Article(id=1240702080361493264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734969600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736027088, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1744128000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-09, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736027088, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736027088, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736027088, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=184, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702080734786333, articleId=1240702080361493264, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study of Effect of Length-to-diameter Ratio on Overpressure Impulse Characteristics of Methane/Air Premixed Explosion, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The study aims to investigate the explosion characteristics of methane/air premixed gas across various temperatures and ignition positions. Under winter and summer conditions, respectively, using a custom-designed methane/air premixed gas explosion test apparatus, tests are conducted with different aspect ratios for a variety of concentrations of methane/air premixed gas explosion test, systematically analyzes the influence of temperature, aspect ratio, and concentration of the premixed gas explosion on the overpressure peak and impulse characteristics of explosions. Furthermore, by utilizing magnitude analysis methods and data fitting techniques, the study identifies the primary factors influencing these overpressure peak and impulse characteristics, and proposes a corresponding approach. In conjunction with the process of magnitude analysis and data fitting, the main factors affecting the overpressure peak and impulse characteristics were systematically analyzed, leading to the development of prediction formulas for the overpressure peak and impulse of methane/air premixed gases. The results indicate that: (1) the trends of peak overpressure and impulse in relation to increasing L/D ratio are generally similar for a specific gas concentration. However, these trends differ between winter and summer temperatures. Specifically, at a gas concentration of 7.5%, both peak overpressure and impulse initially decreased, then increased, and subsequently decreased again under winter temperature conditions, while they continued to decline under summer temperatures. For gas concentrations of 9.5%, 11.5%, and 13.5%, both peak overpressure and impulse consistently showed a decline in both winter and summer temperature conditions. (2) The relationship equations for peak overpressure and impulse, concerning the L/D ratio and methane/air premixed concentration, were established using magnitude analysis and data fitting under winter temperature conditions. The theoretical data were compared with the experimental results to verify that the errors were within 15%. The overall data match well, which verifies its reliability, and can express the decay law of overpressure and impulse with the L/D ratio and gas concentration more intuitively, thereby facilitating the rapid prediction of overpressure peaks and impulses.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
YANG Xiao-lin (1963-), male, Shaodong City, Hunan Province, Ph.D, professor, doctoral supervisor, engaged in tunneling and underground engineering, (E-mail) .
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为研究不同温度及点火位置下甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性,在冬季和夏季条件下分别通过自主设计的甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验装置,开展不同长径比对多种浓度的甲烷/空气预混气体泄爆试验,系统分析了温度、长径比及浓度对预混气体爆炸的超压峰值和冲量特性产生的影响,并结合量纲分析法和数据拟合,分别分析了对超压峰值和冲量特性的主要影响因素,提出了甲烷/空气预混气体超压峰值和冲量的预测公式。研究结果表明:(1)在特定的气体浓度下超压峰值和冲量随长径比增加的变化趋势基本一致,但冬季温度条件下气体浓度7.5%时超压峰值和冲量先下降后上升再下降,而夏季温度则持续下降;冬夏季温度条件下9.5%、11.5%和13.5%时超压峰值和冲量持续下降;(2)采用量纲分析法和数据拟合,建立冬季温度条件下超压峰值与冲量关于长径比和甲烷/空气预混浓度的关系式,并将理论数据与试验结果进行对比验证,误差在15%以内,总体数据吻合度较高,验证了其可靠性,能够更直观地表达超压与冲量随长径比和气体浓度的衰减规律,实现对超压峰值、冲量的快速预测。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
杨小林(1963-),男,湖南省邵东市,博士、教授、博士生导师,从事隧道与地下工程方面研究,(E-mail)
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程建华(1976-),男,河南开封人,硕士、副教授,主要从事安全技术与防护研究,(E-mail)

CHENG Jian-hua (1976-), male, people form Kaifeng, Henan, mainly engaged in safety tehnology and protection research, (E-mail) .

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程建华(1976-),男,河南开封人,硕士、副教授,主要从事安全技术与防护研究,(E-mail)

CHENG Jian-hua (1976-), male, people form Kaifeng, Henan, mainly engaged in safety tehnology and protection research, (E-mail) .

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程建华(1976-),男,河南开封人,硕士、副教授,主要从事安全技术与防护研究,(E-mail)

CHENG Jian-hua (1976-), male, people form Kaifeng, Henan, mainly engaged in safety tehnology and protection research, (E-mail) .

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L/D ratio corresponding to ignition distance in the test

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点火距离L Ignition distance/m长径比Aspect ratio ε
0.43.73
1.09.34
1.614.95
1.917.75
), ArticleFig(id=1240702095922360803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702080361493264, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验中点火距离对应的长径比

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点火距离L Ignition distance/m长径比Aspect ratio ε
0.43.73
1.09.34
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长径比对甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压冲量特性影响研究
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程建华 1, 2 , 张紫君 1 , 王辉 1, 2 , 杨小林 1, 2 , 翁应康 1 , 暴雯雯 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2025,42(3): 184-193
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2025, 42(3): 184-193
长径比对甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压冲量特性影响研究
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程建华1, 2 , 张紫君1, 王辉1, 2, 杨小林1, 2 , 翁应康1, 暴雯雯1
作者信息
  • 1.河南理工大学 土木工程学院,焦作 454003
  • 2.河南省地下空间开发及诱发灾变防治国际联合实验室,焦作 454003
  • 程建华(1976-),男,河南开封人,硕士、副教授,主要从事安全技术与防护研究,(E-mail)

    CHENG Jian-hua (1976-), male, people form Kaifeng, Henan, mainly engaged in safety tehnology and protection research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

杨小林(1963-),男,湖南省邵东市,博士、教授、博士生导师,从事隧道与地下工程方面研究,(E-mail)
Study of Effect of Length-to-diameter Ratio on Overpressure Impulse Characteristics of Methane/Air Premixed Explosion
Jian-hua CHENG1, 2 , Zi-jun ZHANG1, Hui WANG1, 2, Xiao-lin YANG1, 2 , Ying-kang WENG1, Wen-wen BAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454003, China
  • 2.International Joint Research Laboratory of Henan Province for Underground Space Development and Disaster Prevention, Jiaozuo 454003, China
出版时间: 2025-04-09 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.021
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为研究不同温度及点火位置下甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性,在冬季和夏季条件下分别通过自主设计的甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验装置,开展不同长径比对多种浓度的甲烷/空气预混气体泄爆试验,系统分析了温度、长径比及浓度对预混气体爆炸的超压峰值和冲量特性产生的影响,并结合量纲分析法和数据拟合,分别分析了对超压峰值和冲量特性的主要影响因素,提出了甲烷/空气预混气体超压峰值和冲量的预测公式。研究结果表明:(1)在特定的气体浓度下超压峰值和冲量随长径比增加的变化趋势基本一致,但冬季温度条件下气体浓度7.5%时超压峰值和冲量先下降后上升再下降,而夏季温度则持续下降;冬夏季温度条件下9.5%、11.5%和13.5%时超压峰值和冲量持续下降;(2)采用量纲分析法和数据拟合,建立冬季温度条件下超压峰值与冲量关于长径比和甲烷/空气预混浓度的关系式,并将理论数据与试验结果进行对比验证,误差在15%以内,总体数据吻合度较高,验证了其可靠性,能够更直观地表达超压与冲量随长径比和气体浓度的衰减规律,实现对超压峰值、冲量的快速预测。

超压峰值  /  冲量  /  长径比  /  甲烷/空气预混  /  冬夏季温度  /  量纲分析

The study aims to investigate the explosion characteristics of methane/air premixed gas across various temperatures and ignition positions. Under winter and summer conditions, respectively, using a custom-designed methane/air premixed gas explosion test apparatus, tests are conducted with different aspect ratios for a variety of concentrations of methane/air premixed gas explosion test, systematically analyzes the influence of temperature, aspect ratio, and concentration of the premixed gas explosion on the overpressure peak and impulse characteristics of explosions. Furthermore, by utilizing magnitude analysis methods and data fitting techniques, the study identifies the primary factors influencing these overpressure peak and impulse characteristics, and proposes a corresponding approach. In conjunction with the process of magnitude analysis and data fitting, the main factors affecting the overpressure peak and impulse characteristics were systematically analyzed, leading to the development of prediction formulas for the overpressure peak and impulse of methane/air premixed gases. The results indicate that: (1) the trends of peak overpressure and impulse in relation to increasing L/D ratio are generally similar for a specific gas concentration. However, these trends differ between winter and summer temperatures. Specifically, at a gas concentration of 7.5%, both peak overpressure and impulse initially decreased, then increased, and subsequently decreased again under winter temperature conditions, while they continued to decline under summer temperatures. For gas concentrations of 9.5%, 11.5%, and 13.5%, both peak overpressure and impulse consistently showed a decline in both winter and summer temperature conditions. (2) The relationship equations for peak overpressure and impulse, concerning the L/D ratio and methane/air premixed concentration, were established using magnitude analysis and data fitting under winter temperature conditions. The theoretical data were compared with the experimental results to verify that the errors were within 15%. The overall data match well, which verifies its reliability, and can express the decay law of overpressure and impulse with the L/D ratio and gas concentration more intuitively, thereby facilitating the rapid prediction of overpressure peaks and impulses.

peak overpressure  /  impulse  /  L/D ratio  /  methane/air premixing  /  winter and summer temperatures  /  gauge analysis
程建华, 张紫君, 王辉, 杨小林, 翁应康, 暴雯雯. 长径比对甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压冲量特性影响研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 184 -193 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.021
Jian-hua CHENG, Zi-jun ZHANG, Hui WANG, Xiao-lin YANG, Ying-kang WENG, Wen-wen BAO. Study of Effect of Length-to-diameter Ratio on Overpressure Impulse Characteristics of Methane/Air Premixed Explosion[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 184 -193 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.021
随着国家双碳战略的推进,城市对清洁能源需求的日益增长,天然气作为一种高效、低碳的能源形式,其在城市能源结构中的地位日益凸显。由于城市地下空间的复杂性和施工技术的局限性,天然气管道与隧道等基础设施存在交叉并行的情况。本文基于郑州地铁12号线西周站项目背景,在祭城东桥站-胡庄站区间内存在一根次高压燃气管道DN508,距离地铁区间隧道较近,一旦燃气管道发生泄漏并引发爆炸,将对下伏地铁区间隧道造成冲击和破坏,进而威胁地铁的安全运营和乘客的生命安全。因此,开展管道中甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验,针对不同泄漏位置引发的甲烷/空气预混气体的爆炸特性研究,对保护燃气运输和隧道安全具有重要意义。
学者们采用试验研究与数值模拟相结合的方法对甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性进行了大量研究,发现燃气爆炸特性与点火方式[1]、抑爆剂[2-4]、浓度[5-7]、障碍物等参数息息相关[8,9]。另一部分学者从点火位置和长径比两方面对燃气爆炸特性开展了研究工作。在点火位置方面,宋双林等利用瓦斯爆炸试验平台发现除0.75 m工况外[10],爆炸压力峰值随点火距离增加而上升。Dai等和王金贵等在球形容器中开展试验[11,12],发现中心点火的火焰膨胀速度和压力上升速率更高,最大爆炸压力稳定在766 kPa。杨石刚等利用FLACS软件研究可燃气体的爆炸荷载[13],得出点火位置靠近管沟中间位置时,超压峰值和危险距离较大。可以发现,这些研究忽略了低温环境对爆炸行为的潜在影响。在长径比方面,李重情等利用大型圆管系统研究长径比对瓦斯爆炸的影响[14],发现峰值超压衰减与长径比呈指数函数关系,长径比为4时衰减因子达6.96×10-1。周于翔等和李静野等分别通过方形管道和模拟实验得出长径比增加降低超压峰值[15,16],但后者还观察到火焰加速增强。Razus等揭示爆炸压力与初始压力的线性关系受容器体积和热损失影响[17]。然而未进一步探讨长径比在不同气体浓度和温度条件下的变化规律。目前,众多学者深入探究了甲烷/空气预混气体的爆炸特性,多聚焦于点火位置对超压峰值、火焰传播速度及爆炸压力上升速率等爆炸参数的影响。但这些研究大多限定于常温条件,鲜有探讨冬季低温环境对爆炸特性的影响,尤其是在长径比、气体浓度与温度条件之间的综合作用下对超压峰值和冲量特性的系统性研究不充分。
在现有研究基础上,利用自制燃气管道爆炸试验装置,模拟不同点火位置在地铁区间隧道内引发的爆炸,对甲烷/空气预混在多点火位置及不同浓度下的爆炸特性进行了研究,分析长径比和浓度对甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸超压峰值和冲量的影响。基于试验数据,利用量纲分析法建立超压峰值和冲量关于长径比和气体浓度的无量纲函数关系式,结合试验结果和无量纲函数关系式,给出预测超压峰值和冲量关于长径比和浓度的经验公式,并通过与试验结果的对比分析验证预测公式的合理性,以期为预防和控制燃气爆炸提供理论依据。
甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验平台由试验管道装置、数据采集装置、起爆装置以及配气装置四大部分构成,试验装置图如图1所示。试验管道由两节直径为1.07×10-1 m、长度均为2 m的钢制管材螺栓连接。动态信号分析仪具备0.1%的桥压精度(基于满量程),最大输出电流达30 mA,电压示值误差控制在0.5%F.S(满量程)以内。此外,系统还配备了CYG1406FCJBC2A1Q型压力传感器,其测量范围为-105~105 Pa,准确度高达0.25%F.S,信号输出为0~10 V直流电压,由24 VDC稳定供电。稳压器输出电压为24 V,工作频率在50~60 Hz。起爆装置采用了高压式脉冲点火器,输出电压220 V,功率为30 VA,工作频率在50~60 Hz,点火能为4.8 J。配气装置则包括甲烷气瓶(甲烷体积分数为99.99%)、空气压缩机、气体流量计等,共同实现了甲烷与空气的精确配比。气体流量计采用捷定力ALICAT层流气体质量流量计进行通气预混,其精度为1×10-4 L/min(0.8%读数+0.2%满量程)。部分装置实物图如图2所示。
为研究不同长径比对甲烷/空气预混爆炸超压峰值和冲量特性的影响,避免管道尺寸对试验结果造成的干扰,通过标准化管道几何特征,引入长径比这一无量纲参数作为相对概念,剥离管道尺寸直接影响。定义如式(1)所示
式中:ε为长径比;L为点火点距泄爆薄膜的距离;D为试验管道内径。
为研究超压峰值和冲量爆炸特性,考虑了管道的实际尺寸和试验设计的合理性,通过选择等间隔的点火位置(0.4 m、1.0 m、1.6 m)以及设置非等间隔的点火位置(1.9 m),即在燃爆管长径比为3.73、9.34、14.95、17.75处设置点火点,并且改变甲烷/空气预混气体浓度。通过改变长径比和气体浓度,并使用传感器进行检测,研究超压峰值和冲量特性,分析不同长径比对管道中甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响,为燃气管道与隧道等基础设施的安全防护提供科学依据。见表1
试验前,将管道系统连接并封闭管道两端。燃爆管左端采用刚性封闭,右端开口处则通过PVC塑料薄膜密封,首先,在泄爆管左端0.5 m处放置传感器A监测试验过程中的压力变化,为了确保传感器不受电源电压和电流波动的干扰,给传感器实施了接线处理。为了点燃甲烷/空气预混气体,连接了电熔丝,并将点火系统依次安装在爆炸管的BCDE处,点火位置分别距离泄爆薄膜的距离为0.4 m、1.0 m、1.6 m、1.9 m。为了确保试验结果准确性,用塑料薄膜密封爆炸管与泄爆管的连接处,且在传感器的螺纹处缠绕密封带以确保试验装置的密封性,最后采用高精度甲烷气体检测仪检测试验装置是否存在漏气现象以及管内气体浓度是否满足要求。在完成气密性检查后,进行配气操作,向爆炸管道内输入一定量的甲烷气体,并同时充入一定体积的空气,以模拟实际工况下的甲烷/空气预混气体;为了保证气体混合均匀,在充气过程中,使用两个气体流量计精确控制甲烷与空气的流速,并采用7倍体积排空法,持续充气时间7 min,以确保甲烷与空气能够充分预混并置换管道内的原有气体。待充气完毕后,关闭进气口和排气口,静置5 min,以确保甲烷与空气充分混合并降低充气时产生的湍流效应[18]。在完成混合气体的准备后,连接点火源通电,启动点火装置,对管道内预混气体进行起爆,压力传感器和数据采集系统实时采集爆炸过程中的压力数据。对相同工况进行三次试验,选取采集杂波较少的超压曲线进行整理分析,避免冲击波超压的偶然性。
在甲烷/空气预混气体体积分数分别为7.5%、9.5%、11.5%、13.5%的工况下,针对不同长径比条件下测得试验数据用origin对杂波进行平滑处理,并绘制压力波形曲线如图3所示。
图3中可以得出,不同长径比管道内甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸产生的压力波形变化规律一致。根据甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸的现有研究,压力波形曲线的变化可以分为前驱动波、升压、降压、二次反冲、余波五个阶段[19,20]。甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸时释放大量化学能,形成初始压缩波,压缩前方未反应气体并产生压力扰动,此时,燃烧尚未充分反应,能量释放有限,波形表现为小幅度的压力上升;在升压阶段,随着链式反应的发生,自由基通过支链反应大量生成,反应速率增长,释放的化学能迅速转化为冲击波能量,推动压力急剧上升,形成升压阶段的超压峰值。在降压阶段,自由基消耗,链式反应速率下降,能量释放显著减缓;同时,反射波作用减弱,管道壁面的摩擦阻力和热损失进一步加速压力下降,使超压波形振荡回落。在二次反冲阶段,剩余甲烷/空气预混气体继续反应并产生冲击波,但能量较低,且反射波与残余正向波相位同步,二者叠加产生短暂的压力回升;最终在余波阶段,剩余未燃气体通过缓慢反应释放能量,但因反应速率低、能量分散,仅能维持小幅压力振荡;同时,气体分子摩擦和热量散失至管壁持续消耗能量,压力振荡幅度逐渐衰减,使超压波形趋于平衡。
图3中可以观察到,尽管不同长径比管道内甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸产生的压力波形变化规律一致,但压力的峰值却随长径比的变化而呈现出显著的差异性。为了更深入地探究这一差异及其背后的原因,我们进一步分析了超压峰值随长径比的变化规律。如图4所示,在不同甲烷/空气预混气体浓度条件下,超压峰值随长径比的变化呈现出不同的趋势。可以看出,长径比的变化对超压峰值具有显著影响,且这种影响在不同浓度条件下表现出不同的特性。
在长径比恒定的条件下,甲烷/空气预混气体浓度升高,超压峰值呈现上升趋势。甲烷浓度升高,单位体积内的甲烷分子数量增多,反应物分子之间的碰撞频率增加,有利于链式反应的进行和自由基的生成,从而加快了燃烧反应的速度和效率,使得爆炸反应更为剧烈和迅速,更多的能量被转化为冲击波,冲击波在容器内传播并反射,导致压力不断累积,从而增加了超压峰值。同时,高浓度燃烧释放的热量在有限空间内积聚,热量扩散速度赶不上能量释放,导致能量以冲击波的形式集中释放。冲击波的初始压力随燃烧热的增大而增强,传播速度加快,同时反射波与主波能量耦合,最终导致超压峰值显著上升。
当甲烷浓度为7.5%时,由于甲烷浓度较低,甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸效果并不明显。超压峰值随着长径比的增加呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势,并在14.95长径比处达到最大值1.19×104 Pa。甲烷密度显著低于空气,低浓度下分子之间的扩散运动不强烈,气体密度偏低时容易向上浮起,造成管内预混气体混合不均匀,产生分层现象,降低燃烧效率,参与反应的气体量少,反射冲击波与主波相互作用时易被抑制或破坏,导致爆炸效果受影响。此外,试验温度约为6℃。低温环境下,甲烷分子活性低,减缓自由基生成速率,导致燃烧反应不完全,化学能转化效率下降;同时,气体密度增大导致黏性应力作用增强,同时分子热运动减缓降低了燃烧反应速率,二者协同加剧了流动能量的黏性耗散,削弱冲击波传播强度。当长径为3.73和9.34时,气体没有足够的空间进行充分反应,反应速度较慢,导致初期超压峰值下降。随着长径比的增加,管道的反应空间增大,爆炸波传播的空间也变大,反射波与冲击波的传播路径趋于同步,能量叠加效应增强,超压峰值显著上升。而当长径比继续增大时,冲击波因传播距离增加导致能量损失加剧,且反射波延迟削弱叠加效果,最终超压峰值再次下降。
当甲烷浓度分别为9.5%、11.5%、13.5%时,超压峰值随着长径比的增大呈下降趋势,其降幅分别为37.17%、43.36%、50.73%。甲烷浓度升高使得单位体积内燃料分子密度增加,加速了链式反应,释放出大量的能量,导致管内温度骤升、气体体积迅速膨胀及压力急剧上升;同时,电火花引爆后产生冲击波和反射波,向右的冲击波导致管道内压力上升,向左的冲击波遇到管道刚性封闭端形成反射波。由于点火点与传感器较近,反射波很快与冲击波叠加,导致超压峰值较高。随着长径比的增大,爆炸波在管道内的传播路径更长、反射次数增多,冲击波在传播中需克服管道摩擦阻力和壁面散热导致的能量损失,同时反射波传播中能量衰减或与冲击波叠加方式变化,共同造成总压力下降。此外,Bi等人通过数值模拟研究长密闭管道内甲烷/空气爆燃过程时[21],亦发现长径比的增大会显著削弱最大超压峰值。
冲量指的是爆炸产生的压力波在特定时间段内对某一物体或区域所产生的冲击作用的累积效果。一般通过式(2)计算得出
式中:I代表冲量,Pa·ms;t1t2分别为正压作用开始和结束的时间点;f(t)为时间t的函数,表示在爆炸过程中超压随时间的变化情况。
在甲烷/空气预混体积分数为7.5%的工况下,通过改变长径比进行试验,并经过计算得出冲量变化图,如图5所示。
图5中可以得出,冲量和正压持续时间随着长径比的增加呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势。根据式(2),冲量与超压峰值和正压持续时间成正比,即超压峰值增加或时间延长均会导致冲量增加。当长径比为3.73和9.34时,爆炸反应较为集中,气体分子快速反应释放能量,但管壁散热受限于表面面积,能量累积时间短,正压持续时间压缩,冲量较低。长径比进一步增加到14.95时,管道的反应空间增大,气体混合更加均匀,能量释放更加持续;同时,热扩散与能量释放趋于平衡,正压持续时间延长,且冲击波与反射波的叠加效果增强,延长正压持续时间,冲量上升。随着长径比的进一步增大,反应气体在传播过程中因壁面碰撞导致链式反应效率下降,能量释放持续性减弱,摩擦和散热也导致能量显著耗散,冲量再次下降。
在甲烷/空气预混体积分数分别为9.5%、11.5%、13.5%的工况下,通过改变长径比进行试验,经过计算得出冲量变化图,如图6图7所示。
图6中可以得出,在长径比恒定的条件下,甲烷/空气预混浓度的提升导致冲量呈现上升趋势。甲烷浓度增加促使单位体积内可燃气体分子数目的增多,促进了燃烧反应速率的提升,释放出的能量以冲击波的形式在管道内部迅速传播,增强了冲击波的传播强度和范围,并通过链式反应促进了自由基的大量生成,自由基数量的增加进一步加速了燃烧链的传递,使得燃烧反应更为剧烈和完全。同时,甲烷浓度的提升使单位体积内储存的化学能增大,燃烧过程中释放出的化学能随之增加,在转化为冲击波和热能的过程中,共同推动了冲量的显著上升。
当甲烷浓度分别为9.5%、11.5%、13.5%时,冲量随着长径比的增大呈下降趋势。当长径比较短时,燃烧反应集中,迅速释放热量,链式反应效率更高,自由基损失较少,正压持续时间短,且爆炸产生的冲击波从封闭段快速反射,与冲击波叠加,产生更高的超压峰值,从而冲量更高。随着长径比的增加,火焰传播距离更长,传播速度较慢导致冲击波和反射波所需时间增大,降低了链式反应效率,通过管道壁面摩擦和黏性效应耗散更多的能量,导致正压持续时间更长,却显著降低了超压峰值。在超压峰值下降趋势与正压持续时间上升趋势的非均衡对比下,尤其是当超压峰值的减小效应占据主导地位时,冲量整体呈现出随长径比增大而递减的趋势。
在冬季和夏季开展甲烷/空气预混爆炸试验,改变长径比和气体浓度,得到不同温度条件下甲烷/空气预混超压峰值的变化曲线,如图8所示。
图8中可以看出,除当甲烷/空气预混气体浓度为7.5%时,冬季常温曲线呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,其他工况下夏季常温曲线和冬季常温曲线均随着长径比的增加超压峰值呈下降趋势。在冬季常温条件下,曲线随着长径比的增加先下降后上升再下降,由于气体浓度、温度较低,甲烷燃烧不完全,化学能未能充分释放,导致超压峰值较低。
除当甲烷/空气预混气体浓度为7.5%时,夏季常温和冬季常温曲线随着长径比的增加呈下降趋势。随着长径比的增加,爆炸波传播距离增加,导致未完燃烧的气体在扩散过程中逐渐分散,气体混合均匀性变差,降低了燃烧速率和火焰强度。此外,长径比的增大使得冲击波在管道内的传播路径更为复杂,且爆炸波在传播过程中会多次撞击管壁并反射,反射波在传播过程中能量耗散,同时摩擦和空气阻力进一步削弱冲击波和反射波,最终导致超压峰值显著降低。
夏季常温条件下,甲烷/空气预混爆炸的超压峰值相较于冬季显著增高。夏季较高的环境温度为甲烷与氧气提供了更为活跃的反应条件,分子运动速度加快,碰撞更频繁,加速了化学反应速率,促进了爆炸产物的快速生成与充分燃烧,从而在短时间内积累了大量能量并以更为集中的冲击波形式释放。同时,夏季较高的空气湿度可能通过水分子参与及调节自由基等方式,在一定程度上对爆炸产物的生成和燃烧效率产生了正面影响,使能量更集中地以冲击波形式释放。冬季低温条件下则相反,分子活动变慢,反应效率降低,热量通过管壁散失更快,导致能量释放分散,超压峰值低。
在冬季和夏季开展甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验,改变长径比和甲烷/空气预混气体浓度,得到不同温度条件
下甲烷/空气预混气体冲量和正压持续时间的变化曲线,如图9图10所示。
图9中可以看出,除当甲烷/空气预混气体浓度为7.5%时,冬季常温曲线呈先下降后上升再下降的趋势,长径比为3.73和9.34时,爆炸反应集中但管壁散热受限,能量累积时间短,冲量较低;长径比进一步增加到14.95时,气体混合均匀且热扩散平衡,反射波叠加延长正压时间,冲量上升;随着长径比的进一步增大,壁面碰撞削弱反应效率,摩擦与散热加剧能量耗散,冲量再次下降。
除当甲烷/空气预混气体浓度为7.5%时,夏季常温和冬季常温曲线随着长径比的增加呈下降趋势。随着长径比的增加,冲量呈现下降趋势。随着长径比的增大,爆炸反应空间增大,冲击波在传播过程中需穿越更长的介质路径并多次撞击管壁反射,能量逐渐衰减,同时管道摩擦和空气阻力进一步削弱冲击波强度,使得超压峰值明显降低。此外,长径比的增加影响导致爆炸波的传播距离越远,未完全燃烧的气体在传播过程中逐渐分散,气体混合均匀性变差,化学反应速度减慢,释放的总能量减少,进一步降低爆炸反应的剧烈程度和冲击波的形成,使得冲量在长径比增加时呈现下降趋势。
甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验涉及众多因素,直接分析极为复杂。为此,本研究采用量纲分析方法,通过消除单位差异,考虑关键无量纲参数,以冬季试验数据为基础,推导出描述冬季温度下爆炸特性非线性回归方程式,从而有效预测和评估不同长径比下的甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸行为。
甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验中,超压峰值与冲量的试验结果受到多种因素的影响,主要控制参数源自:(1)预混气体参数:浓度Q,爆炸混合物能量Ee及爆炸产物膨胀指数γe;(2)空气参数:即初始压力pa,初始密度ρa,绝热指数γa;(3)试验装置参数:点火能E,长径比ε
因此,爆炸特性Z可以用式(3)表示出
根据π定律,将(4)写成含π项的无量纲表达式
π项为各参数的无量纲组合,具体形式为(5)所示
式中:α1α2,…,α8分别为各物理量的指数。
本文主要研究在不同浓度下长径比对甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸试验的影响,分析不同浓度试验结果与长径比的关系,则式(3)中εQ为未知量。其他试验条件不变,则其余参数可视为常数。故式(5)中不同浓度下的π项的无量纲表达式可以简化为式(6)
鉴于甲烷浓度7.5%时反应活性较低,且冬季活性进一步减弱,该浓度下的试验结果不够显著,故不对此浓度下的数据进行非线性拟合。
试验结果显示,甲烷/空气预混气体在浓度为9.5%、11.5%、13.5%时,随着长径比的增加,超压峰值与冲量均呈现下降趋势,表明两者与长径比呈负相关。然而,随着气体浓度的提升,超压峰值与冲量却逐渐增大,显示出正相关关系。这一发现与鲜文双等的研究结果相吻合[22]。综合试验结果与现有研究,甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸时超压峰值和冲量的计算公式如式(7)、式(8)所示
式中:ABCDabcd均为无量纲数。
根据试验数据,在origin软件中绘制三维散点图,采用非线性曲面拟合方法对试验数据进行拟合并多次迭代之手联合至收敛后,得到超压峰值与冲量关于长径比和甲烷/空气预混气体浓度计算公式,如式(9)、式(10)所示。
式中:P为修正后的超压峰值,Pa;I为修正后的冲量,Pa·ms。
超压峰值和冲量的拟合曲面图如图11所示。
采用计算值与实测值之间的相对误差来衡量计算公式的预测精度,相对误差按照式(10)进行计算
式中:u为误差绝对值百分比;X为通过试验得出的超压峰值或冲量;Xi为理论计算得出的超压峰值或冲量,Pa/Pa·ms。
当甲烷/空气预混气体浓度为9.5%、11.5%、13.5%时,随着长径比变化时,超压峰值的试验值与理论值之间的对比情况如图12所示。
图12中可以看出,11.5%浓度下的相对误差最小,仅为0.02%,而13.5%浓度下的相对误差最大,达到11.97%,理论值与试验值的相对误差控制在15%以内,总体数据间吻合度较高,验证了式(9)的可靠性。
当甲烷/空气预混气体浓度为9.5%、11.5%、13.5%时,随着长径比变化时,冲量的试验值与理论值之间的对比情况如图13所示。
图13可知,9.5%浓度下的相对误差最小,仅为0.49%,而11.5%浓度下的相对误差最大,达到8.82%。理论值与试验值的相对误差控制在15%以内,总体数据间吻合度较高,验证了式(10)的可靠性。
研究不同长径比下甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸特性的影响,对超压峰值和冲量进行分析,得出超压峰值与冲量关于长径比和甲烷/空气预混气体浓度的关系式,并与试验数据进行对比验证,得出如下结论:
(1)当甲烷浓度为7.5%时,超压峰值随着长径比的增加呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势。当甲烷浓度分别为9.5%、11.5%、13.5%时,超压峰值随着长径比的增大呈下降趋势。
(2)当甲烷浓度为7.5%时,冲量随着长径比的增加呈现先下降后上升再下降的趋势。当甲烷浓度分别为9.5%、11.5%、13.5%时,冲量随着长径比的增大呈下降趋势。冲量同时受到超压峰值和时间的影响,而时间的量级小且相差不大,故变化趋势与超压峰值曲线变化基本一致。
(3)夏季常温条件下,甲烷/空气预混气体爆炸的超压峰值相较于冬季显著增高。夏季较高的环境温度和湿度,促进了化学反应的发生,在短时间内积累了大量能量并以更为集中的冲击波形式释放,增大超压峰值和冲量。
(4)采用量纲分析和数据拟合,建立超压峰值与冲量关于长径比和甲烷/空气预混气体变化的关系式。将试验值与理论值进行对比验证,误差均在15%以内,总体数据吻合度较高,验证了其可靠性,能够更简洁直观地表达超压与冲量随长径比和气体浓度的衰减规律,实现对超压峰值、冲量的快速预测。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(U23A20600)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178388)
  • 企业委托重大科研项目(H22-541)
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.021
  • 接收时间:2024-12-24
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-04-09
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-24
基金
Key Project of National Natural Science Foundation of China(U23A20600)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(U23A20600)
Grants-in-Aid of National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178388)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52178388)
Major Scientific Research Projects Entrusted by Enterprises(H22-541)
企业委托重大科研项目(H22-541)
作者信息
    1.河南理工大学 土木工程学院,焦作 454003
    2.河南省地下空间开发及诱发灾变防治国际联合实验室,焦作 454003

通讯作者:

杨小林(1963-),男,湖南省邵东市,博士、教授、博士生导师,从事隧道与地下工程方面研究,(E-mail)
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