Article(id=1240702081330377530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.002, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734278400000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736027319, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1739894400000, pubDateStr=2025-02-19, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736027319, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736027319, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736027319, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=9, endPage=17, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702081657533261, articleId=1240702081330377530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Integrated Control Technology for Recoil and Ground Impact Vibration in Directional Blasting-induced Collapse of Frame-structured Buildings, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

With the increasing complexity of the urban environment and environmental awareness of the public, directional toppling blasting demolition of frame structure buildings often encounters the problems of large collapse recoil distance and strong ground impact vibration, which limits the development and application of blasting demolition technology. To control the collapse recoil and touchdown vibration of the directional blasting demolition of the frame structure building, the design method of the hinge point forward high blasting cutting was put forward, and the theoretical calculation model of blasting cutting height was established based on traditional bottom cutting blasting demolition technology. Meanwhile, a blasting demolition technology of high-cutting blasting with a reserved buffer layer was developed combined with engineering practice. Three kinds of blasting cutting forms were designed to meet the control requirements of different degrees of collapse recoil and touchdown vibration according to the treatment method of the reserved buffer layer. Furthermore, the collapse and disintegration effects of frame structure blasting demolition in different blasting schemes are compared and analyzed by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field test. The results show that the hinge point forward high blasting cutting can increase the inclination angle, prolong closure time, and control the structure's collapse recoil and touchdown vibration, greatly improving the reliability of structural instability and collapse. Compared with the traditional bottom-cutting blasting scheme, the reserved buffer layer hinge point forward high-cutting blasting scheme can effectively shorten the length of the blasting pile, reduce the speed of structural collapse to the ground, and effectively control the height of the blasting pile. The selection of a reserve buffer layer should be considered comprehensively with the structural characteristics of the building and the surrounding environment.

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近年来,随着城市环境日益复杂以及市民的环保意识日益增强,框架结构楼房定向倾倒爆破拆除常遇到倒塌后坐距离大、触地冲击振动强的问题,限制了爆破拆除技术的发展与应用。为控制框架结构楼房定向爆破拆除倒塌后坐与触地振动,在传统底部切口爆破拆除技术基础上,提出了铰点前移高位爆破切口设计方法,并建立了爆破切口高度的理论计算模型;结合工程实践,研发了预留缓冲层高位切口爆破拆除技术,并根据预留缓冲层的处理方式,设计了3种爆破切口形式,以适应不同程度倒塌后坐和触地振动的控制需求。综合采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等研究方法,对比分析了不同爆破方案下框架结构爆破拆除的倒塌解体效果,研究结果表明:(1)铰点前移高位爆破切口可以加大切口的倾角、延长切口的闭合时间,控制结构倒塌后坐与触地冲击,大幅度提高了结构失稳倒塌的可靠性;(2)相比传统底部切口爆破方案,预留缓冲层铰点前移高位切口爆破方案能够有效缩短爆堆的长度,降低结构倒塌触地的速度,并有效控制爆堆高度;(3)预留缓冲层的处理方式多样,应综合考虑楼房的结构特征和周边环境情况进行选择。

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黄小武(1989-),男,高级工程师、工学博士,从事工程爆破研究与实践工作,(E-mail)

HUANG Xiao-wu (1989-), male, senior engineer, Ph.D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research and practice work, (E-mail) .

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黄小武(1989-),男,高级工程师、工学博士,从事工程爆破研究与实践工作,(E-mail)

HUANG Xiao-wu (1989-), male, senior engineer, Ph.D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research and practice work, (E-mail) .

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黄小武(1989-),男,高级工程师、工学博士,从事工程爆破研究与实践工作,(E-mail)

HUANG Xiao-wu (1989-), male, senior engineer, Ph.D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research and practice work, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Application of vertical span by span collapse explosive demolition technique in complex environment, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702099042923062, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702081330377530, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=30, issue=3, pageStart=74, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=28, authorNames=刘健修, 高朋飞, 马国强, journalName=工程爆破, refType=null, unstructuredReference=刘健修,高朋飞,马国强, 等. 18层框-筒结构楼房拆除爆破数值模拟分析[J]. 工程爆破, 2024, 30(3): 74-81., articleTitle=18层框-筒结构楼房拆除爆破数值模拟分析, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702099131003450, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702081330377530, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=30, issue=3, pageStart=74, pageEnd=81, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=29, authorNames=LIU Jian-xiu, GAO Peng-fei, MA Guo-qiang, journalName=Engineering Blasting, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LIU Jian-xiu, GAO Peng-fei, MA Guo-qiang, et al. Demolition blasting and numerical simulation analysis of 18 storey frame barrel structure building[J]. Engineering Blasting, 2024, 30(3): 74-81. 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702094282387862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702081330377530, language=CN, label=图9, caption=友好公寓爆破拆除工程, figureFileSmall=wBzF6Oa8eGNjVYoIV/s79Q==, figureFileBig=NDa1bCrkMiWFmUNDDYtJyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702094357885340, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702081330377530, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Design of blasting demolition scheme for frame structure

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号Scheme Number方案设计Design of blasting demolition
方案1 Scheme 1传统底部梯形切口,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。For traditional trapezoidal bottom cutting,the delay between layers is 200 ms(bottom-top) and the delay between rows is 400 ms(front-back)
方案2 Scheme 2传统底部梯形切口,保留后排立柱,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。For traditional trapezoidal bottom cutting,retain the rear columns,with a 200 ms layer delay(bottom-up) and a 400 ms row delay(front-back)
方案3 Scheme 3保留局部缓冲层,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。Retain the partial buffer layer,with a 200 ms inter-layer delay(bottom-up) and a 400 ms inter-row delay(front-back)
方案4 Scheme 4局部缓冲层延时7 s爆破,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。The local buffer layer is exposed to a 7 s delay.The inter-layer delay is 200 ms(bottom-up),and the inter-row delay is 400 ms(front-back)
方案5 Scheme 5整体缓冲层延时7 s爆破,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。The overall buffer layer is exposed to a 7 s delay.The inter-layer delay is 200 ms(bottom-up),and the inter-row delay is 400 ms(front-back)
), ArticleFig(id=1240702094546629023, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702081330377530, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

框架结构爆破拆除方案设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案编号Scheme Number方案设计Design of blasting demolition
方案1 Scheme 1传统底部梯形切口,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。For traditional trapezoidal bottom cutting,the delay between layers is 200 ms(bottom-top) and the delay between rows is 400 ms(front-back)
方案2 Scheme 2传统底部梯形切口,保留后排立柱,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。For traditional trapezoidal bottom cutting,retain the rear columns,with a 200 ms layer delay(bottom-up) and a 400 ms row delay(front-back)
方案3 Scheme 3保留局部缓冲层,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。Retain the partial buffer layer,with a 200 ms inter-layer delay(bottom-up) and a 400 ms inter-row delay(front-back)
方案4 Scheme 4局部缓冲层延时7 s爆破,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。The local buffer layer is exposed to a 7 s delay.The inter-layer delay is 200 ms(bottom-up),and the inter-row delay is 400 ms(front-back)
方案5 Scheme 5整体缓冲层延时7 s爆破,层间自下而上延时200 ms,排间自前向后延时400 ms。The overall buffer layer is exposed to a 7 s delay.The inter-layer delay is 200 ms(bottom-up),and the inter-row delay is 400 ms(front-back)
), ArticleFig(id=1240702094651486630, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702081330377530, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Muck pile parameters of frame structure building

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况Working condition爆堆长度Muckpile length/m爆堆高度Muckpile height/m触地速度Touchdown velocity/(m·s-1)底部后坐距离Bottom recoil distance/m上部后移距离Upper backward movement/m
方案1 Scheme 139.607.4111.241.72/
方案2 Scheme 238.019.058.63/1.99
方案3 Scheme 331.7212.906.47/0.29
方案4 Scheme 433.108.626.83/1.97
方案5 Scheme 533.3110.506.03/1.41
), ArticleFig(id=1240702094739567018, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702081330377530, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

框架结构楼房爆堆情况

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况Working condition爆堆长度Muckpile length/m爆堆高度Muckpile height/m触地速度Touchdown velocity/(m·s-1)底部后坐距离Bottom recoil distance/m上部后移距离Upper backward movement/m
方案1 Scheme 139.607.4111.241.72/
方案2 Scheme 238.019.058.63/1.99
方案3 Scheme 331.7212.906.47/0.29
方案4 Scheme 433.108.626.83/1.97
方案5 Scheme 533.3110.506.03/1.41
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框架结构楼房定向爆破倒塌后坐与触地振动联合控制技术研究
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黄小武 1 , 贾永胜 1, 2 , 袁方 2 , 陈德志 1 , 伍岳 1 , 刘昌邦 1
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025,42(3): 9-17
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025, 42(3): 9-17
框架结构楼房定向爆破倒塌后坐与触地振动联合控制技术研究
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黄小武1 , 贾永胜1, 2, 袁方2, 陈德志1, 伍岳1, 刘昌邦1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉爆破有限公司,武汉 430056
  • 2.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
  • 黄小武(1989-),男,高级工程师、工学博士,从事工程爆破研究与实践工作,(E-mail)

    HUANG Xiao-wu (1989-), male, senior engineer, Ph.D, mainly engaged in engineering blasting research and practice work, (E-mail) .

Integrated Control Technology for Recoil and Ground Impact Vibration in Directional Blasting-induced Collapse of Frame-structured Buildings
Xiao-wu HUANG1 , Yong-sheng JIA1, 2, Fang YUAN2, De-zhi CHEN1, Yue WU1, Chang-bang LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Wuhan Explosion & Blasting Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430056, China
  • 2.State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
出版时间: 2025-02-19 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.002
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近年来,随着城市环境日益复杂以及市民的环保意识日益增强,框架结构楼房定向倾倒爆破拆除常遇到倒塌后坐距离大、触地冲击振动强的问题,限制了爆破拆除技术的发展与应用。为控制框架结构楼房定向爆破拆除倒塌后坐与触地振动,在传统底部切口爆破拆除技术基础上,提出了铰点前移高位爆破切口设计方法,并建立了爆破切口高度的理论计算模型;结合工程实践,研发了预留缓冲层高位切口爆破拆除技术,并根据预留缓冲层的处理方式,设计了3种爆破切口形式,以适应不同程度倒塌后坐和触地振动的控制需求。综合采用理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等研究方法,对比分析了不同爆破方案下框架结构爆破拆除的倒塌解体效果,研究结果表明:(1)铰点前移高位爆破切口可以加大切口的倾角、延长切口的闭合时间,控制结构倒塌后坐与触地冲击,大幅度提高了结构失稳倒塌的可靠性;(2)相比传统底部切口爆破方案,预留缓冲层铰点前移高位切口爆破方案能够有效缩短爆堆的长度,降低结构倒塌触地的速度,并有效控制爆堆高度;(3)预留缓冲层的处理方式多样,应综合考虑楼房的结构特征和周边环境情况进行选择。

爆破拆除  /  框剪结构  /  倒塌后坐  /  触地振动  /  爆破效果

With the increasing complexity of the urban environment and environmental awareness of the public, directional toppling blasting demolition of frame structure buildings often encounters the problems of large collapse recoil distance and strong ground impact vibration, which limits the development and application of blasting demolition technology. To control the collapse recoil and touchdown vibration of the directional blasting demolition of the frame structure building, the design method of the hinge point forward high blasting cutting was put forward, and the theoretical calculation model of blasting cutting height was established based on traditional bottom cutting blasting demolition technology. Meanwhile, a blasting demolition technology of high-cutting blasting with a reserved buffer layer was developed combined with engineering practice. Three kinds of blasting cutting forms were designed to meet the control requirements of different degrees of collapse recoil and touchdown vibration according to the treatment method of the reserved buffer layer. Furthermore, the collapse and disintegration effects of frame structure blasting demolition in different blasting schemes are compared and analyzed by theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field test. The results show that the hinge point forward high blasting cutting can increase the inclination angle, prolong closure time, and control the structure's collapse recoil and touchdown vibration, greatly improving the reliability of structural instability and collapse. Compared with the traditional bottom-cutting blasting scheme, the reserved buffer layer hinge point forward high-cutting blasting scheme can effectively shorten the length of the blasting pile, reduce the speed of structural collapse to the ground, and effectively control the height of the blasting pile. The selection of a reserve buffer layer should be considered comprehensively with the structural characteristics of the building and the surrounding environment.

blasting demolition  /  frame shear structure  /  collapse recoil  /  touchdown vibration  /  blasting effect
黄小武, 贾永胜, 袁方, 陈德志, 伍岳, 刘昌邦. 框架结构楼房定向爆破倒塌后坐与触地振动联合控制技术研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 9 -17 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.002
Xiao-wu HUANG, Yong-sheng JIA, Fang YUAN, De-zhi CHEN, Yue WU, Chang-bang LIU. Integrated Control Technology for Recoil and Ground Impact Vibration in Directional Blasting-induced Collapse of Frame-structured Buildings[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 9 -17 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.002
随着我国城市更新战略的逐步实施,大量的废旧楼房面临拆除重建,爆破拆除技术得到广泛应用[1-3]。其中,框架结构楼房是爆破拆除工程中面临最多的对象;单切口定向倾倒爆破拆除技术以其施工效率高,经济效益好等优点而得到普遍应用[4,5]。然而,近年来,城市的基础设施全面发展,高楼大厦鳞次栉比,交通道路四通八达,地下管网纵横交错。同时,市民的环保意识和维权意识日益强烈,对爆破拆除技术提出了更加严格的要求与挑战。尤其是在城市复杂环境下实施楼房爆破拆除工程,爆破对象大多处于邻街位置或邻近地铁、管线,需要对结构的倒塌后坐和触地振动等有害效应进行严格控制。否则,结构倒塌后坐会导致爆堆侵占邻近道路而阻碍交通,触地振动效应会影响邻近建(构)筑物和设备设施的安全。因此,研发框架结构楼房定向爆破拆除倒塌后坐与触地振动联合控制技术,对提高爆破拆除技术的安全性具有重要的理论意义和实践价值。
针对框架结构楼房定向爆破拆除倒塌后坐控制难题,有关学者主要从爆破切口形式和起爆网路延期时间等方面开展研究工作。其中,王威等通过数值仿真验算和工程实践经验[6],对控制框架结构楼房倒塌后坐的方法进行分析和探讨,认为抬高爆破切口至2层,保留后排立柱的方案,可以有效防止或减少框架结构楼体后坐,并且前排底部立柱可以作为缓冲层大大消耗楼体塌落冲击的动能,削弱触地振动效应。田水龙等通过数值模拟方法分析了延期时间对框架结构倒塌后坐的影响[7],结果表明:前后相邻段起爆时差一般控制250~500 ms为宜,采用排、层分段的起爆方式可控制结构的倒塌后坐现象。叶海旺[8]、李庆等采用LS-DYNA模拟了不同延期时间下22层框架结构楼房的倒塌效果[9],确定延期为300 ms时,楼房的定向倒塌和后坐控制效果最佳;延期时间超过300 ms后,结构的后坐距离随着延期时间增加而明显增大。高文乐等采用有限元方法对不同延期时间下结构的倒塌效果进行数值模拟[10,11],分析了延期时间和切口高度对框架结构拆除爆破效果的影响规律;结果表明:爆堆高度和后坐距离随着延期时差的增大先减小后增加,最后趋于稳定,合适的跨间延期时差在270~420 ms之间;大爆破切口可以降低爆堆高度,而小爆破切口又能够有效控制后坐。
围绕框架结构楼房爆破拆除倒塌触地振动控制难题,有关学者主要从倒塌方式、爆破方法和起爆网路等方面开展研究工作。其中,张小龙等通过试爆确定合理装药量[12],采用孔内孔外毫秒延时起爆技术降低厂房塌落振动,实现定向倒塌和结构完全肢解。刘昌邦等采用“纵向逐跨、空中解体”爆破拆除技术,使结构在倒塌过程中发生失效破坏[13],显著降低了楼房单次触地的质量,有效降低了塌落触地振动效应,为城市复杂环境下异形建筑物爆破拆除提供了新的设计思路。王洪刚等采用“纵向逐跨倒塌”爆破拆除技术[14],通过设置合理的延期时间使建筑物框架各节点处产生弯矩,充分利用楼体结构间剪切、拉伸来改善楼体的解体效果,使爆堆范围更小并显著降低塌落振动效应。刘健修等对18层框-筒结构楼房拆除爆破进行数值模拟分析[15],发现大跨距楼房重力势能转换较快,采用折叠爆破结合切梁断柱法可有效保障楼房迅速解体,降低触地冲量和触地振动。
利用多刚体动力学理论建立了框架结构楼房整体失稳倒塌的理论判别模型,提出了一种铰点前移高位爆破切口的设计方法,并研发了预留缓冲楼层铰点前移高位切口爆破技术,实现了结构倒塌后坐和塌落触地振动的联合控制,提升了高层框架结构楼房定向爆破拆除失稳倒塌的安全性与可靠性,拓宽了拆除爆破技术的应用范围。
框架结构楼房定向倾倒爆破拆除时,一般在建筑底部设置三角形或梯形爆破切口。在爆破切口闭合时,如果结构的重心不能偏移至触地点以外,则有可能出现“炸而不倒”的问题。框架结构定向倒塌的理论判据与高宽比k和爆破切口高度h密切相关,较小高宽比的楼房若要实现可靠倒塌,除了提高爆破切口高度,还可以通过采用铰点前移高位切口设计方法提高和前移支撑点的技术措施,提高结构定向倒塌的可靠性。见图1
图1(a)所示的9层框架结构为例,采用传统底部三角形爆破切口时,不考虑结构构件在倒塌过程中的冲击破坏,结构绕着后侧支点O做定轴转动。在切口闭合时,结构前端触地点为C,结构重心在地面上的投影点为DOD<OC,重心投影点在支撑区域内,则结构会发生“倾而不倒”的问题。在此基础上,拆除底部后排立柱,解除后侧结构对倒塌部分的拉扯作用。这样不仅可以提高剩余结构的重心高度,而且可以使结构的偏转支点前移,提高结构的高宽比。以图1(b)为例,通过改变爆破切口形状并爆破拆除2楼后排立柱,将结构转动的支点由O点变为O′点,剩余结构的重心由G点变为G′点。在切口闭合时,剩余结构触地点为C′,结构重心在地面上的投影点为D′,OD′<OC′,重心投影点在支撑区域以外,结构能够可靠倒塌。
根据多刚体动力学和能量判定法,建立框架结构在铰点前移高位爆破切口条件下的失稳判别模型,如图2所示。
假定框架结构爆破拆除倒塌运动的铰点为O,相比传统的底部爆破切口,铰点前移的距离为l0,抬高的高度为h0,爆破切口的高度为h。随着结构倒塌运动,在爆破切口闭合时,铰点O在地面的投影点为O′,B点的触地点为B′,结构重心G在地面的投影点为C′。假设结构的截面是规则的矩形且形心与重心重合,根据平面几何关系,则有
图2所示,假定结构的水平方向的动能转化为结构的动力势能后,重心高度提升hp,由G提升至G′。爆破切口闭合时,欲使框架结构继续向前倾倒,则新的重心G′在地面的垂直投影点D′应满足以下条件
式中,OC′=R sin θ′。
式中,cos θθ′=θα,cos α
联立式(2)~式(6),根据三角函数关系式,可计算得到框架结构在铰点前移高位爆破切口下的失稳倒塌判据为
式中
针对具体建筑结构,HLh0l0均为已知数。
值得注意的是,上述框架结构的倒塌判定准则是基于刚体动力学理论,将结构倒塌运动过程简化为绕铰点转动的过程,并将重心是否偏移触地点之外作为判定依据。在实际应用中,钢筋混凝土框架结构在失稳倒塌运动过程中会伴随结构解体和构件破坏,在触地冲击过程中会导致结构进一步破碎解体。因此,上述结构倒塌的判据较实际应用中的取值更偏于保守。
以某8层框架结构楼房爆破拆除工程为例,建筑主体结构高度H=25.5 m,宽度L=13.2 m。采用传统底部三角形爆破切口和铰点前移高位爆破切口形式,如图3所示。其中,高位爆破切口前移距离和提升高度分别为h0=4.5 m,l0=4.8 m。
将结构数据分别代入整体结构的失稳倒塌判据表达式,并绘制结构倒塌判据f(h)与爆破切口高度h的关系曲线,如图4所示。
由此可见,采用底部三角形爆破切口时,结构倒塌判据f(h)=0没有实根,即剩余结构根据判定准则无法实现重心偏移出爆破切口触地点之外的目标。而采用铰点前移高位爆破切口,当爆破切口高度h=7.4~8.9 m时,f(h)=0有实根,即剩余结构可以实现重心偏移出爆破切口触地点之外的目标。并当h=8.1 m时,f(h)有极大值,即结构倒塌的可靠性最高。
基于铰点前移高位爆破切口设计方法,研发了预留缓冲楼层铰点前移高位切口爆破技术。预留缓冲楼层铰点前移高位切口爆破技术的内容是:根据结构条件和楼房高度,预留底部1~2层楼作为缓冲楼层,在缓冲楼层上方设计铰点前移高位爆破切口。首先,起爆爆破切口内的承载构件,使切口上部结构在重力作用下沿设计方向倒塌,在此过程中上部结构将会接触并冲击破坏缓冲楼层,消散上部结构动能。待上部结构偏转至60°以上时,可延期5~10 s爆破拆除缓冲层内的承载构件,使结构二次下坐解体,达到降低爆堆高度,使楼房解体充分的目的。
根据缓冲层的处理方式,可将预留缓冲楼层铰点前移高位切口爆破技术的倒塌模式分为3种类型:缓冲层不爆破、局部缓冲层延时爆破和整体缓冲层延时爆破。其中,缓冲层不爆破的方案,图5(a)增加了爆破切口的高度,使结构快速坍塌,缩短爆堆长度;保留缓冲楼层可避免结构进入二次解体阶段,避免爆堆下坐坍塌并向四周扩散,更有利于紧邻楼房的地下管网防护。局部缓冲层延时爆破的方案,图5(b)扩大了爆破破坏的结构范围,爆破结束后能够最大限度降低爆堆高度,结构解体更充分,有利于爆破结束后的破碎清渣工作。整体缓冲层延时爆破的方案,图5(c)中缓冲楼层最为完整,楼房倒塌过程中能够为上部结构提供最多的支撑,上下部结构冲击接触过程中耗散结构最多能量,达到最佳的防后坐降振动效果。
在拆除爆破工程实践中,为控制框架结构楼房倒塌后坐,有时会在传统底部梯形切口的基础上,采取保留后排立柱作为支撑的方案。为评估预留缓冲楼层铰点前移高位切口爆破技术的科学性和合理性,在LS-DYNA动力学有限元程序中建立8层框架结构三维模型,模拟了5种不同爆破方案下结构的倒塌解体效果,对比楼房的倒塌后坐和爆堆高度情况。见表1图6
不同爆破方案下,框架结构楼房倒塌解体效果,如图7所示。
在不同爆破方案下,统计框架结构楼房倒塌解体后的爆堆长度、爆堆高度、触地速度,以及结构底部和上部的后坐距离情况,如表2所示。
对比图7所示5种爆破效果,可以看出不同爆破方案下,框架结构楼房都出现了不同程度的底部后坐和上部后移。其中,采用传统底部切口爆破方案(方案1),结构的底部后坐距离最大,在实际工程中容易导致邻近的地面和地下设施损坏。同时,楼房倒塌触地时的触地速度最大,对倒塌前方的振动冲击最强,影响邻近结构设施的安全。而在传统底部切口的基础上保留后排立柱的方案(方案2),结构的底部后坐距离和触地速度都可以得到有效控制,但是上部后移的距离最大。
采用预留缓冲层铰点前移高位切口爆破方案(方案3、方案4和方案5),由于缓冲层的处理方式不同,楼房的倒塌效果各有差异,但是结构的底部后坐都能够得到很好控制。其中,采用保留缓冲层方案(方案3)时,对比传统底部切口爆破方案,爆堆长度能够从38.01 m缩短至31.72 m,缩短比例达17%,但是缓冲层上方的高度最大,影响二次破碎清运。在此基础上,采取局部缓冲层延时爆破方案(方案4),在楼房偏转60°以上时爆破缓冲楼层,降低爆堆高度4.28 m,使结构充分解体。对比传统底部切口爆破方案,预留缓冲层铰点前移高位切口爆破方案使结构在切口在闭合过程中会首先冲击破坏缓冲楼层,耗散结构能量,从而大幅削减结构触地时的运动速度。通过整体缓冲层延时爆破(方案5),使得缓冲层的整体性更好,耗能能力更强,触地速度最小。相比传统底部切口爆破方案,结构倒塌触地速度能够从8.63 m/s降低至6.03 m/s,减速效率达30.1%。同时,爆堆高度也得到了有效控制。
A3楼为7层框架结构,长56.6 m、宽18.7 m、高25.2 m,共4排立柱,主要立柱截面尺寸为400 mm×600 mm,楼房周边环境和爆破切口如图8所示。楼房西侧距园林场路人行道1.0 m,距PR160中压天然气管道5.0 m,北侧距待拆除3层民房2.0 m。爆破拆除楼房距离西侧道路距离较近,除可靠保证结构倒塌之外,还须严格控制倒塌后坐。
通过采用预留缓冲层铰点前移高位切口爆破技术,A3框架结构楼房的底部后排体系可靠支撑,上部结构顺利倒塌并解体充分,爆堆最高约13.6 m。框架结构楼房1层后侧立柱保存完好,在第1层与第2层的梁柱连接处发生折断,结构的第2层及以上部分向前倾倒,楼房后侧不足1.0 m处的院墙完好无损,楼房的倒塌后坐得到有效控制,如图8(c)所示。
项目位于武汉市繁华的武广商圈,一路之隔即为武商国际广场,周边建筑密集、干道纵横、人流如织,各类地上地下管网线路错综复杂,周边环境如图9(a)所示。楼房东侧沿街埋设有电力管沟,距结构边缘线仅1.2 m,距武商路5.0 m,路边栽种有行道树,爆破拆除过程中需严格控制结构后坐,防止对周边电力、交通造成影响。楼房北侧武汉世贸广场购物中心外墙安装有L型电子广告屏,南侧为8层老旧居民楼,周边商场商铺装修了大量玻璃幕墙,爆破还需严格控制塌落触地振动效应,以免对邻近保护目标造成损害。
通过采用预留缓冲层铰点前移高位切口爆破技术,楼房爆破切口如图3(b)所示,爆破效果基本实现了无后坐的控制目标。经爆后检查,楼房后侧行道树安然无恙,电力管沟无损伤,周边玻璃幕墙、电子广告屏均完好无损。结合塌落触地振动监测结果和现场视频影像资料,发现0.0 s~1.5 s对应爆破切口起爆阶段,其中竖直方向振动较为强烈,最大振动速度为0.87 cm/s。1.5~4.2 s为结构倒塌触地阶段,诱发了强烈触地振动,最大振动速度为2.01 cm/s,主振频率为7.3 Hz。楼房主体结构在4.02 s时基本触地,爆堆在5.70 s时趋于稳定。塌落区内最大质点振动速度为2.01 cm/s,南侧8层居民楼的1、4、7层,最大振速出现在7层,为0.38 cm/s。各测点的质点振动速度均在《爆破安全规程》等规范的安全允许范围之内。
针对复杂环境下框架结构楼房爆破拆除倒塌后坐和触地冲击振动控制难题,在传统底部切口爆破拆除技术的基础上,提出了铰点前移高位爆破切口,并研发了预留缓冲层高位切口爆破技术。通过理论分析、数值模拟和现场试验等方法,对比了多种不同爆破切口形式下楼房的倒塌解体效果,并结合实际工程案例,可以得到以下结论:
(1)铰点前移高位爆破切口可以加大切口的倾角,延长切口的闭合时间,有效控制结构倒塌后坐与触地冲击振动效应,大幅度提高了结构失稳倒塌的可靠性。
(2)预留缓冲层的处理方式可分为缓冲层不爆破、局部缓冲层延时爆破和整体缓冲层延时爆破,可综合考虑楼房的结构特征和周边环境情况优选爆破方案。
(3)相比传统底部切口爆破方案,预留缓冲层铰点前移高位切口爆破方案能够有效缩短爆堆的长度,降低结构倒塌触地的速度,并有效控制爆堆高度。
  • 中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2023XZ35)
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52478525)
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2025年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.002
  • 接收时间:2024-12-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-02-19
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-16
基金
Strategic Research and Consulting Project of Chinese Academy of Engineering(2023XZ35)
中国工程院战略研究与咨询项目(2023XZ35)
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52478525)
国家自然科学基金项目(52478525)
作者信息
    1.武汉爆破有限公司,武汉 430056
    2.江汉大学 精细爆破国家重点实验室,武汉 430056
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