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Article(id=1240702079925285647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.009, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1740326400000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-24, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736026984, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1744128000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-09, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736026984, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736026984, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736026984, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=78, endPage=85, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702081196159794, articleId=1240702079925285647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Rational Sympathetic Detonation Distance of Emulsion Explosives in Axial Shaped Charge Loading Structure, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To attain precise regulation of the smooth blasting effects during tunnel excavation, this paper employs the LS-DYNA fluid-solid coupling algorithm and a cubic polynomial ignition and growth equation of state to develop a numerical model of shaped charge jet initiation of explosives. A study on the optimal detonation distance for emulsified explosives within an axially shaped charge configuration was conducted. Additionally, field experiments on axial energy-focused charge structures were performed based on the tunnel blasting excavation project of the Hongshimen Tunnel on the Chengping Expressway (Beijing section). The research results indicate the following: (1) When employing the commonly used axial energy-focused charge structure in industry, approximately 25 cm of movement occurs at the tip of the energy-focused jet 110 μs after the main charge detonation. At this point, the jet separates from the plug. Subsequently, the energy-focused jet becomes discontinuous and fragmented during its motion, which may adversely affect the initiation of the explosive charge. Therefore, selecting an appropriate explosive spacing is crucial for the successful detonation of the initiated explosive by the energy-focused jet. (2) Based on the analysis of jet head pressure and explosive reaction characteristics, it is observed that when the explosive spacing exceeds 50 cm, the impact pressure exerted by the jet on the initiated explosive is less than the critical initiation pressure of the emulsified explosive. As the explosive spacing increases, the distance that the jet penetrates the explosive during detonation also gradually increases. When the explosive spacing exceeds 90 cm, the jet fails to initiate the explosive charge. (3) Field tests were conducted based on the tunnel blasting project of the Chengping Expressway (Beijing section) with explosive spacings of 50 cm and 70 cm. The test results revealed that better control of over-excavation and under-excavation was achieved at a spacing of 70 cm. Therefore, under the conditions of this project, a reasonable detonation distance is determined to be 70 cm. The findings of this study can provide valuable references for similar smooth blasting efforts in tunnel engineering.

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GAO Wen-xue (1962-), male, professor, and doctoral research supervisor, primarily engaged in teaching and research in the fields of roadbed and tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .
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为了实现隧道掘进光面爆破效果的精准控制，利用LS-DYNA流固耦合算法和三项式点火增长状态方程，建立了聚能射流冲击引爆炸药模型，进行了轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离研究，并基于承平高速（北京段）红石门隧道爆破开挖工程，开展了轴向聚能装药结构现场试验。研究结果表明：1）采用工业上常用的轴向聚能装药结构时，在主装药起爆110 μs后，聚能射流头部运动了约25 cm，此时射流与杵体分离，之后，聚能射流会在运动中被拉断成不连续的多节，从而不利于被发装药的引爆，因此，选择合理的炸药间隔，对聚能射流能否引爆被发装药至关重要；2）基于射流头部压力和炸药反应度分析，当炸药间隔超过50 cm后，射流冲击被发装药时的冲击压力小于乳化炸药的临界起爆压力。随着炸药间隔的增大，被发装药被引爆时，射流侵彻炸药的距离也逐渐增加，当炸药间隔超过90 cm后，射流不能引爆被发炸药；3）基于承平高速（北京段）隧道爆破工程，进行了炸药间隔为50 cm和70 cm的两组试验，试验结果显示炸药间隔为70 cm时超欠挖控制更好，所以，在本项工程的条件下，合理的殉爆距离为70 cm。

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高文学（1962-），男，教授、博士研究导师，主要从事路基与隧道工程方向的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。
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石硕龙（2000-），男，在读硕士研究生，从事隧道工程方向的研究工作，（E-mail）。

SHI Shuo-long (2000-), male, currently a master's degree candidate, engaged in research in the field of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .

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石硕龙（2000-），男，在读硕士研究生，从事隧道工程方向的研究工作，（E-mail）。

SHI Shuo-long (2000-), male, currently a master's degree candidate, engaged in research in the field of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .

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石硕龙（2000-），男，在读硕士研究生，从事隧道工程方向的研究工作，（E-mail）。

SHI Shuo-long (2000-), male, currently a master's degree candidate, engaged in research in the field of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Research and application of air column length for smooth blasting in tunnel excavation abstract, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702099881783900, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=5, pageStart=43, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=34, authorNames=李鹏永, 张侃, 赵铮, journalName=兵器装备工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李鹏永，张侃，赵铮. 某种固体推进剂点火增长仿真模型研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2021, 42(5): 43-48., articleTitle=某种固体推进剂点火增长仿真模型研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702099948892767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=5, pageStart=43, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=35, authorNames=LI Peng-yong, ZHANG Kan, ZHAO Zheng, journalName=Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Peng-yong, ZHANG Kan, ZHAO Zheng. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Study on the detonation characteristics of emulsion explosives, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702100238299746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=5, pageStart=43, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=39, authorNames=李鹏永, 张侃, 赵铮, journalName=兵器装备工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李鹏永，张侃，赵铮. 某种固体推进剂点火增长仿真模型研究[J]. 兵器装备工程学报, 2021, 42(5): 43-48., articleTitle=某种固体推进剂点火增长仿真模型研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702100305408612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=42, issue=5, pageStart=43, pageEnd=48, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=40, authorNames=LI Peng-yong, ZHANG Kan, ZHAO Zheng, journalName=Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Peng-yong, ZHANG Kan, ZHAO Zheng. Study on simulation model of ignition growth of solid propellant[J]. Journal of Ordnance Equipment Engineering, 2021, 42(5): 43-48. 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articleId=1240702079925285647, language=EN, label=Fig. 13, caption=Scanning results of two sets of test tunnel sections, figureFileSmall=7HKtyYoKjsl1BnpmwM03+g==, figureFileBig=1gQ1fl87iuYO8cWyLMHXYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702094286582167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=CN, label=图13, caption=两组试验隧道断面扫描结果, figureFileSmall=7HKtyYoKjsl1BnpmwM03+g==, figureFileBig=1gQ1fl87iuYO8cWyLMHXYA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702094357885339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

HJC parameters of dolomite

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ρ(kg·m3) G/GPa f c/MPa A B C N Smax T/MPa P c/MPa
28407.02130.31.80.0050.95.071.771
), ArticleFig(id=1240702094538240414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

白云岩HJC参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ(kg·m3) G/GPa f c/MPa A B C N Smax T/MPa P c/MPa
28407.02130.31.80.0050.95.071.771
), ArticleFig(id=1240702094643098021, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters of JWL equation of state for unreacted and reactive materials in emulsion charge

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参数Parameter未反应产物Unreacted products反应产物Reaction products
A/Mbar102875.39
R117.8811.95
B/Mbar－0.0006290.4718
R2－1.54272.87
ωC V1.0×10－53.0×10－6
), ArticleFig(id=1240702094735372713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

乳化装药未反应物和反应物JWL状态方程参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter未反应产物Unreacted products反应产物Reaction products
A/Mbar102875.39
R117.8811.95
B/Mbar－0.0006290.4718
R2－1.54272.87
ωC V1.0×10－53.0×10－6
), ArticleFig(id=1240702094844424619, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Reaction rate constant of emulsion explosives

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参数Parameter数值Numerical value参数Parameter数值Numerical value
a0.002 d0.030
b0.673 G227.957
x12.291 e0.534
G1116.502 g0.630
y2.026 z3.918
c0.407 I8.2×105
), ArticleFig(id=1240702094949282225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

乳化炸药的反应速率常数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameter数值Numerical value参数Parameter数值Numerical value
a0.002 d0.030
b0.673 G227.957
x12.291 e0.534
G1116.502 g0.630
y2.026 z3.918
c0.407 I8.2×105
), ArticleFig(id=1240702095062528439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparison of experimental results

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试验组Test group试验变量Experimental variables引爆结果Explosion result半孔率Half porosity/%炮孔利用率Blast hole utilization rate/%平均超挖量Average over excavation volume/cm最大超挖量Maximum over excavation volume/cm
1炸药间隔50 cm Explosive spaced 50 cm apart全部引爆Detonate all88.3591.226.612.2
2炸药间隔70 cm Explosive spaced 70 cm apart全部引爆Detonate all84.2788.765.79.8
), ArticleFig(id=1240702095171580344, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079925285647, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

试验结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
试验组Test group试验变量Experimental variables引爆结果Explosion result半孔率Half porosity/%炮孔利用率Blast hole utilization rate/%平均超挖量Average over excavation volume/cm最大超挖量Maximum over excavation volume/cm
1炸药间隔50 cm Explosive spaced 50 cm apart全部引爆Detonate all88.3591.226.612.2
2炸药间隔70 cm Explosive spaced 70 cm apart全部引爆Detonate all84.2788.765.79.8
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轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离研究
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石硕龙 1 , 周冲 2 , 高文学 1 , 李卓 1 , 张小军 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(3): 78-85
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(3): 78-85
轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离研究
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石硕龙1 , 周冲2, 高文学1 , 李卓1, 张小军1
作者信息
  • 1.北京工业大学，北京　100124
  • 2.中交路桥建设有限公司，北京　101117

    • 石硕龙（2000-），男，在读硕士研究生，从事隧道工程方向的研究工作，（E-mail）。

    SHI Shuo-long (2000-), male, currently a master's degree candidate, engaged in research in the field of tunnel engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

高文学（1962-），男，教授、博士研究导师，主要从事路基与隧道工程方向的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。
Research on Rational Sympathetic Detonation Distance of Emulsion Explosives in Axial Shaped Charge Loading Structure
Shuo-long SHI1 , Chong ZHOU2, Wen-xue GAO1 , Zhuo LI1, Xiao-jun ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1.Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
  • 2.Road & Bridge International Co., Ltd., Beijing 101117, China
出版时间: 2025-04-09 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.009
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摘要
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为了实现隧道掘进光面爆破效果的精准控制，利用LS-DYNA流固耦合算法和三项式点火增长状态方程，建立了聚能射流冲击引爆炸药模型，进行了轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离研究，并基于承平高速（北京段）红石门隧道爆破开挖工程，开展了轴向聚能装药结构现场试验。研究结果表明：1）采用工业上常用的轴向聚能装药结构时，在主装药起爆110 μs后，聚能射流头部运动了约25 cm，此时射流与杵体分离，之后，聚能射流会在运动中被拉断成不连续的多节，从而不利于被发装药的引爆，因此，选择合理的炸药间隔，对聚能射流能否引爆被发装药至关重要；2）基于射流头部压力和炸药反应度分析，当炸药间隔超过50 cm后，射流冲击被发装药时的冲击压力小于乳化炸药的临界起爆压力。随着炸药间隔的增大，被发装药被引爆时，射流侵彻炸药的距离也逐渐增加，当炸药间隔超过90 cm后，射流不能引爆被发炸药；3）基于承平高速（北京段）隧道爆破工程，进行了炸药间隔为50 cm和70 cm的两组试验，试验结果显示炸药间隔为70 cm时超欠挖控制更好，所以，在本项工程的条件下，合理的殉爆距离为70 cm。

隧道掘进  /  光面爆破  /  聚能装药  /  冲击起爆  /  殉爆距离

To attain precise regulation of the smooth blasting effects during tunnel excavation, this paper employs the LS-DYNA fluid-solid coupling algorithm and a cubic polynomial ignition and growth equation of state to develop a numerical model of shaped charge jet initiation of explosives. A study on the optimal detonation distance for emulsified explosives within an axially shaped charge configuration was conducted. Additionally, field experiments on axial energy-focused charge structures were performed based on the tunnel blasting excavation project of the Hongshimen Tunnel on the Chengping Expressway (Beijing section). The research results indicate the following: (1) When employing the commonly used axial energy-focused charge structure in industry, approximately 25 cm of movement occurs at the tip of the energy-focused jet 110 μs after the main charge detonation. At this point, the jet separates from the plug. Subsequently, the energy-focused jet becomes discontinuous and fragmented during its motion, which may adversely affect the initiation of the explosive charge. Therefore, selecting an appropriate explosive spacing is crucial for the successful detonation of the initiated explosive by the energy-focused jet. (2) Based on the analysis of jet head pressure and explosive reaction characteristics, it is observed that when the explosive spacing exceeds 50 cm, the impact pressure exerted by the jet on the initiated explosive is less than the critical initiation pressure of the emulsified explosive. As the explosive spacing increases, the distance that the jet penetrates the explosive during detonation also gradually increases. When the explosive spacing exceeds 90 cm, the jet fails to initiate the explosive charge. (3) Field tests were conducted based on the tunnel blasting project of the Chengping Expressway (Beijing section) with explosive spacings of 50 cm and 70 cm. The test results revealed that better control of over-excavation and under-excavation was achieved at a spacing of 70 cm. Therefore, under the conditions of this project, a reasonable detonation distance is determined to be 70 cm. The findings of this study can provide valuable references for similar smooth blasting efforts in tunnel engineering.

tunnel excavation  /  smooth blasting  /  shaped charge loading  /  impact initiation  /  transmission distance
石硕龙, 周冲, 高文学, 李卓, 张小军. 轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 78 -85 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.009
Shuo-long SHI, Chong ZHOU, Wen-xue GAO, Zhuo LI, Xiao-jun ZHANG. Research on Rational Sympathetic Detonation Distance of Emulsion Explosives in Axial Shaped Charge Loading Structure[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 78 -85 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.009
正文
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在我国道路交通建设中，公路隧道建设在我国基础设施建设中扮演着重要的角色[1]。光面爆破是隧道爆破掘进中应用最广泛的施工方式，它可以保证在围岩充分破碎的情况下，控制超欠挖，使隧道掌子面开挖轮廓平整光滑[2-5]。传统的光面爆破，通常采用雷管与导爆索联合起爆方式，施工工艺复杂，如果导爆索应用受限，将影响隧道工程施工质量和施工进度[6-8]，因此，一些学者提出了基于聚能射流冲击引爆炸药的光面爆破新型装药结构[9]。
聚能射流冲击引爆炸药首先应用于军工领域。朱瑞等人为研究聚能射流对钢壳B炸药的侵彻解体问题[10]，采用AUTODYNA-2D软件模拟了聚能射流形成过程，并综合推断出聚能射流解体带壳B炸药的方法和机理。王利侠等人利用LS-DYNA数值模拟结合实验的方法研究了聚能射流对屏蔽B炸药的冲击起爆问题[11]，其模拟结果与实测结果基本一致。汪明星等人对聚能射流引爆裸露和带壳炸药的过程进行了数值模拟研究[12]，分析了射流引爆裸露炸药和带壳炸药两者间的不同作用过程，并对射流引爆炸药的机理进行了探讨。
随着炸药殉爆技术的不断发展，聚能装置被引入爆破工程中，王清标等发现聚能装置与工业电子雷管相结合的新型起爆方式[13]，可以提高隧道光面爆破效果，同时大大降低了耗材费用。刘忠磊等研究了在隧道光面爆破中聚能装置对炸药殉爆距离的改良效果[14]，结果表明由于聚能装置形成的聚能射流大大增加了乳化炸药在无缝钢管中的殉爆距离。但由于聚能装置较晚应用于光面爆破，以上学者研究聚能射流引爆乳化炸药时大多采用现场试验的方法，较少采用数值模拟的手段，无法深入研究聚能射流与炸药的相互作用机理。轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理传爆距离。
本文以承平高速公路京平段红石门隧道掘进爆破工程为依托，运用LS-DYNA模拟分析聚能射流引爆乳化炸药的作用过程，重点研究轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离，研究成果对实际隧道光面爆破施工具有一定指导意义。
1　聚能射流冲击引爆炸药机理
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金属聚能射流形成过程如图1所示。在炸药爆炸作用下，金属罩以高速度向中心挤压并在轴线上发生碰撞。这种碰撞导致的高压作用使得药型罩内表面速度远大于药型罩的压垮速度，药型罩在短时间内快速变形。随后，药型罩在中心线上压合，在碰撞点速度运动的动坐标系上，以相对速度V2流向碰撞点。撞击后，金属将分成射流和杵体两部分[15]，但射流速度Vj会远大于杵体速度Vs；射流金属约占金属罩总质量的6%~11%。
对于射流冲击起爆炸药的研究，目前普遍认为，非均质炸药起爆总是以“热点”形成开始，然后进一步成长并最终导致炸药的爆轰[16]。根据热点理论，采用聚能装药结构时，炸药爆炸后金属聚能罩(如图2所示)形成高速射流。当金属射流击中布设一定距离的炸药时，会在冲击部位形成“热点”。随着热点剧烈化学反应的传播，最终引爆炸药。
2　计算模型及相关参数
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2.1　数值计算模型
采用LS-DYNA软件建立聚能射流引爆炸药的数值计算模型。在模型中，聚能装药采用无外壳装药形式，药型罩材料为金属铝，厚度为1.5 mm，锥顶角为90°。主装药和被发装药均使用2#岩石乳化炸药。根据相关研究，空气间隔不应超过药卷直径的32倍[17]。对于直径32 mm的乳化炸药，该限值为1.02 m。为研究聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离，建立炸药间隔为30 cm、50 cm、70 cm、90 cm四组数值计算模型。图3展示了炸药间隔为50 cm时的数值计算模型示意图。
为减少运算时间，建模采用2D轴对称模型，单位制采用cm-g-μs。建立有限元模型时，岩石采用Lagrange网格划分，主装药、药型罩、被发装药和空气均采用Euler网格划分。单元采用流固耦合算法，该算法可以较好地模拟在有围岩的情况下金属射流的形成和炸药的冲击起爆过程。
2.2　数值模型参数
隧道背景工程围岩为白云岩。采用LS-DYNA材料库中111号HJC本构模型，其本构参数见表1。药型罩采用15号JC本构模型和4号GRUNEISEN状态方程，以描述其在高温、高压、高速运动下的状态。空气介质采用9号NULL本构方程和1号状态方程定义。主装药采用8号高能炸药本构模型，并用2号JWL状态方程来描述炸药爆轰过程中的状态。
为了模拟炸药在聚能射流冲击下的起爆过程，被发装药采用10号材料本构模型与7号三项式点火增长状态方程进行描述。三项式点火增长模型是由Lee-Tarver基于热点理论和圆筒试验提出的，是当前应用较为广泛的反应速率模型[18]。三项式点火增长模型主要包括炸药未反应物和反应物的状态方程以及反应速率方程。对于爆炸未反应物和反应物，通常使用JWL状态方程来描述其膨胀压力，其状态方程见式(1)。乳化炸药的JWL参数见表2。
三项式点火增长模型的反应速率方程如式(2)所示，其中第一项为点火项，描述炸药受到冲击后热点形成阶段；第二项为增长项，描述炸药中热点慢速反应增长阶段；第三项为完成项，描述热点汇合后高温高压下炸药开始大范围的快速反应阶段。
式中：λ为炸药反应度；t为反应时间；a、b、c、d、e、g、x、y、z、I、G1、G2为控制炸药冲击起爆感度的常数。由于2#岩石乳化炸药的状态方程参数缺乏数据，相关内容参考性质最接近的乳化炸药确定，如表3所示[19]。
3　数值模拟结果分析
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3.1　聚能射流形成过程
为了研究聚能射流形成规律，选取聚能射流未冲击被发装药前不同时刻的速度云图来进行分析，如图4所示。从射流的形态看，药型罩压垮之后(t≥25 μs)，由于射流和杵体间的速度差，碰撞点处出现了明显的“颈缩”现象；射流出药型罩时头部速度约为2700 m/s。经过一段时间运动后，射流头部速度达到3050 m/s，这说明聚能射流头部速度不断变化。同时，射流在运动过程中存在明显的速度梯度，这种速度梯度导致了射流部分的拉伸。
数值模拟显示，当t＝110 μs时射流长度达到20 cm。此时，射流头部运动了约25 cm，射流与杵体分离。随着聚能射流继续运动，聚能射流会被拉断成不连续的多节，这不利于被发装药的引爆。因此选择合理的装药间隔，对聚能射流能否引爆被发装药至关重要。
3.2　聚能射流头部压力分析
当炸药间隔为30 cm时聚能射流头部压力值较大[20]，很容易超过2#岩石乳化炸药的临界起爆压力(P＝2.5 GPa)。因此，炸药被瞬间引爆。分析炸药间隔为50 cm、70 cm、90 cm时的压力云图，分别如图5~图7所示。在50 cm、70 cm两种情况下，聚能射流分别在185 μs、250 μs时冲击被发乳化炸药。此时，聚能射流头部最大压力值均小于2.5 GPa，炸药没有立刻起爆。然而，随着射流持续侵彻，被发装药内的热点不断增加。当射流分别侵彻2 cm、3.7 cm后，被发装药中的最大压力值达到10.4 GPa，导致被发装药引爆并形成稳定的爆轰。同时，分析射流形态发现，当炸药间隔达到并超过70 cm时，射流头部出现明显的断裂现象，如图6(b)所示。
炸药间隔90 cm的压力云图如图7所示。t＝320 μs时冲击被发乳化炸药。此时，射流头部压力仅为1.3 GPa，远小于乳化炸药的临界起爆压力；到t＝350 μs时，射流击穿炸药在这一时刻，被发炸药中并未形成稳定爆轰。
通过分析不同炸药间隔的数值模拟结果，可以得出以下结论：在炸药间隔距离较小的情况下聚能射流头部压力较大，聚能射流的冲击作用可直接导致被发装药起爆，并在药卷中形成稳定爆轰；当炸药间隔过大时，聚能射流会出现拉断现象，且不能引爆炸药。通过对射流头部压力的分析，本文初步认为在图3所示的聚能装药结构条件下，乳化炸药合理的殉爆距离不应超过90 cm。
3.3　炸药反应度分析
炸药反应度是数值分析中表征炸药爆炸与否的重要参考指标。当反应度大于0.1时，表示炸药处于燃烧状态；当反应度等于1时，则表示炸药已完全爆炸[21]。本文提取了不同间隔距离的炸药反应度云图，分析轴向聚能装药结构合理殉爆距离，如图8、图9所示。
炸药间隔距离为30 cm时，当聚能射流冲击炸药后，在射流头部直径1.5 cm的范围内，炸药反应度瞬间达到1；随后，爆炸在炸药内部扩散并形成稳定爆轰。当炸药间隔为50 cm和70 cm时被射流冲击的炸药并没有直接被引爆，被冲击部位的炸药反应度先达到0.5~0.8之间的燃烧状态；之后，随着射流不断侵彻炸药，炸药内部反应度不断上升，最终引爆炸药并形成稳定爆轰。
当炸药间隔为50 cm时，射流侵彻1 cm后，在射流头部直径0.8 cm的范围内，炸药反应度达到1；随后，侵彻2 cm后，炸药被大范围引爆。而当炸药间隔为70 cm时，射流侵彻3.7 cm后，炸药被大范围引爆。
图10展示了炸药间隔为90 cm时的炸药反应度云图。射流冲击炸药后，炸药反应度只能达到0.2~0.5之间。这种有限的燃烧程度不足以使射流在后续的冲击过程中引爆炸药。直到350 μs后，射流击穿炸药。此时，只有一小部分炸药的反应度达到1，大部分炸药仍处于燃烧状态，反应度在0.5~0.6之间。因此，炸药未能形成稳定爆轰。
上述聚能射流头部压力与炸药反应度分析结果表明，采用聚能装药结构时引爆乳化炸药的合理殉爆距离不应超过90 cm。
4　现场应用
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4.1　工程背景
本研究以承平高速公路(北京段)红石门隧道爆破掘进工程为依托，探讨了轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离。红石门隧道具有以下特征：左线长度为855.1 m，右线长度为897.9 m，左右线间距为42.7~42.9 m。隧道最大埋深约105.1 m，属于中长隧道。隧道围岩主要由两种岩石构成：蓟县系杨庄组含粉砂泥晶白云岩，长城系高于庄组白云岩。受断层构造和区域构造应力影响，隧道围岩整体裂隙较为发育，但局部较为完整。
现场试验区域的围岩等级为Ⅳ级，采用上下台阶法进行施工。现场设计循环进尺为3.5 m；掏槽孔孔深3.9 m，孔间距为0.6~0.8 m，排距为0.5~0.6 m；辅助孔深3.7 m，孔间距为0.9~1.0 m，排距为0.7~1.1 m；周边孔孔深3.7 m，孔间距0.50~0.55 m；光爆破层厚度0.7~0.75 m。具体炮孔布置如图11所示。
4.2　周边孔聚能爆破试验
现场试验光面爆破周边孔采用轴向聚能间隔装药，其线装药密度为200~250 g/m。结合数值模拟结果和现场实际情况，试验设计了两种聚能装药结构，炸药间隔分别设置为50 cm、70 cm。两种装药结构均为底部加强装药400 g，其余部位装药150 g。图12为这两种装药结构示意图。
试验后，通过使用全站仪扫描隧道断面的方式记录每组的光面爆破效果，如图13所示。统计两组试验的爆破效果并将其列于表4中，通过对比两组试验效果，得到可以应用于实际工程的合理殉爆距离。
采用聚能装药结构，发现现场炸药间隔50 cm和70 cm时均能全部起爆。这验证了轴向聚能装药结构可以实现炸药间隔在70 cm内的稳定传爆，同时也证明了利用聚能罩代替导爆索进行光面爆破的可行性。
通过对比两组聚能光面爆破试验效果，当炸药间隔为50 cm时，其半孔率、炮孔利用率均高于炸药间隔70 cm，但平均超挖量增加0.9 cm，最大超挖量增加2.4 cm，同时每循环进尺装药量有所增加。后又在现场进行了炸药间隔90 cm的试验，发现有部分聚能药卷未充分引爆，炮孔内存在残药现象。
基于上述试验研究，针对本项隧道工程，合理的乳化炸药殉爆距离为70 cm。
5　结论
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(1)数值模拟研究表明，采用轴向聚能装药结构，聚能射流在运动100 μs时，射流头部运动了约25 cm，此时射流与杵体分离。随着聚能射流继续运动，聚能射流会被拉断成不连续的多节，影响聚能射流冲击炸药时的压力大小，从而不利于被发装药的引爆，因此，选择合理的炸药间隔，对聚能射流能否引爆被发装药至关重要。
(2)通过对聚能射流头部压力和炸药反应度分析，发现当炸药间隔超过50 cm后，射流冲击被发装药时的冲击压力小于乳化炸药的临界起爆压力；当炸药间隔为50 cm、70 cm时，射流分别侵彻被发装药2 cm、3.7 cm后引爆被发装药；而当炸药间隔达到90 cm后，被发装药的反应度最大只能达到0.6，被发装药中未能形成稳定爆轰，因此，轴向聚能装药结构中乳化炸药合理殉爆距离不应超过90 cm。
(3)基于现场光面爆破试验发现，采用轴向聚能装药结构，炸药间隔50 cm和70 cm时均能全部起爆，验证了聚能装药结构的实用性。当炸药间隔为50 cm时，其半孔率、炮孔利用率均高于炸药间隔70 cm，但平均超挖量增加0.9 cm，最大超挖量增加2.4 cm，同时每循环装药量有所增加，所以，在本项隧道工程的条件下，合理的殉爆距离为70 cm。
基金
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  • 爆破工程湖北省重点实验室开放基金(BL2021-23)
文献
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2025年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.009
  • 接收时间：2025-02-24
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-04-09
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2025-02-24
基金
Open Fund of Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering(BL2021-23)
爆破工程湖北省重点实验室开放基金(BL2021-23)
作者信息
    1.北京工业大学，北京　100124
    2.中交路桥建设有限公司，北京　101117

通讯作者:

高文学（1962-），男，教授、博士研究导师，主要从事路基与隧道工程方向的教学与研究工作，（E-mail）。
参考文献
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.009
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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