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Article(id=1240702078885098244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.001, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741190400000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-06, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736026735, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736026735, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736026735, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736026735, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1, endPage=8, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702079174505228, articleId=1240702078885098244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research on Mechanical Property Deterioration and Energy Evolution Mechanisms of Iron Ore under Microwave Irradiation, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To systematically reveal the influence of laws of microwave radiation parameters (power, time) on the degradation of the mechanical properties of iron ore and the energy dissipation mechanism, and to improve the crushing efficiency of iron ore, this iron ore from Sishanling in Liaoning Province is the research object. By adopting a method combining microwave pretreatment, multi-scale mechanical tests, and microscopic tests, this thesis conducts static and dynamic impact tests as well as XRD tests on iron ore samples under different microwave actions. By analyzing the mechanical properties of iron ore subjected to various microwave treatments and utilizing the principles of energy conservation, this study elucidates the damage evolution characteristics and the laws governing energy evolution of iron ore under the coupled action of microwave and mechanical forces. The research results show that: (1) With an increase in microwave power and irradiation time, the sample mass decreases slightly, and the longitudinal wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, and elastic modulus exhibit a linear degradation trend. Microscopic tests have confirmed that the damage is caused by thermal stress cracking, rather than a change in composition. (2) The analysis of energy evolution indicates that microwave pretreatment diminishes the total input energy density of the sample, reduces the proportion of elastic energy, and elevates the proportion of dissipated energy. This phenomenon suggests a deterioration in the ore's storage capacity and a transition toward plastic yielding. (3) Dynamic impact tests show that an increase in microwave damage leads to a 45.58% increase in reflected energy, a 16.12% decrease in transmitted energy, and an increase in energy dissipation to 37.49%.

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CHU Huai-bao (1978-), male, Ph.D, professor, doctoral supervisor, maninly engaged in research on explosion theory and application, (E-mail) .
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为系统揭示微波辐射参数（功率、时间）对铁矿石力学性能劣化及能量耗散机制的影响规律，提升铁矿石破碎效率。基于辽宁思山岭铁矿石为研究对象，采用微波预处理与多尺度力学试验以及微观试验相结合的方法，开展了不同微波作用下铁矿石试样的静态试验、动态冲击试验和XRD试验，通过分析不同微波作用下铁矿石的力学特征及能量守恒理论，揭示了微波-力学耦合作用下铁矿石的损伤演化特征以及能量演化规律。研究结果表明：（1）随微波功率与辐照时间的增加，试样质量略微下降，纵波波速、单轴抗压强度及弹性模量呈线性劣化趋势，微观试验证实了其损伤源于热应力致裂而非成分改变；（2）能量演化分析表明，微波预处理使试样总输入能密度和弹性能占比降低，耗散能占比提升，揭示了矿石储能能力弱化并向塑性屈服转变；（3）动态冲击试验显示，微波损伤度增加使反射能占比提升45.58%，透射能降低16.12%，能量耗散增加37.49%。研究结论对微波辅助破岩技术的能量调控具有参考价值。

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褚怀保（1978-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，从事爆炸理论及应用方面研究，（E-mail）。
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杨小林（1963-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。

YANG Xiao-lin (1963-), male, Ph.D, professor, doctoral supervisor, maninly engaged in research on tunnel and underground engineering, (E-mail) .

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杨小林（1963-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。

YANG Xiao-lin (1963-), male, Ph.D, professor, doctoral supervisor, maninly engaged in research on tunnel and underground engineering, (E-mail) .

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杨小林（1963-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。

YANG Xiao-lin (1963-), male, Ph.D, professor, doctoral supervisor, maninly engaged in research on tunnel and underground engineering, (E-mail) .

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articleId=1240702078885098244, language=CN, label=图10, caption=微波1.5 kW辐射下铁矿石能量随时间的变化, figureFileSmall=lsNZN+PoHGrTLwj3ysi3gQ==, figureFileBig=Ug+BCko0PDd9FYIU91aOaA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702095536484812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078885098244, language=EN, label=Fig. 11, caption=Power-dependent energy evolution of iron ore during 180 s microwave irradiation, figureFileSmall=ts/uUIxhF0wOgMlG7w03LQ==, figureFileBig=cL3zpZlmIWjWu3L7modTcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702095628759504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078885098244, language=CN, label=图11, caption=微波辐射180 s下铁矿石能量随辐照功率变化, figureFileSmall=ts/uUIxhF0wOgMlG7w03LQ==, figureFileBig=cL3zpZlmIWjWu3L7modTcQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702095729422807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078885098244, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Content percentages of main constituents in iron ore

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微波Microwave主要矿物种类含量/% Major mineral species content/%
磁铁矿Magnetite石英Quartz赤铁矿Hematite镁铁矿Magnesioferrite
无Absence43.742.75.14.3
有Presence43.542.85.04.2
), ArticleFig(id=1240702095813308891, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078885098244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

铁矿石主要成分所占百分比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微波Microwave主要矿物种类含量/% Major mineral species content/%
磁铁矿Magnetite石英Quartz赤铁矿Hematite镁铁矿Magnesioferrite
无Absence43.742.75.14.3
有Presence43.542.85.04.2
), ArticleFig(id=1240702095872029152, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078885098244, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Impact-induced energy partitioning under varying microwave irradiation powers

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微波功率Microwave power反射能/J Reflected energy/J透射能/J Transmitted energy/J耗散能/J Dissipated energy/J
0.0 kW21.19153.3142.30
1.5 kW23.13145.6346.94
3.0 kW25.35134.3950.58
4.5 kW28.00129.5153.61
6.0 kW30.85119.5958.16
), ArticleFig(id=1240702095943332325, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078885098244, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同微波功率动态冲击下能量分布

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
微波功率Microwave power反射能/J Reflected energy/J透射能/J Transmitted energy/J耗散能/J Dissipated energy/J
0.0 kW21.19153.3142.30
1.5 kW23.13145.6346.94
3.0 kW25.35134.3950.58
4.5 kW28.00129.5153.61
6.0 kW30.85119.5958.16
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微波作用下铁矿石力学性能劣化及能量演化规律研究
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杨小林 , 张少兵 , 褚怀保 , 郭德坤 , 温自龙 , 鲁一明 , 崔莱州 , 程志楷 , 孙博
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025,42(3): 1-8
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025, 42(3): 1-8
微波作用下铁矿石力学性能劣化及能量演化规律研究
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杨小林 , 张少兵, 褚怀保 , 郭德坤, 温自龙, 鲁一明, 崔莱州, 程志楷, 孙博
作者信息
  • 河南理工大学　土木工程学院，焦作　451003

    • 杨小林（1963-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，从事隧道与地下工程方面研究，（E-mail）。

    YANG Xiao-lin (1963-), male, Ph.D, professor, doctoral supervisor, maninly engaged in research on tunnel and underground engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

褚怀保（1978-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，从事爆炸理论及应用方面研究，（E-mail）。
Research on Mechanical Property Deterioration and Energy Evolution Mechanisms of Iron Ore under Microwave Irradiation
Xiao-lin YANG , Shao-bing ZHANG, Huai-bao CHU , De-kun GUO, Zi-long WEN, Yi-ming LU, Lai-zhou CUI, Zhi-kai CHENG, Bo SUN
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 451003, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.001
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摘要
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为系统揭示微波辐射参数（功率、时间）对铁矿石力学性能劣化及能量耗散机制的影响规律，提升铁矿石破碎效率。基于辽宁思山岭铁矿石为研究对象，采用微波预处理与多尺度力学试验以及微观试验相结合的方法，开展了不同微波作用下铁矿石试样的静态试验、动态冲击试验和XRD试验，通过分析不同微波作用下铁矿石的力学特征及能量守恒理论，揭示了微波-力学耦合作用下铁矿石的损伤演化特征以及能量演化规律。研究结果表明：（1）随微波功率与辐照时间的增加，试样质量略微下降，纵波波速、单轴抗压强度及弹性模量呈线性劣化趋势，微观试验证实了其损伤源于热应力致裂而非成分改变；（2）能量演化分析表明，微波预处理使试样总输入能密度和弹性能占比降低，耗散能占比提升，揭示了矿石储能能力弱化并向塑性屈服转变；（3）动态冲击试验显示，微波损伤度增加使反射能占比提升45.58%，透射能降低16.12%，能量耗散增加37.49%。研究结论对微波辅助破岩技术的能量调控具有参考价值。

微波辐射  /  铁矿石  /  力学特性  /  能量演化  /  矿石损伤

To systematically reveal the influence of laws of microwave radiation parameters (power, time) on the degradation of the mechanical properties of iron ore and the energy dissipation mechanism, and to improve the crushing efficiency of iron ore, this iron ore from Sishanling in Liaoning Province is the research object. By adopting a method combining microwave pretreatment, multi-scale mechanical tests, and microscopic tests, this thesis conducts static and dynamic impact tests as well as XRD tests on iron ore samples under different microwave actions. By analyzing the mechanical properties of iron ore subjected to various microwave treatments and utilizing the principles of energy conservation, this study elucidates the damage evolution characteristics and the laws governing energy evolution of iron ore under the coupled action of microwave and mechanical forces. The research results show that: (1) With an increase in microwave power and irradiation time, the sample mass decreases slightly, and the longitudinal wave velocity, uniaxial compressive strength, and elastic modulus exhibit a linear degradation trend. Microscopic tests have confirmed that the damage is caused by thermal stress cracking, rather than a change in composition. (2) The analysis of energy evolution indicates that microwave pretreatment diminishes the total input energy density of the sample, reduces the proportion of elastic energy, and elevates the proportion of dissipated energy. This phenomenon suggests a deterioration in the ore's storage capacity and a transition toward plastic yielding. (3) Dynamic impact tests show that an increase in microwave damage leads to a 45.58% increase in reflected energy, a 16.12% decrease in transmitted energy, and an increase in energy dissipation to 37.49%.

microwave radiation  /  ironstone  /  mechanical properties  /  energy evolution  /  ore damage
杨小林, 张少兵, 褚怀保, 郭德坤, 温自龙, 鲁一明, 崔莱州, 程志楷, 孙博. 微波作用下铁矿石力学性能劣化及能量演化规律研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.001
Xiao-lin YANG, Shao-bing ZHANG, Huai-bao CHU, De-kun GUO, Zi-long WEN, Yi-ming LU, Lai-zhou CUI, Zhi-kai CHENG, Bo SUN. Research on Mechanical Property Deterioration and Energy Evolution Mechanisms of Iron Ore under Microwave Irradiation[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 1 -8 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.001
正文
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我国矿产资源总量丰富，但金属矿对外依存度较高，保障国家战略资源安全供给将面临严峻挑战。随着浅部矿产资源的逐步枯竭，深部(1000~2000 m)矿产资源规模化开发将成为未来矿业发展的必然趋势[1]。深部矿体具有高地应力、高温、高渗透压等特征，导致矿石硬度显著提升，传统机械破岩方法面临刀具磨损加剧、破岩效率降低及开采成本攀升等技术瓶颈。钻爆法在深部开采中也面临炸药单耗增加、巷道支护难度加大等问题[2-4]。因此，亟须研发适应深部复杂条件的高效破岩技术体系。
微波破岩技术凭借其独特优势成为深部开采领域的研究热点，微波作为频率介于0.3~300 GHz的电磁波，具有无介质热传递、能量密度高、穿透性强及可控性好等特点。微波破岩机理主要基于材料内部的介电损耗效应，当微波能量作用于矿物时，材料内部的偶极子极化、弛豫损耗和传导电流损耗共同作用产生焦耳热，导致矿物颗粒间结合力弱化甚至破裂[5]。微波电磁场驱动矿物晶格中的偶极子高速旋转并发生碰撞，通过能量传递提升分子动能，最终宏观表现为温度升高[6]。材料对微波的响应特性主要由复介电常数ε＝ε′－jε″ε决定，其中ε′为相对介电常数，ε″为介电损耗因子。材料吸收的微波功率密度表示为[7]
式中：Pd为材料吸收的功率密度；f为微波频率；ε0、ε″和E分别为真空介电常数、介电损耗因子、微波电场强度。
卢高明等通过对比11种岩矿物的升温特性[8]，揭示了不同矿物对微波能的吸收差异性，辉石类矿物(如辉石、角闪石)表现出强微波吸收特性，而多数硅酸盐矿物属于弱吸收类型。Kahraman等在岩浆岩微波加热研究中指出[9]，含金属矿物的岩石不仅升温速率快，而且最终达到的温升幅度显著高于其他岩类，强调微波功率密度、作用时间及矿物成分构成是影响加热效率的关键参数。袁媛等对橄榄玄武岩的组分分析显示[10]，不同成分对微波热响应存在差异。赵沁华等通过对14种火成岩矿物的微波测试[11]，证实了磁性矿物的微波敏感性与其铁含量呈正相关，磁铁矿和赤铁矿的温升速率比普通花岗岩、玄武岩等高出多倍。高峰等对花岗岩试样采用不同的加热方式和方法[12]，认为采用单次、单侧、高功率和短时间的微波照射方式温度升高的更为显著。李强等认为微波对花岗岩断裂有着积极作用[13]，微波增加了微裂缝发育。郑彦龙等对微波照射玄武岩进行波速测量[14]，波速短时间快速下降，而后缓慢下降，岩石表面没有出现宏观的裂纹，但是岩石出现很大的损伤。
现有研究表明，微波辐照对岩石力学特性的影响已引起广泛关注。邹春江等通过石英闪长岩微波辐照试验发现[15]，短期微波处理可显著降低岩石的纵波波速、抗压强度等物理力学参数。杨潘等针对不同含水率煤体开展微波损伤研究[16]，揭示了含水率对煤样裂纹扩展速率的非线性影响规律。刘军等的砂岩微波试验表明[17]，试样损伤度与含水率呈弱相关性，而与辐照时间呈显著正相关。目前研究多聚焦于沉积岩类，针对金属矿岩的微波致损机理研究相对匮乏。本文以典型磁铁矿床思山岭铁矿为研究对象，系统探究金属矿岩在微波力学耦合作用下的损伤演化机制，填补该领域研究。
1　试验方案
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思山岭铁矿位于中国辽宁省本溪市，矿体有明显分层，规模达到超深部的矿山，铁矿石深度位于400~1900 m之间，大约有25亿吨铁矿石资源。该矿设计规模年产1500万吨铁矿石，铁矿矿石有较强磁性。
1.1　试样制备
铁矿石取自思山岭铁矿26号试验采场(埋深1020 m)，钻芯、切割、磨平加工成标准圆柱试样：静态力学试样规格ϕ 50×100 mm，动态冲击试样规格为ϕ 50×25 mm。采用中国鼎运科技有限公司工业微波装置，配备2.45 GHz磁控管(功率0~6 kW连续可调)、循环液冷温控系统．
1.2　单轴压缩试验
将36块标准铁矿石抗压试块按编号规则划分为12个试验组，每组3个平行实验，设置3个微波辐照时间梯度(60 s、180 s、300 s)和4个微波功率梯度(1.5 kW、3.0 kW、4.5 kW、6.0 kW)，12种试验工况组合，正交编号为T1~T36。
(1)预处理测试：对所有试样进行基础物理力学参数测试；(2)微波处理：将试样置于微波处理系统中，按预设参数进行辐照处理；(3)后处理测试：重复步骤(1)获取微波作用后的物理力学参数；(4)力学性能测试：万能试验机开展单轴压缩试验，记录峰值强度、弹性模量等力学参数。
1.3　动态冲击试验
动态加载系统：ϕ 50 mm分离式霍普金森压杆装置(SHPB)，压杆弹性模量210 GPa，入射杆、透射杆长度分别为2.4 m、1.2 m。SHPB设置恒定冲击气压0.5 MPa，固定微波辐照时间180 s，分别对4种功率(1.5 kW、3.0 kW、4.5 kW、6.0 kW)编号S1~S12，进行动态冲击试验，实验系统及流程示意图见图1。
2　试验结果与分析
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2.1　物理力学参数劣化
2.1.1　质量和外观
铁矿石初始平均质量为(628 g)，铁矿石试样经不同微波功率与时间辐照后，质量呈现轻微下降趋势，平均减少0.11 g。温度升高导致矿物内部水分蒸发及部分成分分解。铁矿石晶体结构因晶格参数变化和微观缺陷产生而呈现更明亮的金属光泽，同时伴随气体逸出现象，表面颜色发黄，未发现明显宏观裂纹。
2.1.2　波速
通过岩体测试仪对铁矿石试样进行纵波波速测量(初始波速5.26 km/s)，随着微波作用功率越大、时间越长，铁矿石波速下降越多，呈线性衰减趋势。如图2所示，功率6.0 kW时，不同时间分别降低18.9%、32.7%、44.87%。该变化表明微波能量吸收差异导致试样内部损伤程度不同，短时高功率通过快速升温引发更显著的微裂纹扩展，而长时间低功率辐照则因热传导效应使损伤区域更均匀，损伤以微观结构劣化为主。功率恒定时波速降幅随时间呈线性增长趋势，这与岩体损伤累积效应及热应力释放机制密切相关。
2.2　温度特征
采用红外热像仪测量铁矿石表面温度场分布。如图3所示，试样温度时间曲线呈现典型两阶段特征：(1)快速升温阶段(0~60 s)，1.5 kW辐照功率下温升速率达0.9℃/s，6.0 kW时可在60 s内突破250℃；(2)稳态传热阶段(60~300 s)，温升速率衰减至0.2~0.4℃/s，此时热传导主导能量耗散。当试样表面温度超过450℃阈值时，局部热点区域伴随热应力集中导致试样结构失稳，破坏方式热力分布不均匀分层断裂。故将辐照时间上限设定为300 s以防止试样失效。
2.3　成分分析
采用X射线衍射对微波辐照前后的铁矿石进行物相表征分析。如图4所示，试样经多点采样混合均质化制样法处理，破碎研磨至200目，通过Jade 6.5软件进行物相鉴定及半定量分析结果如表1。由表1可知，经6 kW/300 s微波辐照后，各相含量波动幅度<2.5%，未发生显著相变。
2.4　微波辐照后铁矿石力学演化特征
2.4.1　静力学应力应变曲线
铁矿石试样在不同微波辐射功率和时间下的应力-应变曲线如图5、图6所示，应力-应变曲线分为5个阶段。
压密阶段：低应力下原生裂隙被压实，发生显著塑性变形；弹性变形阶段：应变线性增长，卸载后变形完全恢复；微裂纹稳定扩展阶段：新生微裂纹持续萌生并稳定扩展；非稳定扩展阶段：应力-应变曲线呈非线性发展，新旧裂纹快速贯通形成宏观裂缝，此阶段卸载后变形不可恢复；破坏阶段：内部损伤累积导致承载能力骤降，试样发生“爆炸式”破坏，上半部分碎裂并伴随明显声响。
2.4.2　峰值强度和弹性模量
原始试样力学参数：峰值强度141.96 MPa，弹性模量28.97 GPa经微波处理后，两项指标均呈现显著下降趋势。6 kW功率下，辐照时间从60 s至300 s：峰值强度由103.17 MPa降至84.26 Ma(降幅40.66%)，弹性模量由17.9 GPa降至13.45 GPa(降幅53.57%)。线性拟合显示，时间每增加1 min，峰值强度平均下降5.47 MPa。功率响应特性：固定辐照时间3 min时，功率从1.5 kW提升至6.0kW：峰值强度由129.76 MPa降至107.5 MPa(降幅17.15%)弹性模量由23.66 GPa降至19.3 GPa(降幅18.43%)。功率每增加1.5 kW，弹性模量平均下降1.45 GPa。
如图7所示，试样抗压强度从141.96 MPa降至96.2 MPa，降幅达32.23%。当微波功率恒定时，辐照时间越长，压密区占比越大，线弹性阶段斜率(弹性模量)逐渐减小。峰值应力随辐照时间呈线性衰减，而峰值应变显著增大，表明试样内部损伤程度加剧。
2.4.3　动态力学应力应变曲线
与静态加载不同，如图8所示，微波辐照使岩样内部原生裂隙在极短时间内快速闭合，直接进入线性变形阶段。峰前硬化阶段：随着应力增加，曲线呈现下凹形态，动态应力增幅显著减小，此现象与微波热效应引发的损伤累积效应相关。能量注入使晶格膨胀不均加剧，微裂纹密度增加，导致应力传递路径复杂化。峰后卸载与回弹阶段：卸载后动态应力衰减速率加快，由于铁矿石高硬度特性，残余应变伴随明显弹性回弹，表明微波作用可有效提升岩石耗能能力。
微波辐射能量与岩石损伤程度呈正相关：随着功率增加或辐照时间延长，弹性斜率持续降低，峰值应力降幅达26.38%(6 kW组)。这种能量-损伤-变形的耦合关系揭示了微波预处理显著增强岩石变形延性的作用机理。
2.5　静态能量演化规律分析
由于岩石组成成分不同，岩石介电常数有很大的差异，铁矿石对微波有着较敏感的反应。在微波辐照作用后，假设铁矿石没有与外部系统进行能量交换，根据热力学第一、二定律可知，岩石破坏的本质是在外力作用下能量传递的结果[17]，弹性能和耗散能关系如图9所示。外力做功总能量U转化为岩石的弹性能Ue和耗散能Ud关系式为
式中：σi、εi、E分别为轴向应力、轴向应变和弹性模量。Ud为耗散能、Ue为弹性能。
裂隙闭合阶段：外部能量输入主要驱动天然裂隙的闭合与压实，裂隙网络的重构使弹性能逐步累积。线弹性阶段：外力做功转化为弹性应变能储存在岩石骨架中，弹性能曲线与应力-应变曲线呈镜像关联，耗散能保持平稳，表明该阶段能量以弹性储能为主导。裂纹拓展阶段：弹性能通过微裂纹萌生与扩展形式释放，初始能量释放导致局部耗散能下降，随后裂纹网络贯通引发能量剧烈耗散。峰后破坏阶段：累积的弹性能集中释放，驱动岩石宏观断裂与能量耗散，此过程与构造运动中岩体断裂能释放机制高度相似。
如图10所示，在峰值应变时总能量达到418.71 kJ/m3，其中弹性能占比85.59%(358.39 kJ/m3)，耗散能占比14.41%(60.32 kJ/m3)，弹性阶段因轴向应力梯度差异导致弹性能动态变化。当试样处于峰值应力时，弹性能达到最大值。随后试样破坏过程中，储存的弹性能通过内部摩擦热能和碎片动能形式耗散。
控制单一变量时，功率效应：T1~T9组，总能量随时间呈弱减少趋势，与原岩相比(降幅3.77%)，表明低功率微波对储能影响有限。在1.5 kW/5 min时弹性能下降13.50%，耗散能增加54.10%，揭示微波能量主要通过诱导微裂纹扩展消耗弹性势能。如图11，时间效应：固定时间3 min，总能量变化与随着功率较为显著(功率4.5 kW组与对照组降低11.42%)，但弹性能衰减(21.22%)，耗散能同步增长(46.78%)，表明损伤累积效应主导能量转化过程。
综合分析，微波辐照通过热-力耦合作用产生新裂纹网络，促使岩石储能结构发生转变：弹性能比例降低，耗散能比例相应增加，对应岩石变形模式由弹性向塑性过渡。该能量演化规律与微波预处理提升岩石延性能力的结论一致。
2.6　动态能量演化规律分析
在SHPB试验中，为简化能量分析过程，特作如下假设，岩石破碎飞溅产生的动能(约占总能量的0.1%~0.3%)远小于岩石吸收能，故可忽略不计；压杆与岩样接触面采用高性能润滑剂处理，有效降低界面摩擦(摩擦系数<0.05)，从而忽略摩擦产热的影响。岩石材料在动态加载过程中，其吸收能完全转化为裂纹扩展所需的耗散能，二者具有等价关系。基于上述假设，结合一维应力波理论与能量守恒原理，能量以如下计算模型计算[18]
式中：Wi、Wr、Wt、Wa分别为岩样加载过程中入射能、反射能、投射能、耗散能。εi、εr、εt、分别为入射波、反射波、透射波的应变时程信号，E、C、ρ为压杆的弹性模量、弹性波速、密度。
由式(6)~(10)计算可得，基于不同微波功率辐照下铁矿石动态能量分配数据表2，可得出如下规律：随着微波辐照功率的增强，试样动态冲击过程中的反射能与耗散能分别呈现单调递增趋势，而透射能则持续降低。具体表现为：当微波功率达到6 kW时，反射能较对照组(0 kW)显著增加45.58%，耗散能提升37.49%，透射能下降16.12%。该能量分配异质性演化通过以下机制阐释。
微波预处理导致铁矿石内部产生热致微裂纹，使得试样波阻抗低。根据应力波传播理论，试样压杆界面波阻抗失配度增加，导致反射系数提升。微波致裂作用使试样内部形成多尺度裂隙网络，主裂纹扩展消耗能量，次级裂纹摩擦耗能，导致耗散能增加。微波损伤引起的声速降阶导致应力波传播路径发生多重散射，透射波能量谱主频由降低，能量衰减系数增加导致透射能减少。
3　结论
收起
(1)随着微波功率和时间的增加，导致铁矿石内部出现逐渐加深损伤，铁矿石的静态抗压强度和动态抗压强度逐渐下降。
(2)铁矿石对微波敏感性极高，短时间高功率更能快速升温。铁矿石分层破坏断裂后，铁矿石矿物组分未发生相变，证实其损伤机制源于热应力致裂而非成分改变。
(3)随着微波作用程度逐渐增加，在单轴压缩过程中因岩石内部裂缝的发育，铁矿石储能极限变小，弹性能减小，耗散能增加。
(4)在动态冲击过程中，由于铁矿石高温内部热损伤导致波阻抗差增大，反射能增加。裂缝的发展导致耗散能增加。微波损伤引起应力波传播路径发生多重散射导致透射能减少。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目(52130403)
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907202)
文献
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2025年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.001
  • 接收时间：2025-03-06
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期：2025-03-06
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(52130403)
国家自然科学基金重点项目(52130403)
National Key Research and Development Program of China(2023YFC2907202)
国家重点研发计划项目(2023YFC2907202)
作者信息
    河南理工大学　土木工程学院，焦作　451003

通讯作者:

褚怀保（1978-），男，博士、教授、博士生导师，从事爆炸理论及应用方面研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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total species (%)		 属
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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