Article(id=1240702079073841930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.005, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736026780, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736026780, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736026780, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736026780, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=37, endPage=45, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702081603007304, articleId=1240702079073841930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Experimental Study on Porous Model based on Time-sequenced Controlled Fracture Blasting, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In recent years, the technology of controlled fracture blasting with sequential timing has been extensively utilized in the construction of mining engineering projects and hydraulic infrastructures. To investigate its influence on crack propagation mechanisms in rock masses, C50-grade concrete specimens with 3, 5, and 9 boreholes were cast. Detonators were used instead of explosives to conduct multi-hole blasting tests on rock-like models, examining the propagation paths of cracks and the effects of fracture formation. The LS-DYNA software was used to simulate blasting processes under various working conditions, utilizing the RHT constitutive model to characterize the dynamic failure behavior of rock. A fluid-solid coupling algorithm was employed to simulate the interaction between explosive stress waves and rock masses. By regulating variables such as borehole spacing and detonation timing, several numerical models were developed. Post-processing software was used to extract the simulation results, which were subsequently compared with experimental data to investigate crack propagation patterns within rock masses. The results indicated that time-sequenced controlled blasting technology effectively guides cracks to propagate along predetermined paths. Both the detonation timing sequence and borehole spacing significantly influence crack formation, with more pronounced effects observed in configurations containing a greater number of boreholes. Rational design of initiation timing and borehole spacing can substantially enhance the efficiency of explosive energy utilization while reducing damage to the surrounding rock. This study provides theoretical foundations and technical support for precision blasting operations in complex geological conditions.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
WANG Yuan-hong (2004-), male, Qingyang City, Henan Province, Undergraduate degree, Mainly engaged in research in the field of blasting engineering, (E-mail) .
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近年来时序控制断裂爆破技术在部分矿山工程和水利设施的建造过程中得到了广泛的应用,为探究时序控制断裂爆破技术对岩体中裂纹扩展机理的影响,采用强度等级为C50的混凝土材料分别浇筑了3孔,5孔和9孔的试验模型,用雷管代替炸药进行岩体模型多孔爆破试验,测试爆生裂纹扩展路径和成缝效果。使用LS-DYNA软件对不同工况下的岩体模型爆破过程进行模拟,选用RHT本构模型表征岩石动态破坏行为,并采用流固耦合算法模拟爆炸应力波与岩体的相互作用,同时以炮孔之间的间距和各个炮孔的起爆时间为控制变量,通过改变这些变量来建造不同的数值模型,并使用后处理软件提取数值模拟结果。最后与模型试验结果进行对比分析,探讨岩体中爆生裂纹扩展规律。结果表明:时序控制断裂爆破技术在促进岩体中裂纹沿预定方向扩展有一定的引导作用,先后爆孔起爆时序与先后爆孔之间的间距均会影响裂纹成型效果,且炮孔数量越多越明显;合理设计起爆时序与孔间距可显著提升炸药能量利用率,降低围岩损伤,为复杂地质条件下的精准爆破施工提供理论依据与技术支撑。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王远宏(2004-),男,河南省沁阳人,本科在读,主要从事爆破方向的研究,(E-mail)
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唐明酉(1981-),男,四川省宜宾人,本科、高级工程师,主要从事公路工程方向的研究,(E-mail)

TANG Ming-you (1981-), male, Yibin City, Sichuan Province, Undergraduate degree, Mainly engaged in research in the field of highway engineering, (E-mail) .

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唐明酉(1981-),男,四川省宜宾人,本科、高级工程师,主要从事公路工程方向的研究,(E-mail)

TANG Ming-you (1981-), male, Yibin City, Sichuan Province, Undergraduate degree, Mainly engaged in research in the field of highway engineering, (E-mail) .

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唐明酉(1981-),男,四川省宜宾人,本科、高级工程师,主要从事公路工程方向的研究,(E-mail)

TANG Ming-you (1981-), male, Yibin City, Sichuan Province, Undergraduate degree, Mainly engaged in research in the field of highway engineering, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Numerical simulation analysis of rock blasting based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702099881783901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079073841930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=47, issue=10, pageStart=931, pageEnd=936, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=27, authorNames=李优, 阮光光, 赵海平, journalName=火炸药学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李优,阮光光,赵海平, 等. 基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟计算对弧锥结合药型罩的优化设计[J]. 火炸药学报, 2024, 47(10): 931-936., articleTitle=基于ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟计算对弧锥结合药型罩的优化设计, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702099948892765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702079073841930, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2024, volume=47, issue=10, pageStart=931, pageEnd=936, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=28, authorNames=LI You, RUAN Guang-guang, ZHAO Hai-ping, journalName=Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI You, RUAN Guang-guang, ZHAO Hai-ping, Optimization of arc-cone liner based on ANSYS/LS-DYNA numerical simulations[J]. Chinese Journal of Explosives & Propellants, 2024, 47(10): 931-936. 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Explosive model of high energy detonation and its parameters of state equation

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ρ1/(g·cm-3) D/(m·s-1) A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 w E1/(J·m-1)
1.032002140.184.150.950.134.0×109
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炸药高能爆轰模型及其状态方程参数

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ρ1/(g·cm-3) D/(m·s-1) A/GPa B/GPa R1 R2 w E1/(J·m-1)
1.032002140.184.150.950.134.0×109
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Explosive model of Rock Material and its parameters of state equation

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ρ2/(g·cm-3) E2/GPa μ σ t/MPa
2.6862.80.2916.0
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岩石材料模型及其状态方程参数

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ρ2/(g·cm-3) E2/GPa μ σ t/MPa
2.6862.80.2916.0
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基于时序控制断裂爆破的多孔模型试验研究
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唐明酉 1, 2 , 祝云峰 1, 2 , 吴松 1, 2 , 王远宏 3a , 黄俊红 3a , 李新平 3b
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025,42(3): 37-45
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025, 42(3): 37-45
基于时序控制断裂爆破的多孔模型试验研究
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唐明酉1, 2 , 祝云峰1, 2, 吴松1, 2, 王远宏3a , 黄俊红3a, 李新平3b
作者信息
  • 1.安徽六安和襄高速公路有限公司,六安 237100
  • 2.葛洲坝集团 交通投资有限公司,武汉 430034
  • 3a.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 3b.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070
  • 唐明酉(1981-),男,四川省宜宾人,本科、高级工程师,主要从事公路工程方向的研究,(E-mail)

    TANG Ming-you (1981-), male, Yibin City, Sichuan Province, Undergraduate degree, Mainly engaged in research in the field of highway engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

王远宏(2004-),男,河南省沁阳人,本科在读,主要从事爆破方向的研究,(E-mail)
Experimental Study on Porous Model based on Time-sequenced Controlled Fracture Blasting
Ming-you TANG1, 2 , Yun-Feng ZHU1, 2, Song WU1, 2, Yuan-hong WANG3a , Jun-hong HUANG3a, Xin-ping LI3b
Affiliations
  • 1.Anhui Lu'an Hexiang Expressway Co., Ltd., Liuan 237100, China
  • 2.Gezhouba Group Transportation Investment Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430034, China
  • 3a.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3b.School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.005
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近年来时序控制断裂爆破技术在部分矿山工程和水利设施的建造过程中得到了广泛的应用,为探究时序控制断裂爆破技术对岩体中裂纹扩展机理的影响,采用强度等级为C50的混凝土材料分别浇筑了3孔,5孔和9孔的试验模型,用雷管代替炸药进行岩体模型多孔爆破试验,测试爆生裂纹扩展路径和成缝效果。使用LS-DYNA软件对不同工况下的岩体模型爆破过程进行模拟,选用RHT本构模型表征岩石动态破坏行为,并采用流固耦合算法模拟爆炸应力波与岩体的相互作用,同时以炮孔之间的间距和各个炮孔的起爆时间为控制变量,通过改变这些变量来建造不同的数值模型,并使用后处理软件提取数值模拟结果。最后与模型试验结果进行对比分析,探讨岩体中爆生裂纹扩展规律。结果表明:时序控制断裂爆破技术在促进岩体中裂纹沿预定方向扩展有一定的引导作用,先后爆孔起爆时序与先后爆孔之间的间距均会影响裂纹成型效果,且炮孔数量越多越明显;合理设计起爆时序与孔间距可显著提升炸药能量利用率,降低围岩损伤,为复杂地质条件下的精准爆破施工提供理论依据与技术支撑。

时序控制断裂爆破  /  多孔模型  /  数值模拟  /  裂纹扩展

In recent years, the technology of controlled fracture blasting with sequential timing has been extensively utilized in the construction of mining engineering projects and hydraulic infrastructures. To investigate its influence on crack propagation mechanisms in rock masses, C50-grade concrete specimens with 3, 5, and 9 boreholes were cast. Detonators were used instead of explosives to conduct multi-hole blasting tests on rock-like models, examining the propagation paths of cracks and the effects of fracture formation. The LS-DYNA software was used to simulate blasting processes under various working conditions, utilizing the RHT constitutive model to characterize the dynamic failure behavior of rock. A fluid-solid coupling algorithm was employed to simulate the interaction between explosive stress waves and rock masses. By regulating variables such as borehole spacing and detonation timing, several numerical models were developed. Post-processing software was used to extract the simulation results, which were subsequently compared with experimental data to investigate crack propagation patterns within rock masses. The results indicated that time-sequenced controlled blasting technology effectively guides cracks to propagate along predetermined paths. Both the detonation timing sequence and borehole spacing significantly influence crack formation, with more pronounced effects observed in configurations containing a greater number of boreholes. Rational design of initiation timing and borehole spacing can substantially enhance the efficiency of explosive energy utilization while reducing damage to the surrounding rock. This study provides theoretical foundations and technical support for precision blasting operations in complex geological conditions.

time-sequence controlled fracture blasting  /  multi-hole model  /  numerical simulation  /  crack propagation
唐明酉, 祝云峰, 吴松, 王远宏, 黄俊红, 李新平. 基于时序控制断裂爆破的多孔模型试验研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 37 -45 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.005
Ming-you TANG, Yun-Feng ZHU, Song WU, Yuan-hong WANG, Jun-hong HUANG, Xin-ping LI. Experimental Study on Porous Model based on Time-sequenced Controlled Fracture Blasting[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 37 -45 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.005
时序控制断裂爆破是近几年新兴发展的爆破技术,通过精确控制各个炮孔的起爆时间和炮孔间距,实现对岩体裂纹扩展方向的引导和优化。相比传统的控制断裂爆破方法,该技术不需要额外的聚能药包和机械刻槽[1,2],只通过改变延时时间和炮孔间距就可以提高爆破效果,能有效地减少爆破过程中的能量浪费,降低对周围岩体的不必要损伤,从而提高整体爆破效果。
时序控制断裂爆破是一种基于空孔效应提出来的先进爆破技术,叶海旺等通过数值模拟和现场试验,探讨了如何确定合理的起爆延期时间和最佳的后爆孔孔距[3]。岳中文等通过新型数字激光动态焦散线实验验证了空孔具有很好的导向作用,爆炸应力波与空孔相互作用,可以很好地引导裂纹的扩张方向[4]。文梼等通过建立数值模拟的方法证明了孔间距系数对爆破中空孔效应造成的裂纹导向作用有着非常显著的影响[5]。李新平等基于弹性动力学,采用波函数展开法,研究了时序控制断裂爆破在无限弹性介质中先爆孔爆炸应力波下,后爆孔之间的多重散射和动应力集中问题,得到散射波及动应力集中系数解析解,结果表明[6]:后爆孔的孔距与孔径比值宜为10~24。朱瑞赓等提出了裂纹尖端的应力强度因子公式,认为控制爆破断裂扩展的应力强度因子会随裂纹扩展而下降,当裂纹尖端的应力强度因子小于岩石的断裂韧度时,裂纹就会止裂[7]。唐可利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA对岩锚梁开挖时序控制爆破进行了模拟研究,证明了时序控制断裂爆破在不增加其他工艺的基础上就可以增大孔距,从而减少钻孔数量和炸药用量,降低成本,具有非常大的推广价值[8]。李启月等运用三维有限元软件LS-DYNA分析得出,空孔在掏槽爆破中产生空孔效应,改变了槽孔周围的爆炸应力分布,使空孔与槽孔连线上产生最大拉应力,容易出现裂纹[9]
通过数值模拟和现场试验来系统地研究了时序控制断裂爆破在多孔模型中的应用效果,以及对裂纹方向延展的控制。本文详细地阐述了试验模型的构建过程,包括模型设计、材料选择以及制备工艺等。在数值模拟部分,又详细地介绍了数值模型的建立方法、材料模型及参数设置,以及模拟结果的分析方法。
在时序控制断裂爆破过程中,先爆孔起爆时可视后爆孔为空孔。这主要是因为先爆孔起爆时,其产生的爆炸冲击波和应力波会向周围传播,并在遇到后爆孔时发生反射和叠加。由于此时后爆孔尚未起爆,其内部为空腔,因此可以视为“空孔”对爆炸波的传播产生影响。这种影响主要体现在两个方面:一是空孔的存在会改变爆炸波的传播路径和速度,使得爆炸波在传播过程中发生折射和散射;二是空孔对爆炸波的反射作用会增强爆炸波的强度,从而对后爆孔的爆破效果产生影响。因此,在时序控制断裂爆破中,先爆孔起爆时视后爆孔为空孔,是考虑到了爆炸波传播和反射的复杂性,以及空孔对爆破效果的影响。
一维应力波传播方程爆炸产生的径向应力大小可用公式(1)描述[10]
切向应力大小可用公式(2)表示为
式中:σ0为初始应力峰值(炮孔壁处);r0为炮孔半径;r为传播距离;n为衰减指数;b为侧应力系数。
如图所示(图1)当先爆孔爆炸产生应力波传播到达后爆孔附近时,可以看到Rra(其中Rr分别为岩石中点P距后爆孔与先爆孔中心的距离,a为先爆孔与后爆孔之间的距离),由于应力波在后爆孔的孔壁上会发生反射作用,将会使后爆孔周围岩石的应力值明显大于无B孔时的应力值,此即为空孔的应力集中效应[8]
由弹性力学的相关理论可知P点的径向应力、切向应力、剪切应力的最大应力状态可表示为[11,12]
式中:σrrσθθτ为后爆孔出现应力集中后岩石中的径向应力、切向应力和剪切应力,MPa;rB为后爆孔的半径,m;θ为任意方向与炮孔间连线的夹角,°;R为岩石中某一点距孔B的中心的距离,m。
P点在后爆孔B的孔壁上(即RrB)时,则k=1,可得此时P点的径向应力、切向应力、剪切应力分别为
σθθ进行求导,可得当:θ=0、±π时,(此时σθθ出现最大值),即最大拉应力在先爆孔与后爆孔的连心线上。
由断裂裂纹理论公式(7)可知,只有当裂纹尖端的应力强度因子KI大于岩石的断裂韧度KIC时,裂纹才能够继续扩展下去。在裂纹扩展这个过程中,随着断裂长度b的增大,裂纹尖端的应力强度因子KI会逐渐减小,最终小于岩石的断裂韧度,此时裂纹便无法继续扩展下去,裂纹最后就会止裂[13]
式中:P为炮孔准静态气体压力;r为炮孔半径。
鉴于此,在实施时序控制断裂爆破作业时,必须全面考虑岩石的物理力学特性、炮孔间距、起爆延时等关键因素对爆破效果的综合影响。通过结合数值模拟与实验研究的方法,可以深入解析这些因素对爆破效果的作用机制,为工程实践提供科学的理论指导。
为验证数值模拟的真实性,现设计现场试验来与数值模拟结果进行比较。在实际爆破中,岩石通常是不均匀不连续且具有各向异性,因此在本次试验中选用与岩石性质相似的混凝土作为模拟材料。模型试件采用强度等级为50的普通硅酸盐水泥,原料配合比为水泥∶砂∶石∶水=1∶1.94∶3.59∶0.40,为了尽可能降低边界效应对爆破效果的影响,现场浇筑一个16 m(长)×8 m(宽)×0.3 m(厚)的试验场地(如图2),取其中4 m(长)×2 m(宽)×0.3 m(厚)的场地做三孔、五孔模型试验,浇筑完成后养护28 d。现场布控图如图2所示。三孔及五孔试验炮孔直径均为1 cm,炮孔深度为20 cm,使用含1 g炸药的雷管爆破,将雷管置于炮孔底部,上部采用黄泥进行堵塞,先爆孔与后爆孔起爆延时时间约为50 μs。
三孔试验结果如图3所示,在设定炮孔间距为10 cm,爆炸完成后,观察试验结果可见炮孔周边形成了较广的粉碎区域,结构破坏较为严重,并产生了显著的径向裂纹。这些裂纹自炮孔中心向外围延伸,与另外两个炮孔产生的裂纹相互连通,裂纹贯通率达到了100%,展现了理想的裂纹扩展特性,且与设计预期的裂纹扩展路径基本吻合。当炮孔间距增至15 cm时,尽管裂纹扩展现象依然存在,但其连通效果有所减弱,裂纹扩展方向与设计预期的偏差有所增加。当炮孔间距进一步提升至20 cm时,爆破效果进一步降低,裂纹扩展受到显著限制,炮孔之间的裂纹方向与设计预期偏差较大。
为确保五孔试验结果准确性,特进行了两次试验,按照设计延时(0-30 μs-45 μs-60 μs-75 μs)依次起爆炮孔中的炸药,由图4可以观察炮孔周围存在明显的粉碎区,炮孔间距为10 cm的OA,15 cm的OB,20 cm的OC之间的裂纹完全贯通,且由于受到邻近炮孔的影响,可以从图中明显观察到OBOC之间的裂纹明显偏向了炮孔A,符合预期,说明炮孔爆炸产生的应力波产生了相互影响,导致最大拉应力并不在炮孔之间的连线上。对于OD,可以观察到两炮孔之间的裂纹并没有贯通,说明当炮孔之间的距离超过一定范围时,时序控制断裂爆破失去了效果。
在Ansys/LS-dyna软件环境下构建数值模型,采用g-cm-μs作为单位制,选用3D-solid-164单元类型以建立三维实体单元,并通过Mesh-Facet-200对网格进行划分。为增强数值模拟计算的精确度,模型外围施加了无反射边界条件。数值模型整体由炸药、空气和岩石三个主要部分构成,其中起爆点设定于炸药的中心位置。在模拟过程中,空气与炸药的相互作用采用ALE算法进行计算,岩石则采用Langrange算法,而岩石与空气、炸药之间的相互作用则通过流固耦合算法来实现[14]
在模拟岩石在爆炸作用下的破坏行为时,采用RHT模型对岩石材料进行表征。炸药材料的描述则采用*MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN定义,并选用*EOS_JWL状态方程来模拟炸药爆轰产物的压力-密度-比能关系。至于空气材料模型,采用NULL进行简化处理[15],部分材料的部分参数见表1~表2所示。
本次模拟采用控制变量法,确保岩石样本的其他参数保持一致,通过调整炮孔间距和延时时间来探究时序控制断裂爆破效应。岩石样本设计为尺寸为80 cm×80 cm×30 cm的长方体。炮孔直径设定为1 cm,装药直径为0.6 cm,炸药与岩石之间采用非耦合装药方式。O孔起爆时间为0,A孔起爆时间为50 μs或者100 μs,B孔起爆时间为50 μs或者100 μs。不同炮孔间距的岩石样本设计图详见图5
五孔模型设计与三孔近似,岩石设计为长为80 cm,宽为80 cm,厚度为30 cm的长方体。炮孔直径为1 cm,装药直径为0.6 cm,炸药与岩石之间为不耦合装药。O孔与A孔距离为10 cm,O孔与B孔距离为15 cm,O孔与C孔距离为20 cm,O孔与D孔距离为25 cm。O孔起爆时间为0,A孔起爆时间为30 μs,B孔起爆时间为45 μs,C孔起爆时间为60 μs,D孔起爆时间为75 μs。五孔模型设计如图6所示。
利用后处理软件lsprepost对实验结果进行观察,通过损伤云图(图7)可见:中心孔(O孔)首先起爆时,其产生的压缩应力波在岩石介质中传播,导致初始径向裂纹的形成;随后,相邻炮孔(AB孔)延迟起爆,爆炸应力波与已存在的裂纹区域产生叠加效应,显著增强了特定方向的裂纹扩展。当炮孔间距设定为10 cm,延时时间为50 μs时,裂纹贯通率可达100%,主裂纹方向与设计预期的偏差小于5°;当炮孔间距保持为10 cm,延迟时间提升至100 μs时,裂纹贯通率有明显的下降,主裂纹方向与设计预期的依然,由此可知延迟时间为50 μs时,时序控制断裂爆破效果较好,但当延时时间超过一定范围时,时序控制断裂爆破效果会下降;保证延时时间为50 μs,将炮孔间距调整为15 cm,裂纹贯通效果并不理想,主裂纹方向与设计方向的偏差较大。进一步增加炮孔间距至20 cm,此时时序控制断裂爆破效果几乎消失,炮孔之间的相互影响极小。
五孔模型中,时序控制对裂纹导向性更为显著。起爆顺序为OABCD,爆炸应力波叠加形成圆形裂纹网络(图8)。观察损伤云图可以发现,炮孔OA之间产生了明显的贯通裂纹,而OBOC之间的裂纹贯通性较差,OBOC之间的裂纹都偏向了炮孔A,说明裂纹的扩展会受到周围炮孔的影响。炮孔D起爆后的效果基本符合单孔爆破的试验现象,存在比较明显的粉碎区、裂隙区以及振动区,沿着粉碎区,向四周辐射数条裂纹。
岩锚梁作为地下工程中常用的围岩结构,往往采用一字型光面爆破方式进行开挖,为了获得光爆孔之间裂纹扩展路径,从而开展九孔模型试验研究。采用与三孔、五孔相同的试验条件,选用相同的工艺和材料来浇筑多个1.8 m(长)×1.8 m(宽)×0.3 m(厚)的试验场地。九孔试验装药量为0.9 g,堵塞长度为3 cm。由于该模型较大,制作困难,爆破试验过程中药量较少,且试验主要是为了获得爆生裂纹扩展的规律性成果,所以首次爆炸完成后的模型损伤较小时,依然可以满足再次爆破试验。现场布置图如图9所示。
九孔试验结果如图10所示,在后爆孔间距为15 cm,9个炮孔同时起爆时,可以观察到炮孔周边发生了严重的破坏,原炮孔外侧为粉碎区,粉碎区受到强烈的压缩剪切作用,结构破坏较严重,紧接着为破碎区,该区产生大量裂纹,岩体受到剪切破坏,最外侧为裂隙区,该区径向裂隙发育,并逐渐过渡到岩体的弹性变形区。
接着将延时设置为50 ms,在0 ms时,2、5、8这三个炮孔最先起爆,在50微秒时,1、3、4、6、7、9炮孔紧随其后,爆炸结束后可以观察到粉碎区范围适中,裂纹扩展方向与整体预期一致,仅左侧偏差较大,裂纹贯通良好,可以观察到良好的时序控制效果。通过对比不同延时设置下的试验结果,发现50 ms延时模式在控制裂纹扩展和岩体破坏方面表现最佳,既保证了贯通性又有效控制了粉碎区范围。
在50 ms延时模式下继续试验,将后爆孔间距设置为10 cm,可以观察到炮孔周围的粉碎区面积大大提升,虽然裂纹连通性较好,但对周围岩体的损伤性也提高了;将后爆孔间距设置为20 cm,观察试验结果,可以发现裂纹贯通效果下降,岩体破坏程度加剧,炮孔之间的裂纹虽然完成了贯穿,但是裂纹扩展方向预期方向存在较大的偏差。
为了控制变量,因此九孔数值模拟材料参数与算法与三孔、五孔数值模拟的材料参数与算法保持一致。
九孔模型设计采用控制变量法,保证岩石其他参数设计一致,通过改变每组炮孔之间的距离来研究时序控制断裂爆破的影响。其中,岩石设计为长为180 cm,宽为180 cm,厚度为30 cm的长方体。炮孔直径为1 cm,装药直径为0.6 cm。每组炮孔中中心炮孔与两侧炮孔间距随设计来改变。延时设计上有九孔同时起爆或者延时起爆,即2、5、8孔起爆时间为0,1、3、4、6、7、9孔起爆时间为50 μs或者100 μs。不同后爆孔间距之间的岩石设计和现场试验设计时一致。
九孔模型的数值模拟结果揭示了多孔时序起爆可实现“引导-扩展-贯通”的三阶段破坏模式。观察损伤云图(图11)在后爆孔间距为15 cm的条件下,当9个炮孔同步起爆时,可以观察到炮孔周围形成显著的粉碎区,炮孔之间的裂纹实现了完全贯通,但左右两侧的损伤较大,超出了炮孔之间的范围。在延时起爆模式下,当炮孔延迟时间为50 ms时,炮孔2、5、8首先起爆,产生初始径向裂纹;炮孔1、3、4、6、7、9在延迟50 ms后起爆,观察到裂纹最终连成一体,贯通率达到100%,并且炮孔裂纹方向与设计预期方向一致,左右两边的损伤在可接受范围之内。
若将炮孔之间延时设置为100 μs,裂纹贯通变得困难,炮孔周围的粉碎区相较于短延时情况显著扩大。在炮孔间距为10 cm时,可以观察到炮孔周围的粉碎区较大,可能是炮孔之间的距离过近爆炸产生的应力相互叠加的结果;在后爆孔间距为20 cm时,裂纹贯通率降至80%;而当间距为25 cm时,裂纹难以实现完全贯通,显示出时序微差爆破效果的局限性。
本论文中的现场试验与数值模拟试验的结果有些出入,主要由于技术原因,本次数值模拟并没有对爆孔进行堵塞,而且数值模拟的结果也过于理想。通过系统的现场模型试验与数值模拟研究对比,分别针对先后爆孔延时、相邻后爆孔间距、炮孔布置形式对多孔爆破模型试验和数值模型中的裂纹扩展规律进行分析,获得的主要结论如下:
(1)时序控制断裂爆破技术通过精确的起爆时序调控,可实现爆炸应力波的有效叠加。三孔模型试验表明,当炮孔间距约为10倍炮孔直径时,裂纹贯通率可达100%,主裂纹方向偏差控制在5°以内,验证了该技术对裂纹扩展方向的可控性,进一步提高炮孔间距和延时时间,炮孔爆破效果会有明显的下降。
(2)五孔模型揭示了应力波叠加的时空演化规律:当延时起爆时间差控制在0 μs-30 μs-45 μs-60 μs-75 μs时,先爆孔产生的应力场可为后爆孔孔壁裂纹扩展提供引导作用,形成符合设计预期的半壁孔形状,有效减少了钻孔数量,提升了岩体粉碎率。
(3)九孔模型试验结果表明当后爆孔间距为15倍炮孔直径时,50 μs延时起爆可实现”引导-扩展-贯通”三阶段破坏模式,裂纹贯通率达100%;炮孔之间的间距过近时,爆破产生的应力相互叠加致使炮孔周围粉碎区过大;当后爆孔间距和起爆延时提高时,裂纹贯通性会逐渐降低。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(52109165)
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.005
  • 接收时间:2025-03-06
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-06
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Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(52109165)
国家自然科学基金资助项目(52109165)
作者信息
    1.安徽六安和襄高速公路有限公司,六安 237100
    2.葛洲坝集团 交通投资有限公司,武汉 430034
    3a.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
    3b.武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,武汉 430070

通讯作者:

王远宏(2004-),男,河南省沁阳人,本科在读,主要从事爆破方向的研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
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Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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