Article(id=1240702079526826766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.011, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1736265600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-08, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736026888, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1752508800000, pubDateStr=2025-07-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736026888, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736026888, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736026888, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=95, endPage=105, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702082014049123, articleId=1240702079526826766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Optimization Method for Powder Ore Rate in Limestone Blasting based on Air-decking Technology, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Taking the Dengjiashan aggregate mine in Jiangxi Province as the research object, an optimization mechanism and engineering application of air deck charge blasting technology on the powder ore rate was systematically explored in this paper. Firstly, the engineering geological conditions of the mine were analyzed, including the rock mass characteristics and the distribution and development of joints and fissures. This assessment provided a foundation for subsequent blasting test research. Secondly, this research introduced a theoretical framework of air-decking charging and proposed a blasting method utilizing air decks. The mechanism of air-decking charging emphasizes its role in attenuating explosion stress waves, prolonging explosive gas expansion duration, and optimizing energy distribution. Furthermore, this study systematically investigated the influence of different air-decking configurations (top, middle, and bottom placement) on the powder factor. Then, experimental studies and data analysis can validate the method's reliability, culminating in its successful application in field-scale engineering. Thirdly, blasting parameter optimization was carried out using the air deck blasting method based on experimental data, focusing on explosive consumption and inter-hole delay time as key variables. A parameter optimization regression model was subsequently developed (R2=0.8697) to enhance blasting efficiency, demonstrating strong predictive reliability through experimental validation.

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ZHANG Jin-hua (1981-), male, born in Shuyang city, Jiangsu province, Ph.D, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on explosive shock and blasting technology, micromechanics and multi-scale calculation methods, (E-mail) .
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以江西省邓家山骨料矿山为研究对象,系统探讨了空气间隔装药爆破技术对粉矿率的优化机理及工程应用。首先,分析了该矿山的工程地质条件,给出了该矿山岩体特性和节理裂隙分布发育情况,为开展爆破试验研究奠定了基础。其次,引入了空气间隔装药理论体系,提出了采用空气间隔器的爆破方法,阐述了空气间隔装药通过缓冲爆炸应力波、延长爆生气体作用时间、均衡能量分布的机理,探讨不同结构形式(顶部、中部、底部)对粉矿率的影响规律,并进行了试验研究与数据分析,验证了该方法的可靠性,并成功取得工程应用。第三,基于试验数据,开展了基于空气间隔爆破方法的爆破参数优化,选取炸药单耗和孔间延时为主要参数,提出了爆破参数优化模型。通过与试验结果进行对比,提出了爆破参数优化回归模型(R2=0.8697),可靠性较高,为优化爆破参数设计、提升矿山经济效益提供了科学依据。

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张锦华(1981-),男,江苏沭阳人,博士,现任教授、博士生导师,主要从事爆炸冲击与爆破技术研究,细观力学与多尺度计算方法研究等,(E-mail)
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杨明(1969-),男,安徽庐江人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山开采、爆破施工与防护技术研究,(E-mail)

YANG Ming (1969-), male, born in Lujiang city, Anhui province, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research on mining, blasting construction, and protection technology, (E-mail) .

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杨明(1969-),男,安徽庐江人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山开采、爆破施工与防护技术研究,(E-mail)

YANG Ming (1969-), male, born in Lujiang city, Anhui province, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research on mining, blasting construction, and protection technology, (E-mail) .

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杨明(1969-),男,安徽庐江人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山开采、爆破施工与防护技术研究,(E-mail)

YANG Ming (1969-), male, born in Lujiang city, Anhui province, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research on mining, blasting construction, and protection technology, (E-mail) .

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Parameters of air deck length test

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间隔长度Deck length/m未使用空气间隔器Not using air dividers使用空气间隔器Use air spacers降低幅度Reduce the amplitude
1.508.97%2.41%6.56%
2.004.65%3.22%1.42%
2.504.23%2.80%1.42%
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空气间隔长度试验参数表

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间隔长度Deck length/m未使用空气间隔器Not using air dividers使用空气间隔器Use air spacers降低幅度Reduce the amplitude
1.508.97%2.41%6.56%
2.004.65%3.22%1.42%
2.504.23%2.80%1.42%
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Parameters under different operating conditions

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序号Serial number空气间隔长度Air gap length/m炸药单耗Specific charge/(g·cm-3)孔间延时Inter hole delay/ms
  0.270.00
  0.28 
工况1 Condition 11.500.29 
  0.30 
  0.31 
  0.32 
    
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工况2 Condition 11.500.2920.00
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不同工况参数

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序号Serial number空气间隔长度Air gap length/m炸药单耗Specific charge/(g·cm-3)孔间延时Inter hole delay/ms
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  0.28 
工况1 Condition 11.500.29 
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工况2 Condition 11.500.2920.00
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基于空气间隔技术的灰岩爆破粉矿率优化方法研究
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杨明 1 , 张锦华 2 , 赵凯轩 2 , 贺五一 3, 4 , 王俊青 1 , 高晶 1
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(3): 95-105
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(3): 95-105
基于空气间隔技术的灰岩爆破粉矿率优化方法研究
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杨明1 , 张锦华2 , 赵凯轩2, 贺五一3, 4, 王俊青1, 高晶1
作者信息
  • 1.中国非金属材料南京矿山工程有限公司,南京 210016
  • 2.南京航空航天大学 土木与机场工程系,南京 210016
  • 3.南昌职业大学,南昌 330007
  • 4.江西荣达爆破新技术开发有限公司,南昌 330038
  • 杨明(1969-),男,安徽庐江人,高级工程师,主要从事矿山开采、爆破施工与防护技术研究,(E-mail)

    YANG Ming (1969-), male, born in Lujiang city, Anhui province, senior engineer, mainly engaged in research on mining, blasting construction, and protection technology, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

张锦华(1981-),男,江苏沭阳人,博士,现任教授、博士生导师,主要从事爆炸冲击与爆破技术研究,细观力学与多尺度计算方法研究等,(E-mail)
Optimization Method for Powder Ore Rate in Limestone Blasting based on Air-decking Technology
Ming YANG1 , Jin-hua ZHANG2 , Kai-xuan ZHAO2, Wu-yi HE3, 4, Jun-qing WANG1, Jing GAO1
Affiliations
  • 1.China Non Metallic Materials Nanjing Mining Engineering Co., Ltd., Nanjing 210016, China
  • 2.Department of Civil and Airport Engineering, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 210016, China
  • 3.Nanchang Vocational University, Nanchang 330007, China
  • 4.Jiangxi Rongda Blasting New Technology Development Co., Ltd., Nanchang 330038, China
出版时间: 2025-07-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.011
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以江西省邓家山骨料矿山为研究对象,系统探讨了空气间隔装药爆破技术对粉矿率的优化机理及工程应用。首先,分析了该矿山的工程地质条件,给出了该矿山岩体特性和节理裂隙分布发育情况,为开展爆破试验研究奠定了基础。其次,引入了空气间隔装药理论体系,提出了采用空气间隔器的爆破方法,阐述了空气间隔装药通过缓冲爆炸应力波、延长爆生气体作用时间、均衡能量分布的机理,探讨不同结构形式(顶部、中部、底部)对粉矿率的影响规律,并进行了试验研究与数据分析,验证了该方法的可靠性,并成功取得工程应用。第三,基于试验数据,开展了基于空气间隔爆破方法的爆破参数优化,选取炸药单耗和孔间延时为主要参数,提出了爆破参数优化模型。通过与试验结果进行对比,提出了爆破参数优化回归模型(R2=0.8697),可靠性较高,为优化爆破参数设计、提升矿山经济效益提供了科学依据。

矿山工程  /  爆破粉矿率  /  空气间隔装药  /  爆破参数优化  /  爆破块度优化

Taking the Dengjiashan aggregate mine in Jiangxi Province as the research object, an optimization mechanism and engineering application of air deck charge blasting technology on the powder ore rate was systematically explored in this paper. Firstly, the engineering geological conditions of the mine were analyzed, including the rock mass characteristics and the distribution and development of joints and fissures. This assessment provided a foundation for subsequent blasting test research. Secondly, this research introduced a theoretical framework of air-decking charging and proposed a blasting method utilizing air decks. The mechanism of air-decking charging emphasizes its role in attenuating explosion stress waves, prolonging explosive gas expansion duration, and optimizing energy distribution. Furthermore, this study systematically investigated the influence of different air-decking configurations (top, middle, and bottom placement) on the powder factor. Then, experimental studies and data analysis can validate the method's reliability, culminating in its successful application in field-scale engineering. Thirdly, blasting parameter optimization was carried out using the air deck blasting method based on experimental data, focusing on explosive consumption and inter-hole delay time as key variables. A parameter optimization regression model was subsequently developed (R2=0.8697) to enhance blasting efficiency, demonstrating strong predictive reliability through experimental validation.

mine engineering  /  blasting powder ore rate  /  air deck charge  /  optimization of blasting parameters  /  optimization of blasting fragmentation
杨明, 张锦华, 赵凯轩, 贺五一, 王俊青, 高晶. 基于空气间隔技术的灰岩爆破粉矿率优化方法研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 95 -105 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.011
Ming YANG, Jin-hua ZHANG, Kai-xuan ZHAO, Wu-yi HE, Jun-qing WANG, Jing GAO. Optimization Method for Powder Ore Rate in Limestone Blasting based on Air-decking Technology[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 95 -105 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.011
骨料矿山爆破粉矿率问题是长期困扰工程界的一个难题,如何降低骨料矿山爆破粉矿率,优化骨料矿山资源高效利用,对提高矿山经济效益、推进“绿色矿山”建设具有重要意义。骨料矿山开采过程中,由于矿体赋存条件复杂,爆破工艺参数选取不匹配,一直存在爆破粉矿率偏高现象,骨料块度分布不均匀和粉矿率偏高已成为骨料矿山亟待解决的主要难题。如何改善矿山爆破块度的分布,降低爆破开采粉矿率是骨料矿山开采中面临的主要难题。基于此,国内外学者和工程技术人员开展了大量的研究工作并取得了一定的成果。
Singh等人以印度某煤矿为工程背景[1],分析了爆破设计参数和装药型式对爆破粉矿率的影响规律,结果表明:爆破粉矿率随着抵抗线的增大而增大,随着堵塞与抵抗线比值的降低而降低,适量提高炸药单耗能够降低岩石破碎块度尺寸。几年后,Singh等人通过图像识别等方法[2],再次对印度某露天煤矿工程的平均块度进行分析,得出孔距、炸药单耗与抵抗线的比值越大,平均块度越大,而填塞深度与抵抗线的比值越大,平均块度越小。林杰等以内蒙古某铅锌矿为背景[3],运用灰色关联理论确定影响爆破块度的因素并结合实际情况对爆破参数进行优化,结果表明:该矿山粉矿率主要受排间延期时间和孔距影响,优化后的爆破粉矿率显著降低。骆浩浩等人针对扇形中深孔爆破块度分布问题开展了试验研究[4],通过使用数字图像处理软件对爆堆进行处理并拟合得到块度分布预测模型。Bahraini和Atighi提出了一种用于爆破块度评估的自动测量方法[5],通过使用数据集训练模型,并结合实际矿山现场数据对其性能进行验证,提升爆破块度分析的准确性和效率,从而优化爆破参数。Liu等人通过试验与数值模拟的方法揭示了静态压力与爆破耦合作用下的岩石破碎规律[6],静态压力通过增大径向与环向压应力、降低拉应力,导致垂直于应力方向扩展的裂缝长度与数量减少,最终导致块度增大。董源等讨论了不耦合装药结构的作用机理[7],通过对比连续装药与不耦合装药的区别,得出不耦合装药结构能在降低装药量的同时有效控制粉矿率。叶海旺等人基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟构建了灰岩爆破块度尺寸与动力损伤关联模型[8],得出了可以保证块度均匀的最优爆破参数组合。
20世纪50年代,Melnikov和Marchenko提出了空气间隔装药爆破技术,该技术可以显著优化岩石爆破块度分布[9],尤其是解决了采用传统的连续装药爆破技术导致的爆孔附近岩石破碎程度较大问题。空气间隔装药爆破技术通过在装药的各个区间设置空气间隔,降低爆孔附近爆炸压力,减小爆孔近区的岩石破碎程度,从而降低了爆破粉矿率问题。该技术被大量学者和工程技术人员采用,显著提高了矿山开采效益[10-15]
王皓永等人基于有限元方法[10],通过开展大量的数值模拟研究,模拟了石灰岩爆破破碎全过程,得出了使用空气间隔装药的最优方案。楼晓明等人基于爆轰波理论[11],分析了多段间隔装药爆破条件下孔壁冲击压力随间隔长度变化的分布规律函数,确定了地下垂直长深孔爆破时合理的空气间隔长度,并通过数值模拟和现场爆破试验进行了验证。杨淑琴等人通过实验的方式研究了新研发的水孔间隔器的膨胀效果以及对乳化炸药的支撑作用[12]。结果表明:该水孔间隔器爆破后爆堆情况和大块率均与周边非间隔装药爆破情况相当,实现了降本增效。郭继辞等人分析了露天煤矿开采中空气间隔装药技术类型、原理、应用及其优化方案[13],给出了空气间隔装药技术对爆破效果的影响规律。Zhou等人研究了低温条件对爆破中岩石的损伤和破碎规律[14],结果表明:低温对岩石爆破块度影响显著,且低温下的岩石块度及其不均匀。张鹏飞等人开展了富水炮孔间隔装药爆破试验[15],通过与连续装药爆破效果进行对比,发现了富水炮孔间隔装药可以实现与连续装药爆破相当的爆破效果。
上述研究表明,空气间隔装药爆破技术在岩石爆破工程中,已获得了大量的工程应用,该技术对优化岩石爆破破碎块度分布,减小爆孔近区岩石的破碎程度,降低粉矿率具有显著的效果。本文以江西省邓家山骨料矿山为研究对象,通过采用空气间隔装药爆破技术,讨论了爆破装药参数对爆破粉矿率的影响规律,建立了优化的爆破参数模型,通过与试验结果对比,验证了该模型的可靠性,在此基础上,通过采用数值模拟方法,进一步分析了空气间隔装药爆破作用机制。本文的研究成果提高了该矿山的开采效益,对推动爆破工程技术进步,提供了科学依据。
本节首先介绍了空气间隔装药技术,给出了该技术的理论基础,提出了空气间隔器及其在工程中的使用方法。为该技术在矿山爆破工程中的应用奠定了理论依据。
对于空气间隔装药和传统连续柱状装药在爆炸能量传播和利用上的异同,科研人员普遍认为:当运用空气间隔装药时,爆炸冲击波在传播的过程中受到低密度空气的影响,首先在空气间隔中发生缓冲效应,大大降低了到达炮孔壁的初始爆炸应力波峰值强度,相对于传统连续柱状装药可以显著减小甚至消除炮孔附近的压缩性区域;其次,空气间隔的存在有效地延缓了爆生气体的泄漏,增长了爆生气体的作用时间,爆生气体的气楔作用得到了充分的发挥,为裂纹的扩展创造了更为有利的条件;最后,相对于传统柱状装药,在空气柱的传导下,爆生气体沿炮孔全长分布更为均匀,岩石的破碎块度得到了改善,有效地提升了爆炸能量的利用率。
在空气间隔装药爆破中,起爆方向、空气间隔位置及空气间隔比例对于爆破效果均存在较大的影响[16]
(1)起爆方向通常包括正向起爆与反向起爆。正向起爆时,炮孔顶部区域将先于其他炮孔部位产生裂纹,随后爆生气体沿着裂纹泄露,显著地缩短了爆生气体对中下部岩体的作用时间,爆炸能量的利用率较低。相对于正向起爆方式,反向起爆时爆生气体作用于岩石的静态作用强度高、时间长,有助于克服由炮孔底部岩石所产生的夹制力,避免根底的产生[17]
(2)空气间隔可放置的位置通常包括顶部、中部及底部。吴亮等通过数值模拟发现[18],反向起爆方式下,空气层位于顶部爆破时可以有效地消除根底,冲击波在堵塞自由面反射可以产生拉伸应力波,进而减少堵塞段大块的产生。空气层位于中部的爆破效果最好,可以达到矿岩块度分布均匀的爆破效果,便于铲装运输作业,但中部空气间隔装药施工过程复杂,操作难度较高。当空气层放置于炮孔底部时,空气层降低了爆轰冲击压力对底板的冲击损伤,可以起到保护底板的作用。
(3)空气间隔比例可以通过爆轰力学理论进行估算[19]。根据凝聚炸药的爆轰理论,炮孔内爆生气体的初始平均压力p0,见式(1)
式中:ρ为炸药的密度,kg/m3D为炸药的爆速,m/s。
根据热力学原理,爆生气体在炮孔中将发生等熵绝热膨胀,在膨胀过程中通常以pk作为临界压力(通常为200 MPa),当膨胀到临界压力时,气体膨胀遵循理想气体方程[19],见式(2)
式中,γ为理想气体等熵指数,γ=1.3。
膨胀为临界压力Pk时,气体体积VK计算公式见式(3)
式中:PH为炸药的爆压;Vc为装药体积。
VK<Vb(Vb为去掉炮泥体积后的炮孔体积),当爆生气体充满炮孔时,准静应力见式(4)
将式(3)代入式(4)可得式(5)
式中:Vc为炮孔装药体积,m3dc为炮孔装药直径,m;Lc为装药长度,m;Vb为爆生气体膨胀时所占体积,m3
为了保证相邻炮孔之间的裂纹贯通,两孔之间的孔间距应当小于爆生裂纹的长度。根据目前普遍认同的爆炸应力波和爆生气体联合作用机理[20],炸药起爆后首先在岩石中激起应力波并在炮孔壁上产生初始裂纹,然后在爆生气体的静压作用下使裂纹进一步地扩展、发育、贯通,因此形成贯通裂纹的条件可以近似表达,见式(6)
式中,RcRa分别为爆炸应力波和爆生气体静压作用下产生裂纹的长度[21],m,其计算方法分别见式(7)和式(8)
式中:α=2±μ/(1-μ)为岩石中应力波衰减指数;μ为岩石的泊松比,冲击波作用区域α计算取“+”,应力波作用区域α计算取“-”;pa为爆生气体充满炮孔时的准静压力,Pa;爆生气体在岩石中产生静态应力场,pr为爆生气体膨胀撞击孔壁在孔壁岩面上产生的初始径向峰值应力[21,22],见式(9)
式中:le为药室长度;n为爆轰产物冲击药室壁时的压力增大倍数,通常取8~11。
空气间隔装药从装药结构的角度可以分为径向不耦合空气间隔装药和轴向空气不耦合装药;此外,轴向空气不耦合装药按照空气间隔所处位置又可以分为顶部空气间隔不耦合装药、中部空气间隔不耦合装药和底部空气间隔不耦合装药[16]
顶部空气间隔装药通过在炮孔上部预留空气柱,利用空气介质对爆炸能量的缓冲作用降低孔口压力峰值,减少台阶表面岩石的过度破碎与飞石风险。其优势在于能有效控制孔口大块率,同时保护台阶上部结构的完整性;但空气柱长度需与堵塞段配合设计,否则易造成能量利用率下降。
中部空气间隔装药通过对称布置间隔器形成双向应力波叠加效应,延长爆生气体作用时间,实现能量分布的动态调节。其适用于节理发育岩体的精细化控制爆破;但装药结构复杂度增加导致机械化施工效率降低约40%,且间隔位置偏移超过设计值10%时易引发能量分布失衡,需配合导爆索网络确保起爆同步性。此外,中部间隔对炮孔中部应力集中区的调控能力较强,但对孔底夹制效应和孔口大块问题的改善效果有限。
底部空气间隔装药主要针对台阶根部岩体的高强度夹制作用,通过空气柱降低孔底初始冲击压力,延长爆生气体的准静态作用时间,从而改善根底破碎效果。工程实践表明,该方式可使根底发生率降低约35%,炸药单耗减少20%~30%,同时爆堆前冲距离缩短15%以上,有利于提高铲装效率;但其应用受限于地质条件,当炮孔超深不足或存在积水时,空气间隔易被岩屑或水体填充而失效,需采用专用间隔器或防水措施。底部装药对孔口破碎区的控制能力较弱,需结合顶部堵塞长度优化设计。
这种分类体系反映了爆破工程中能量传递路径的差异化控制需求,顶部布置通过预留上部空间削弱爆破冲击波对台阶表面的过度破坏,中部布置旨在实现应力波的双向叠加效应,而底部布置则试图缓解台阶根部岩体的夹制作用,但当前研究多聚焦于中部间隔位置,对底部夹制效应的动态响应机制尚未深入研究。见图1
在空气间隔爆破中,合理的空气间隔长度是装药长度的15%~25%。空气间隔位置研究均是将空气间隔器放于上下装药中间位置来考虑的,而忽略台阶底部夹制作用的影响。
这一经验值源于爆破能量在岩体与空气介质中的衰减特性平衡。该比例既能保证爆炸气体充分膨胀做功,又可避免因间隔过长导致应力波能量过度耗散。值得注意的是,现有模型普遍采用对称式间隔器布置于装药段中部,这种理想化处理虽简化了理论分析,但未能充分考虑实际台阶爆破中底部岩体因夹制作用产生的动态约束效应,可能导致理论计算结果与现场爆破效果产生偏差。
矿用空气间隔器是一种用于矿山爆破作业的专用设备,其主要作用是在炮孔爆破过程中,通过在炮孔内部设置空气间隔,实现对爆破药量的控制和分布,从而优化爆破效果,提高爆破质量,降低爆破作业的成本。
在使用时,空气间隔器被安装在炮孔中,将炸药分隔成几个部分,这样能够在炮孔中形成多个爆破中心,使得岩石的破坏更加均匀和彻底。
在实际应用中,矿用空气间隔器广泛应用于金属非金属矿山、露天采石场以及其他需要进行炮孔爆破的场合,对于提高矿山企业的生产效率、降低生产成本、提升安全水平等方面发挥了重要作用。随着技术的不断进步,空气间隔器的设计和材料也在不断创新,其在矿山爆破领域的应用前景十分广阔。
(1)提高爆破效果
通过合理的间隔设计,炸药爆炸后,首先将炸药能量传递给空气,再由空气传递给岩石,降低了炮孔初始峰压和延长了爆破作用时间,可以使炸药的能量更加均匀地作用于岩石,减小因耦合装药而形成的矿岩冲击粉碎区,同时扩大破碎区范围,提高能量的有效利用率,从而提高爆破质量。
另外,由于装药位置提高,使孔内压力沿炮孔轴向的分布更加均匀,能有效地克服根底和降低大块率,为铲装、运输等后续工序创造有利条件。
(2)降低炸药消耗
由于间隔器能够优化炸药的分布和利用,因此可以在保证爆破效果的同时,减少炸药的使用量。
(3)减小爆破振动
由于气柱的作用,可以有效减少爆破振动,底部气体间隔最明显。
(4)安全作用
对于钻孔遇到溶洞或裂缝较大的孔洞,装药时可以使用间隔器进行封堵,防止过量装药,降低发生爆破事故的风险。
本次矿山采用的空气间隔器为BJQ-120型矿用不可燃气体间隔器,为按压式,其相关技术指标见企业内部标准《Q/KLKS2017》。
在现场操作流程如下:
(1)拆开牵引绳,理顺,然后在牵引绳上确定投放深度米数,做好标记;
(2)按下间隔器的放气阀门并迅速将其投入到炮孔内,达到深度标志为止;
(3)约15~20 s后,用手来回轻微抖动牵引绳,直至感觉牵引绳已扯不动,说明间隔器已膨胀到不下落,此时可把牵引绳放下;
(4)大约1.5 min后,间隔器在炮孔内达到其额定静荷强度,便可对炮孔进行后续装药、填塞、爆破等作业。
邓家山矿床为沉积型化学碳酸盐层状矿床,包含主矿体MJ和共生矿体MR。MJ赋存于多套地层,岩性以微晶灰岩为主,受单斜(西)和向斜(东)构造控制,走向1600 m×宽1000 m,赋存标高466.55~150 m(埋深0~316.55 m),平均厚445.76 m,结构简单且构造影响小。MR位于东南向斜核部,同属微晶灰岩,产状与MJ一致,规模1200 m×960 m,标高463.05~150 m(埋深0~313.05 m),平均厚45.78 m(0线略薄),局部有岩脉穿插但未破坏连续性及矿石质量。两矿体均厚度稳定、夹石少,矿区高差达351.17 m。
邓家山矿石分为三类:微晶灰岩(主)、白云质灰岩(次)和含燧石团块灰岩。微晶灰岩分布于中东部,呈深灰-灰黑色,具微晶结构、块状构造,遇酸剧烈反应,含方解石脉及黄铁矿;白云质灰岩集中于北西部,浅灰-灰白色,细晶-微晶结构,以方解石、白云石为主;含燧石团块灰岩见于东南部,灰黑色层状构造,含燧石砾屑及较高SiO2,因抗压强度低易爆破碎矿。三类矿石均以方解石为主要成分,结构特征及分布区域差异显著。见图2图3
邓家山矿区地质环境复杂,表现为:(1)由2~3种地层岩性矿体构成,空间集中;(2)主矿种微晶灰岩与白云质灰岩在矿物成分、物理性能差异显著,后者平均抗压强度高20%;(3)岩体抗压强度随深度呈非连续突变,局部层间强度差明显;(4)断层及节理裂隙发育。该特征导致开采易产生高波动性粉矿率(尤其微晶灰岩抗压弱区),同时为差异化爆破方案设计提供依据,需针对不同矿层、岩性及高程台阶制定适应性开采策略,平衡开采效率与粉矿控制。
空气间隔器的使用在爆破工程中降低粉矿率方面有着显著成效,在进行的对比试验中,通过对比使用空气间隔器与不使用空气间隔器的爆破效果,以及探究不同空气间隔参数对粉矿率的影响,精确找出适用于特定矿山地质条件的最优空气间隔长度,从而有效降低爆破粉矿率,提升矿山开采经济效益与资源利用率。本次进行的两组爆破试验中,一组使用了空气间隔器,而另一组则未使用,试验如图4所示。在完成爆破后,对两组试验结果进行了分析。
图5展示了空气间隔装药结构对比试验爆破现场的四个阶段。爆破前,矿场地面呈现出裸露的岩石和土壤的原始状态,颜色为灰棕混合。爆破中,画面出现大量烟雾和灰尘,岩石与土壤开始破碎、移动,颜色因灰尘变得模糊,呈灰白混合。爆破后,爆破现场充斥着浓密的烟雾和灰尘,地面岩石和土壤已被炸碎,形成新的台阶。
通过数据对比清晰地发现,使用空气间隔器的爆破试验,其粉矿率呈现出明显的下降趋势。这一结果充分证明了空气间隔器在优化爆破效果方面具有显著的优势,能够有效减少粉矿的产生,提高矿石的开采质量和利用率。见图6
爆堆底部:未使用空气间隔器时,粉矿率相对较高,达到7.25%,此时矿石破碎产生较多粉末状矿石;当引入空气间隔器后,粉矿率降至6.71%,虽降幅不像其他部位显著,但仍表明空气间隔器起到了一定优化作用,减少了矿石过度粉碎情况。
爆堆中部:未使用空气间隔器的粉矿率为5.7%,而使用空气间隔器后,粉矿率大幅降至3.07%。说明空气间隔器在爆堆中部的矿石爆破环节,能极大改变爆破能量分布,有效遏制矿石粉碎成细粉的趋势,保障矿石的块状完整性。
爆堆外部:未使用空气间隔器,粉矿率是2.2%,使用后降低至1.295%,再次显示空气间隔器的功效,让处于爆堆最外层原本较易受爆破冲击影响而产生粉末的矿石,在其缓冲下,粉矿生成量显著降低。
以上数据主要是对使用间隔器前后进行效果对比,共计取样1582.62 t,从试验结果得到(图7):
(1)使用间隔器前后,矿粉率平均值分别为5.05%和3.69%,下降了1.36%。
(2)爆堆不同取样位置其矿粉的分布不同,在爆堆中由外向里逐渐增大,爆堆底部矿粉密度最大。
(3)在两次底部取样中,筛分结果分别为8.86%和7.25%,说明在爆破设计参数不变的情况下,地质条件的变化对爆破效果产生明显影响。为探究在本矿山地质条件下使用空气间隔器的合理极限值,决定在此基础上进行间隔长度的优化试验,逐步探索出适合本矿山地质条件以及控制粉矿率最低的最大间隔长度。空气间隔相关参数如表1所示。
首先通过对爆破现场的岩石块度进行初步判断可知,未使用空气间隔器的爆破现场岩石块度较为分散,多为粉状。使用空气间隔器的爆破试验现场岩石块度明显优于未使用空气间隔器的对比试验,现场岩石块度较为接近,见图8
随后对爆破后的矿石进行筛分,先将样品称重,经过8 cm重力式筛网,得到8 cm以下样品2,继续称重后将样品2经过3 cm重力式筛网,得到3 cm以下样品3,重复以上步骤最后再将样品3进行人工筛分,得到样品4,样品4的粒径为5 mm。如图9所示,以3 cm样品为例,使用空气间隔器与未使用空气间隔器的爆破试验的试验结果在重量上有着显著区别,未使用空气间隔器的试验样品比使用了空气间隔器的试验样品在3 cm筛下累积率重量多一倍,这说明使用空气间隔器将降低小粒径的矿石样品,从而降低粉矿率。最后,将得到数据进行计算后可以得到不同尺寸的筛下累积率,如图10,可以看出使用空气间隔器的试验样品累积率均低于未使用空气间隔器的试验。
而在多次爆破试验中,每次试验都经过三次筛分、两次过磅及两次人工称重(见图11),经统计分析后得到筛分的相关数据,8 cm的爆堆块石筛下累积率从第一次的51.36%降至第十次的37.97%,3 cm的爆堆块石筛下累积率从第一次的12.46%降至第十次的11.24%,5 mm的爆堆块石筛下累积率从第一次的8.86%降至第十次的5.99%,均有明显降低,且随着粒径的降低累计率随之降低,这说明粉矿率的优化效果明显。
通过对试验数据的综合分析(见图12)可知,使用空气间隔器的爆破试验所产生的粉矿率明显低于未使用空气间隔器的情况。其中,当空气间隔长度为1.50 m时,岩石破碎块度较均匀;空气间隔长度为2.00 m时,粉矿率较高,与空气间隔长度为1.50 m时的粉矿率相比,变化不明显。这表明,存在一个适宜的空气间隔长度,能让炸药能量实现较为合理的分布,使其相对集中作用于岩石,在该特定条件下,有助于在一定程度上减少粉矿的产生。并非单纯的较小空气间隔长度就必然能达成这一效果,若空气间隔长度过小,炸药能量瞬间释放过于集中,可能会致使岩石过度破碎,进而增加粉矿的产出量;若空气间隔长度过大,则会出现“一扇墙”现象,找到合适的间隔长度,才能实现粉矿率的优化。
基于空气间隔技术的爆破参数优化模型中,选取x0是炸药单耗(单位g/cm3)、是x1孔间延时(单位ms)作为自变量,粉矿率y作为因变量,找到不同x0x1组合下对应的粉矿率情况,构建出它们之间关系的标准曲线。根据试验数据拟合得到其回归模型的数学表示
(1)从回归模型可以看出,炸药单耗对粉矿率的影响不仅仅是简单的线性关系,炸药单耗数值较小时,粉矿率会随着炸药单耗的增加而降低,炸药单耗的数值增加到一定程度时,粉矿率可能会随着炸药单耗的继续增加而上升。
(2)孔间延时对粉矿率的影响相对较为平缓,在一定范围内,增加孔间延时可能会使粉矿率略有增加。
(3)炸药单耗较大时,孔间延时的变化对粉矿率的影响会受到炸药单耗的影响而发生变化,反之亦然。
此回归模型R2=0.8697,实际值和预测值的粉矿率整体趋势较为相似,整体偏差不大,说明此回归模型具有一定的预测性(图13)。实际值在试验工况3处达到最大值后迅速下降,而预测值在参数组别3处达到最大值后逐渐下降。这表明粉矿率对参数组别3附近参数的变化较为敏感。
为了继续验证此回归模型的准确性,选取以炸药单耗和孔间延时为变量的两个工况,通过对比粉矿率实际值与预测值之间的差距对回归模型做出更全面的验证。表2为选取的两个工况的相关参数。
(1)工况1预测值和实际值的趋势总体上一致。随着炸药单耗的增加,粉矿率也呈现出上升的趋势。仅在某些炸药单耗值下,存在一定偏差,但总体来说,预测模型在该工况下有一定的准确性,预测值能够反映实际值的大致变化趋势。
(2)工况2粉矿率呈现出先上升后下降的趋势,可以看出在孔间延时为0和50 ms时的粉矿率均低于20 ms,其中以0 ms时的粉矿率为最优,预测值与实际值趋势一致,在20 ms存在一定偏差,总体可以大致反映变化趋势。见图14
依托邓家山骨料矿区爆破开挖工程,基于数值模拟与现场试验,研究基于空气间隔技术的最优爆破参数的粉矿率优化方法,得到的主要结论如下:
(1)通过对比分析使用空气间隔器与未使用空气间隔器的爆破试验,发现在使用空气间隔器的试验中,粉矿率有着明显的下降,这表明使用空气间隔器对抑制粉矿率有着很好的效果。
(2)基于空气间隔技术的粉矿率优化需要探究最佳空气间隔长度,通过选用不同的空气间隔长度进行小台阶爆破试验发现,并非空气间隔长度越小,粉矿率优化程度就越高。在一定范围内,存在一个相对合理的空气间隔长度,使得炸药能量能够得到最优化分配,既充分破碎岩石,又避免因能量过度集中造成岩石过度粉碎而增加粉矿率。当空气间隔长度过小时,炸药能量瞬间释放过于集中,反而可能导致岩石过度破碎,使得粉矿产生量增多。
(3)现场试验表明,在空气间隔长度为1.5 m条件下,孔间延时50 ms,炸药单耗0.29 g/cm3时,岩石充分破碎,块度均匀,粉矿率水平较低,爆破效果良好。
  • 国家自然科学基金项目(52178190)
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2025年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.011
  • 接收时间:2025-01-08
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-07-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-08
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52178190)
国家自然科学基金项目(52178190)
作者信息
    1.中国非金属材料南京矿山工程有限公司,南京 210016
    2.南京航空航天大学 土木与机场工程系,南京 210016
    3.南昌职业大学,南昌 330007
    4.江西荣达爆破新技术开发有限公司,南昌 330038

通讯作者:

张锦华(1981-),男,江苏沭阳人,博士,现任教授、博士生导师,主要从事爆炸冲击与爆破技术研究,细观力学与多尺度计算方法研究等,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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