围的影响较大，而爆破切口高度对于爆堆范围的影响相对较小，因此认为爆破切口圆心角对冷却塔爆堆范围的变化起着主要作用，爆破切口高度起次要作用。
利用后处理软件读取的爆堆高度数据列于表4。
从表4中发现，不同爆破切口圆心角和爆破切口高度下冷却塔倒塌后的爆堆高度不一，但是爆堆的最高点基本位于结构的倒塌中心线上，且分布在塔壁横向断裂位置附近。由于结构形状特殊且塔壁较薄，最薄处厚度只有120 mm，最厚处的塔壁也只有280 mm，导致在倒塌过程中结构发生扭曲变形状况较为复杂，所以在不同爆破切口圆心角和高度下塔壁的横向断裂位置与爆堆最高处所在位置也有所不同。
方案1的爆堆高度高达5.9 m。在结构倒塌过程中，由于导向窗、卸荷槽和定向窗的存在，爆破切口区域内塔壁整体性较差，沿爆破切口边缘破碎，但是由于爆破切口高度较低，结构在倒塌过程中积蓄的能量不足使得上部塔体在触地时发生解体破碎，所以上部塔壁发生内折，如图10(a)所示。同时，顶端圆形塔口发生变形，沿倒塌中心线被拉长为椭圆形。由于顶部与底部塔壁的变形方向相反，距离顶端1/3高度处的塔壁单元在两种变形方向下达到设定的材料失效值，塔壁开始发生破碎产生裂隙，如图10(b)所示。当顶端塔壁变形一定程度时，在背部塔壁处也开始产生横向裂隙，塔壁上存在纵向裂隙的产生趋势，如图10(c)所示。随着结构的继续倒塌，纵向裂缝逐渐形成，背部横向裂隙与纵向裂隙相互贯通，导致后续结构倒塌过程中背部塔壁分为上下两部分，如图10(d)所示。下部塔壁在缺少上部塔壁的作用后，只能依靠自身重力以及现有的动能继续倒塌，最终因为积蓄的能量不足使得部分塔壁触地无法解体，导致爆堆高度过高。
爆堆高度最低的是方案6，仅为1.9 m。结构在爆破切口完全闭合后，上部塔壁在破碎到一定程度后同样发生内折现象。但方案6中的爆破切口圆心角大于方案1，使得方案6中塔壁内折的最远端基本到达了塔顶，而在方案1中当塔壁内折最远端到达距离塔顶1/3高度处时，塔壁就因自身上部与下部变形方向不同产生了裂隙，方案6中的后方塔壁出现裂隙的高度也低于方案1中的高度。因为后方塔壁产生的裂隙仅向塔底斜向延伸，倒塌中心线两侧塔壁依旧和上部塔壁相连，上部塔壁依旧对下部塔壁产生拉应力，促使了下部塔壁的触地解体。方案6的爆破切口圆心角较大且圈梁被提前切断破坏了整体性，使得结构底部在触地时塔壁破坏程度同样高于方案1。因此，结构后方塔壁的裂隙出现位置和破碎程度决定了结构爆堆高度和爆堆高度最高点出现的位置。
为了观察爆破切口圆心角和高度对爆堆最高点出现位置的影响，测量爆堆最高点所处位置与圈梁之间的水平距离，利用origin软件绘制出点线图，如图11所示。
对不同方案下爆堆最高点与圈梁之间的距离进行对比发现：当爆破切口圆心角为190°和210°时，爆堆最高点与圈梁之间的距离先随爆破切口高度的增加先减小后增加，而当爆破切口圆心角为230°时，爆堆最高点出现的位置极其不稳定。但是当爆破切口高度达到一定高度时，三种爆破切口圆心角方案下爆堆最高点与圈梁之间的距离极为接近。当爆破切口圆心角为210°时，不同爆破切口高度下的爆堆最高点出现的位置相对集中。
将爆破切口圆心角为210°时的5种不同爆破切口高度方案下的冷却塔爆堆范围和高度分析：当爆破切口高度为17 m时，结构的爆堆宽度最小，与最大爆堆宽度相差高达3.45 m；爆堆长度虽然最大，但与最小长度相差仅不到1 m；当爆破切口高度为17 m时，结构的爆堆范围最小。在此爆破切口高度下的爆堆高度也仅有2.2 m，有利于后期对爆堆的清理和运输。虽然在爆破切口高度为14 m时，爆堆高度最低，但是其整体的爆堆范围相对较大。所以，对于此类结构的最优爆破切口圆心角为210°，最优爆破切口高度为17 m。
3.5　触地速度分析
结构倒塌后的破碎程度和触地后造成的塌落振动都是衡量爆破效果的重要指标，为研究爆破切口圆心角和高度对结构触地速度的影响，读取15种不同方案结构顶部同一位置处的单元竖向速度最大值，如图12所示。
从图12看到，在爆破切口圆心角一定时，随着爆破切口高度的不断增加，结构单元最大竖向触地速度呈现先减后增的趋势。在爆破切口高度一定时，单元的竖向触地速度随爆破切口圆心角的增大而减小。但随着爆破切口高度的不断增加，三种爆破切口圆心角下的结构竖向触地速度逐渐接近。
为了进一步研究爆破切口圆心角和高度对于结构最大竖向速度的影响，对图中的不同方案下的结构最大竖向触地速度进行拟合。爆破切口圆心角和爆破切口高度作为自变量，竖向触地速度作为因变量，拟合公式为
式中：λ为爆破切口圆心角角度，°；vλ为竖向倒塌速度，m/s。
该公式的拟合程度指标达到了0.889，表明其拟合程度较好，结构触地速度公式拟合曲面图如图13所示。
在保证爆堆范围和高度最优的同时，还应考虑结构倒塌速度过快而造成塌落振动过大问题。通过公式1和图13可以分析出，在最优爆破切口圆心角下，当爆破切口高度为17.45 m时，结构的竖向倒塌速度最小，为16.68 m/s，与爆破切口高度为17 m时的触地速度仅相差0.02 m/s。但同时随着爆破切口高度从17 m增长到18 m，爆堆高度也从2.2 m增长至3.6 m，呈现上升趋势。因此综合考虑到结构的触地速度和爆堆高度的影响，进一步佐证了最优的爆破切口高度为17 m。
4　结论
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(1)爆破切口圆心角对冷却塔爆堆范围的变化起着主要作用，爆破切口高度起次要作用。爆堆最高点基本位于倒塌中心线上，且分布在塔壁横向断裂位置附近，结构后方塔壁的裂隙出现位置和破碎程度决定了结构爆堆高度和爆堆高度最高点出现的位置。
(2)在爆破切口高度一定时，结构的竖向触地速度随爆破切口圆心角的增加而减小。通过对触动速度数据进行拟合，得到了结构倒塌速度关于爆破切口圆心角与高度的拟合公式，当爆破切口角度圆心角一定时，随着爆破切口高度的不断增加，结构的竖向触地速度呈现先减后增的趋势。
(3)综合对比爆堆高度、爆堆范围以及触地速度，此类冷却塔结构爆破拆除时的最优爆破切口圆心角为210°，最优爆破切口高度为17 m。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(51874189)
文献
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2025年第42卷第1期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.013
  • 接收时间：2024-05-20
  • 首发时间：2026-03-18
  • 出版时间：2025-06-20
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  • 收稿日期：2024-05-20
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51874189)
国家自然科学基金(51874189)
作者信息
    1.山东科技大学　土木工程与建筑学院，青岛　266590
    2.中建八局第二建设有限公司，济南　250014
    3.山西朔州平鲁区龙矿大恒煤业有限公司，朔州　036899

通讯作者:

寇玉明（1999-），男，硕士生，山东惠民人，主要从事岩土力学和爆破安全技术的科研工作，（E-mail）。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.01.013
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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