Article(id=1240702078255952616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1739635200000, receivedDateStr=2025-02-16, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736026585, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1744128000000, pubDateStr=2025-04-09, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736026585, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736026585, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736026585, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=54, endPage=62, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702078532776694, articleId=1240702078255952616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Optimization of Hole Distribution and Delay Time in Blasting Excavation of Mine Roadway, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the effectiveness of mining roadway blasting excavation and reduce the damage of blasting vibration, the method combined field blasting tests, blasting vibration monitoring tests, and numerical simulation analysis was adopted. The allocation of actual holes and vacant holes was determined according to the utilization rate of the blasting hole. The reasonable delay time was determined based on the peak of particle vibration velocity. At the same time, a numerical model was established based on the size of the roadway and the physical and mechanical properties of both the roadway and the surrounding rock. Based on the material parameters, the impact of roadway blasting excavation on the surrounding rock structure was analyzed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA numerical simulation software. The research findings demonstrate that employing the layout method of central real holes coupled with surrounding empty holes for roadway blasting excavation results in a utilization rate of cut holes exceeding 96%, with the highest utilization rate reaching 97.9%. This indicates that the strategic arrangement of real and empty holes can significantly enhance the efficiency of blasting excavation. Besides, when the delay time increased from 50 ms to 75 ms, the attenuation rate of the peak of particle vibration velocity exceeded 20% at the same position. When the delay time was 100 ms, the peak particle vibration velocity decreased to 2.97 cm/s at 25 m, indicating that the delay time can significantly reduce the damage caused by blasting vibration. Meanwhile, when the layout of central real holes and surrounding empty holes with a delay time of 100 ms was employed to analyze the surrounding rock structure during roadway blasting excavation through numerical simulation, it was observed that a tensile stress of 9.1 MPa was generated at the arch crown position within a 1-meter range from the roadway section. Tensile stress greater than 5 MPa was present at the arch waist position within a range of 1 to 4 m. Therefore, it is recommended to add steel frame support to the arch crown position and spray concrete on the arch waist position.

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为了提高矿山巷道爆破掘进的效果,同时降低爆破振动的危害,采用现场爆破试验、振动监测试验以及数值模拟相结合的方法,根据炮眼利用率选取装药孔与空孔的布置方式,基于质点振速峰值确定合理的延期时间,同时按照巷道尺寸和围岩物理力学指标建立数值模型以及设置材料参数,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析巷道爆破掘进对围岩结构的影响。研究结果表明:采用中心装药孔+周围空孔的布孔方式进行巷道爆破掘进时,掏槽孔的炮眼利用率均大于96%,最高的炮眼利用率甚至达到了97.9%,说明装药孔与空孔的合理布置可以有效地提高爆破掘进的效果;同时发现当延期时间从50 ms增加至75 ms时,相同位置处质点振速峰值的衰减率超过了20%,当延期时间为100 ms时,距离爆源25 m处的质点振速峰值降低至2.97 cm/s,说明延期时间可以明显地降低爆破振动的危害;当采用中心装药孔+周围空孔的布孔方式及100 ms的延期时间分析巷道爆破掘进对围岩结构的数值计算结果时,发现距离巷道断面1 m的范围内,拱顶产生了9.1 MPa的拉应力,在1~4 m范围内,拱腰位置均存在大于5 MPa的拉应力,由此建议拱顶增加钢架支护,侧壁喷射混凝土进行初期支护。研究成果可为类似巷道爆破掘进提供参考以及为围岩支护设计提供依据。

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胡刚(1990-),男,辽宁省阜新市,讲师、博士,主要从事工程爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)

HU Gang (1990-), Male, Fuxin Liaoning, Lecture, doctor, Research on engineering blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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胡刚(1990-),男,辽宁省阜新市,讲师、博士,主要从事工程爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)

HU Gang (1990-), Male, Fuxin Liaoning, Lecture, doctor, Research on engineering blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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胡刚(1990-),男,辽宁省阜新市,讲师、博士,主要从事工程爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)

HU Gang (1990-), Male, Fuxin Liaoning, Lecture, doctor, Research on engineering blasting technology, (E-mail) .

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year=2013, volume=41, issue=9, pageStart=18, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=杨仁树, journalName=煤炭科学技术, refType=null, unstructuredReference=杨仁树. 我国煤矿岩巷安全高效掘进技术现状与展望[J]. 煤炭科学技术, 2013, 41(9): 18-23., articleTitle=我国煤矿岩巷安全高效掘进技术现状与展望, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702093988786571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2013, volume=41, issue=9, pageStart=18, pageEnd=23, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=1, authorNames=YANG Ren-shu, journalName=Coal Science and Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YANG Ren-shu. 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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Safety research on blasting operation for large dimension rock tunnels saturated by water, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240702092126515569, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, awardId=JYTQN2023206, language=EN, fundingSource=Supported by the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(JYTQN2023206), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240702092210401654, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, awardId=JYTQN2023206, language=CN, fundingSource=辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(青年项目)基金资助(JYTQN2023206), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240702092290093436, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, awardId=PBSKL2023B12, language=EN, fundingSource=Supported by State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting and Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University(PBSKL2023B12), fundOrder=null, 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Blasting parameters and results of the first hole distribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号Hole number单孔药量Single-hole charge/kg起爆时间Break time/ms平均残孔长度Average residual hole length/m炮眼利用率Percentage of utilization of hole/%
试验1 First experiment试验2 Second experiment试验3 Third experiment试验1 First experiment试验2 Second experiment试验3 Third experiment
11.80      
2~31.8500.0800.0750.07496.596.796.8
4~51.8100      
6~71.81500.1380.1280.08794.094.496.2
8~91.8200
10~111.22500.0730.0580.04896.897.597.9
12~131.2300
14~191.23500.0690.0520.05497.097.797.7
20~251.2400
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091044385076, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

第一种布孔方式的爆破参数及效果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号Hole number单孔药量Single-hole charge/kg起爆时间Break time/ms平均残孔长度Average residual hole length/m炮眼利用率Percentage of utilization of hole/%
试验1 First experiment试验2 Second experiment试验3 Third experiment试验1 First experiment试验2 Second experiment试验3 Third experiment
11.80      
2~31.8500.0800.0750.07496.596.796.8
4~51.8100      
6~71.81500.1380.1280.08794.094.496.2
8~91.8200
10~111.22500.0730.0580.04896.897.597.9
12~131.2300
14~191.23500.0690.0520.05497.097.797.7
20~251.2400
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091136659774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Blasting parameters and results of the second hole distribution

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号Hole number单孔药量Single-hole charge/kg起爆时间Break time/ms平均残孔长度Average residual hole length/m炮眼利用率Percentage of utilization of hole/%
试验1 First experiment试验2 Second experiment试验3 Third experiment试验1 First experiment试验2 Second experiment试验3 Third experiment
1~21.80      
3~41.8500.2300.2180.20090.090.591.3
5~61.8100      
7~81.81500.2900.2710.24387.488.289.4
9~101.8200
11~121.22500.1100.1000.09095.295.796.1
13~141.2300
15~201.23500.0950.0770.07195.996.796.9
21~261.2400
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091228934466, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

第二种布孔方式的爆破参数及效果统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
炮孔编号Hole number单孔药量Single-hole charge/kg起爆时间Break time/ms平均残孔长度Average residual hole length/m炮眼利用率Percentage of utilization of hole/%
试验1 First experiment试验2 Second experiment试验3 Third experiment试验1 First experiment试验2 Second experiment试验3 Third experiment
1~21.80      
3~41.8500.2300.2180.20090.090.591.3
5~61.8100      
7~81.81500.2900.2710.24387.488.289.4
9~101.8200
11~121.22500.1100.1000.09095.295.796.1
13~141.2300
15~201.23500.0950.0770.07195.996.796.9
21~261.2400
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091329597765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Blasting vibration test results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
延期时间Delay time/ms仪器编号Instrument number爆心距离Epicentral distance/m质点振速峰值Peak particle vibration velocity/(cm·s-1)掏槽孔质点振速峰值peak particle vibration velocityof cutting hole/(cm·s-1)
50 A254.723.432
B303.142.948
C351.471.268
D400.950.743
75 A253.752.496
B302.681.930
C351.241.012
D400.830.486
100 A252.972.325
B301.851.128
C351.000.682
D400.730.451
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091442843980, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

爆破振动测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
延期时间Delay time/ms仪器编号Instrument number爆心距离Epicentral distance/m质点振速峰值Peak particle vibration velocity/(cm·s-1)掏槽孔质点振速峰值peak particle vibration velocityof cutting hole/(cm·s-1)
50 A254.723.432
B303.142.948
C351.471.268
D400.950.743
75 A253.752.496
B302.681.930
C351.241.012
D400.830.486
100 A252.972.325
B301.851.128
C351.000.682
D400.730.451
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091564478803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Material parameters of rock

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度Density/(kg·m-3)弹性模量Elastic modulus/GPa泊松比Poisson ratio抗压强度Compressive strength/MPa抗拉强度Tensile strength/MPa
2600340.2855
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091652559189, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

围岩材料模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度Density/(kg·m-3)弹性模量Elastic modulus/GPa泊松比Poisson ratio抗压强度Compressive strength/MPa抗拉强度Tensile strength/MPa
2600340.2855
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091753222490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Material parameters of explosive

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度Density/(kg·m-3)爆速Detonation velocity/(m·s-1)PCJ压力Pressure/GPa A B R1 R2 ω E0
125044005.21×1094.17×108103.80.0397×109
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091853885792, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

炸药材料模型参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
密度Density/(kg·m-3)爆速Detonation velocity/(m·s-1)PCJ压力Pressure/GPa A B R1 R2 ω E0
125044005.21×1094.17×108103.80.0397×109
), ArticleFig(id=1240702091941966181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Peak value of particle vibration velocity

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆心距离Epicentral distance/m质点振速峰值Peak particle vibration velocity/(cm·s-1)
数值模拟Numerical simulation拟合公式Fitting formula掏槽孔拟合公式Fitting formula of cutting hole
3.518.6415.7218.37
4.515.3311.6214.29
5.513.109.1411.69
6.512.037.489.89
), ArticleFig(id=1240702092030046571, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702078255952616, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

质点振速峰值汇总表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆心距离Epicentral distance/m质点振速峰值Peak particle vibration velocity/(cm·s-1)
数值模拟Numerical simulation拟合公式Fitting formula掏槽孔拟合公式Fitting formula of cutting hole
3.518.6415.7218.37
4.515.3311.6214.29
5.513.109.1411.69
6.512.037.489.89
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矿山巷道爆破掘进布孔与延时的优选研究
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胡刚 1 , 费鸿禄 1 , 郭玉新 2
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(3): 54-62
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(3): 54-62
矿山巷道爆破掘进布孔与延时的优选研究
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胡刚1 , 费鸿禄1, 郭玉新2
作者信息
  • 1.辽宁工程技术大学 爆破技术研究院,阜新 123000
  • 2.包头市泉山爆破工程有限责任公司,包头 014060
  • 胡刚(1990-),男,辽宁省阜新市,讲师、博士,主要从事工程爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)

    HU Gang (1990-), Male, Fuxin Liaoning, Lecture, doctor, Research on engineering blasting technology, (E-mail) .

Optimization of Hole Distribution and Delay Time in Blasting Excavation of Mine Roadway
Gang HU1 , Hong-lu FEI1, Yu-xin GUO2
Affiliations
  • 1.Institute of Blasting Technique, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
  • 2.Baotou Quanshan Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Baotou 014060, China
出版时间: 2025-04-09 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.007
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为了提高矿山巷道爆破掘进的效果,同时降低爆破振动的危害,采用现场爆破试验、振动监测试验以及数值模拟相结合的方法,根据炮眼利用率选取装药孔与空孔的布置方式,基于质点振速峰值确定合理的延期时间,同时按照巷道尺寸和围岩物理力学指标建立数值模型以及设置材料参数,利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA分析巷道爆破掘进对围岩结构的影响。研究结果表明:采用中心装药孔+周围空孔的布孔方式进行巷道爆破掘进时,掏槽孔的炮眼利用率均大于96%,最高的炮眼利用率甚至达到了97.9%,说明装药孔与空孔的合理布置可以有效地提高爆破掘进的效果;同时发现当延期时间从50 ms增加至75 ms时,相同位置处质点振速峰值的衰减率超过了20%,当延期时间为100 ms时,距离爆源25 m处的质点振速峰值降低至2.97 cm/s,说明延期时间可以明显地降低爆破振动的危害;当采用中心装药孔+周围空孔的布孔方式及100 ms的延期时间分析巷道爆破掘进对围岩结构的数值计算结果时,发现距离巷道断面1 m的范围内,拱顶产生了9.1 MPa的拉应力,在1~4 m范围内,拱腰位置均存在大于5 MPa的拉应力,由此建议拱顶增加钢架支护,侧壁喷射混凝土进行初期支护。研究成果可为类似巷道爆破掘进提供参考以及为围岩支护设计提供依据。

爆破  /  巷道  /  布孔方式  /  延期时间  /  优选

In order to improve the effectiveness of mining roadway blasting excavation and reduce the damage of blasting vibration, the method combined field blasting tests, blasting vibration monitoring tests, and numerical simulation analysis was adopted. The allocation of actual holes and vacant holes was determined according to the utilization rate of the blasting hole. The reasonable delay time was determined based on the peak of particle vibration velocity. At the same time, a numerical model was established based on the size of the roadway and the physical and mechanical properties of both the roadway and the surrounding rock. Based on the material parameters, the impact of roadway blasting excavation on the surrounding rock structure was analyzed using ANSYS/LS-DYNA numerical simulation software. The research findings demonstrate that employing the layout method of central real holes coupled with surrounding empty holes for roadway blasting excavation results in a utilization rate of cut holes exceeding 96%, with the highest utilization rate reaching 97.9%. This indicates that the strategic arrangement of real and empty holes can significantly enhance the efficiency of blasting excavation. Besides, when the delay time increased from 50 ms to 75 ms, the attenuation rate of the peak of particle vibration velocity exceeded 20% at the same position. When the delay time was 100 ms, the peak particle vibration velocity decreased to 2.97 cm/s at 25 m, indicating that the delay time can significantly reduce the damage caused by blasting vibration. Meanwhile, when the layout of central real holes and surrounding empty holes with a delay time of 100 ms was employed to analyze the surrounding rock structure during roadway blasting excavation through numerical simulation, it was observed that a tensile stress of 9.1 MPa was generated at the arch crown position within a 1-meter range from the roadway section. Tensile stress greater than 5 MPa was present at the arch waist position within a range of 1 to 4 m. Therefore, it is recommended to add steel frame support to the arch crown position and spray concrete on the arch waist position.

blasting  /  roadway  /  hole distribution  /  delay time  /  optimization
胡刚, 费鸿禄, 郭玉新. 矿山巷道爆破掘进布孔与延时的优选研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.007
Gang HU, Hong-lu FEI, Yu-xin GUO. Optimization of Hole Distribution and Delay Time in Blasting Excavation of Mine Roadway[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 54 -62 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.007
钻爆法一直是矿山巷道最主要的施工方法[1],如何提高爆破掘进的效果,降低爆破振动的危害[2,3],保证人员设备的安全,成为了科研学者的研究热点[4,5]。针对巷道爆破掘进的布孔方式、延期时间以及对围岩结构的影响,国内外学者进行了大量研究[6-12]
张其虎基于大红山铜矿285中段和西部矿段的实际掘进问题[13],分别研究了布孔方式、炮孔间距、空孔个数、空孔装药、起爆顺序等因素对掏槽爆破效果的影响,得到了最优掏槽爆破设计方案;柴修伟等采用LS-DYNA有限元软件分析了不同直径下的直孔掏槽槽腔的形成过程及有效应力传播规律[14],并根据空孔效应理论推导出了装药孔与空孔之间的距离公式;穆兵兵基于ANSYS分析了布孔方式、空孔个数、空孔的布置位置及空孔直径的大小对应力波传播、裂纹扩展、振动规律以及矿山巷道的影响[15];韩博等为了提高煤矿硬岩巷道掘进爆破效果[16],应用小波变换时-能密度法识别确定了毫秒延期时间,研究表明采用合理的毫秒延期爆破参数方案可以取得良好的爆破效果;宗琦等进行了大直径炮孔和大直径药卷中深孔爆破试验研究[17],同时对各段雷管起爆延期时间进行了优化,发现第2段雷管延期时间从25 ms增加至50 ms,爆破试验取得了良好效果;俞祥杰等运用FLAC3D软件模拟计算了爆破开采活动对邻近巷道的影响[18],同时对数值计算结果进行了三维重构分析,并与现场振速实测值进行了对比研究;陈祥等采用现场监测与数值模拟的方法[19],分析了爆破振动作用下地下洞室群围岩的动态响应及振动衰减规律。上述研究均为某一具体参数对巷道爆破掘进效果的影响,缺少布孔方式和延期时间的协同分析。
为了提高巷道爆破掘进的质量,同时降低爆破振动的危害,本文对布孔方式和延期时间进行了优选研究,并且通过ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟软件分析了巷道爆破掘进对围岩结构的影响。
穷贵沟铁矿位于内蒙古包头市九原区阿嘎如泰苏木,共有3条矿体,其中2号矿体规模最大。矿区内岩石组合主要为黑云二长片麻岩、黑云角闪斜长片麻岩和黑云角闪斜长麻粒岩等,顶板地质结构饱和单轴抗压强度为51.94~76.45 MPa,底板地质结构饱和单轴抗压强度为36.70~44.10 MPa;矿区构造简单,总体形态呈东西走向,断裂构造不发育,仅在局部地段有层间滑动面。
2号矿体位于矿区中部,呈似层状产出,矿体倾向350°,倾角70°,矿体形态复杂,厚度为1.02~3.55 m,且沿倾斜方向深部有变薄趋势。矿石矿物主要为磁铁矿,含量8.73%,占有率72.33%,其次为赤铁矿,含量0.37%,占有率3.07%,铁矿层饱和单轴抗压强度为87.80~93.00 MPa;脉石矿物主要为石英及角闪石,其次为黑云母。
巷道爆破掘进只有一个临空面,掏槽孔的布置不仅可以创造空间,而且决定了爆破效果[20]。根据穷贵沟铁矿的岩石特性和巷道断面尺寸(巷道断面形状为圆弧拱形,宽度为2200 mm,壁高为1980 mm,拱高为220 mm),设计了2种布孔方式,如图1所示,其中黑色为装药孔,白色为空孔,均为垂直孔。
布孔方式1共布置25个炮孔,其中空孔为6个(空孔直径与装药孔直径相同),以间距250 mm按六边形分布在中心装药孔的周围,装药孔2~5以中心装药孔为形心,按照正方形布置,正方形边长为700 mm,周边孔炮孔间距为550 mm,距开挖边界100 mm。
布孔方式2共布置26个炮孔,其中空孔为8个(空孔直径与装药孔直径相同),在过巷道中心的垂线上,与巷道中心距离90 mm处沿水平面对称布置2个空孔,与上述2个空孔相距180 mm的位置处分别布置装药孔1和装药孔2,其余6个空孔与装药孔1、装药孔2以八边形按间距270 mm分布在巷道中心周围,装药孔3~6以巷道中心为形心,按照正方形布置,正方形边长为900 mm,周边孔炮孔间距同样为550 mm,距开挖边界100 mm。
巷道爆破掘进采用2号岩石乳化炸药,毫秒导爆管雷管起爆,延期时间为50 ms;炮孔直径为38 mm,循环进尺为2 m,超深为15%,连续装药结构;每种布孔方式进行了3次试验,爆破参数与效果统计如表1~2所示。
表1可知:按照第一种布孔方式进行巷道爆破掘进时,3次试验中掏槽孔的炮眼利用率均大于96%,说明装药孔1周围的一圈空孔,不仅为掏槽爆破提供了自由面,而且减少了装药孔1的夹制作用;最外圈辅助孔的炮眼利用率最高达到97.9%,周边孔的炮眼利用率也均超过了97%。
表2可知:相比于第一种布孔方式,当采用第二种布孔方式进行巷道爆破掘进时,3次试验中掏槽孔的炮眼利用率均有所下降(分别从96.5%、96.7%、96.8%降低至90.0%、90.5%、91.3%),由此说明即使空孔数量增加,掏槽孔的炮眼利用率也并非提高,而是应该考虑空孔的布置;当掏槽效果不佳时,第一圈辅助孔的炮眼利用率降低至90%以下,周边孔的炮眼利用率也有所下降(分别从97.0%、97.9%、97.9%降低至95.9%、96.7%、96.9%)。
爆破振动始终威胁着矿山巷道的施工安全[21],为了降低爆破振动的危害,在采用第一种布孔方式,延期时间为50 ms进行巷道爆破掘进的基础上,根据文献[20]井巷爆破掘进时,掏槽孔、辅助孔、周边孔的延期时间应取50~100 ms为宜,由此将掏槽孔延期时间增加至75 ms和100 ms,并采用成都中科测控的TC-4850测振仪进行爆破振动监测试验,测点布置如图2所示。
爆破振动监测试验共采用4台仪器(编号分别为ABCD),A点与掌子面的距离为25 m,相邻两点的间距为5 m;为了降低测试误差,保证设备安全,将仪器布置在巷道拱肩位置处;为了便于安放,在测点处钻取2个孔深200 mm,间距250 mm的孔洞,制作长300 mm、宽150 mm、高200 mm的平台,且在平台底部焊接深度200 mm,宽度250 mm的钢筋,将平台插入钻孔并进行刚性连接,同时将仪器通过石膏粉布置在平台上,仪器安装如图3所示;仪器X方向均为巷道的掘进方向,即水平径向,Y方向为水平切向、Z方向为垂直方向。
按照第一种布孔方式的爆破参数,进行掏槽孔延期时间分别为50 ms、75 ms和100 ms的爆破振动监测试验,测试结果如表3所示,质点振速时程曲线如图4~6所示。
当掏槽孔的延期时间发生改变时,辅助孔和周边孔的延期时间以及爆破参数均未发生改变,以掏槽孔延期时间为50 ms的D点质点振速峰值为例,如图7所示,从图中可以明显发现爆破振动按照延期时间的起爆顺序形成规则振动分区。
结合表3图4~6可知:质点振速峰值主要发生在周边孔起爆时间,主要原因为周边孔起爆的单段药量最大,最大的质点振速峰值为4.72 cm/s,远小于《爆破安全规程》(GB 6722—2014)中巷道的安全允许振速峰值15~30 cm/s,并且本文的主要改变是掏槽孔的延期时间,因此在完全满足爆破振动要求的基础上,仅研究掏槽孔引起的质点振速峰值的变化规律,如图8所示。
图8可知:改变延期时间进行爆破振动监测试验,发现质点振速峰值均随爆心距的增加呈指数型下降趋势,且延期时间为50 ms时,质点振速峰值的下降速率最快。
针对同一监测点,延期时间为100 ms的质点振速峰值相比于延期时间为50 ms的质点振速峰值均有所衰减,且衰减率超过了20%,因为炸药爆炸的能量是固定值,当爆破振动降低时,说明引起爆破振动的能量有所下降,间接说明用于巷道掘进的爆破能量利用率有所提高,表明当延期时间为100 ms时,可以有效的提高矿山巷道爆破施工的安全系数。
利用最小二乘法对延期时间为100 ms的质点振速峰值进行萨道夫斯基公式拟合:v=41(Q1/3/R)1.2,掏槽孔的质点振速峰值拟合公式为:v=35.3(Q1/3/R)1.19,式中:v为质点振速峰值,cm/s,Q为单段最大药量,kg;R为爆心距离,m。
采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟软件,根据巷道的尺寸进行实际比例建模,由于仅分析掏槽孔布孔方式和延期时间的改变,所以仅考虑掏槽爆破影响,建立1/4模型,如图9所示,后处理时通过镜像进行补全分析,侧面和顶面设置无反射边界条件;基于数值计算的精度和时间,设置模型尺寸为3 m×3 m×10 m,采用自由网格进行划分,围岩单元尺寸为0.8 m×0.8 m×0.8 m,炸药单元尺寸为0.3 m×0.3 m×0.3 m,共计289 872个单元。
对巷道围岩进行取样,通过量积法进行密度测试,根据《工程岩体试验方法标准》(GB/T 50266—2013),采用TAW-2000微机控制电液伺服岩石三轴试验机对试件进行抗压强度和抗拉强度测试,进而计算弹性模量和泊松比。
巷道围岩材料采用PLASTIC_KINEMATIC模型,炸药材料采用HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN模型,并定义JWL状态方程,空气采用LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL定义状态方程,具体材料参数见表4~5所示。
在采用第一种布孔方式,延期时间为100 ms进行巷道爆破掘进对围岩结构受力影响的基础上,首先需要进行质点振速峰值分析,确保数值模型的可靠性;由于模型尺寸的限制,选择爆心距离分别为3.5 m(节点165012)、4.5 m(节点165033)、5.5 m(节点165086)和6.5 m(节点164991)处的质点振速时程曲线,如图10所示。
图10的参数代入现场监测试验所获得的拟合公式中,可以得到质点振速峰值,同时将图10中的质点振速峰值汇总于表6,其误差如图11所示。
表6图11可知:数值计算得到的质点振速峰值也随着爆心距的增加呈指数型下降趋势,且数值均大于拟合公式得到的质点振速峰值,这主要是由于数值模型材料是均质的以及巷道围岩结构存在节理、裂隙等因素造成的,但是误差较小,说明数值计算结果具有较高的可靠性。由于数值模型仅考虑掏槽爆破振动影响并且为了数值计算方便进行了一定的简化,但从质点振速峰值的比较上可以发现,掏槽孔拟合公式所得的质点振速峰值与数值模拟结果的数值非常接近,说明数值模型的建立、网格尺寸的划分、材料参数的选取具有一定的可行性和合理性,采用数值模拟的结果对围岩结构进行受力分析可以满足工程实践要求。
当采用第一种布孔方式、延期时间为100 ms进行巷道爆破掘进时,围岩结构的应力云图如图12所示。
图12可知:在0.025 s时,巷道断面中心形成粉碎区,裂隙径向扩展同时伴有环向裂隙产生;在0.075 s时,粉碎区范围明显加大,为后续爆破提供了自由面,裂隙继续扩展且尖端产生分叉现象。
应力云图可以体现某一时刻应力的分布情况,但某一具体位置随时间的变化情况却无法得知,由此选取距离巷道断面1 m、2 m、3 m、4 m、5 m处拱顶和拱腰位置的应力曲线,如图13所示。
图13(a)可知:巷道爆破掘进时拱顶位置处的应力随时间整体呈现衰减趋势,但是当掏槽孔爆破时,距离断面1~4 m的拱顶位置均产生了大于5 MPa的拉应力,距离断面1 m的拱顶位置产生了9.1 MPa的拉应力,由此建议巷道爆破掘进前,距离断面4 m的范围内,拱顶处应该增加钢架支护。
图13(b)可知:巷道爆破掘进时拱腰位置处的应力也随时间整体呈现衰减趋势,且衰减速率更快,但是当掏槽孔爆破时,距离断面1~5 m的拱腰位置均产生了大于5 MPa的拉应力,由此建议巷道爆破掘进前,侧壁位置均应喷射混凝土进行初期支护。
(1)采用中心装药孔+周围空孔的布孔方式进行巷道爆破掘进时,掏槽孔的炮眼利用率均大于96%,炮眼利用率最高的至达到了97.9%,说明装药孔与空孔的合理布置可以有效的提高爆破掘进的效果。
(2)在合理的布孔方式已提高巷道爆破掘进效果的基础上,协同分析延期时间对爆破振动的衰减规律,发现当延期时间从50 ms增加至75 ms时,相同位置处质点振速峰值的衰减率超过了20%,当延期时间为100 ms时,距离爆源25 m处的质点振速峰值降低至2.97 cm/s,说明延期时间可以明显地降低爆破振动的危害。
(3)采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA数值模拟软件,基于爆破振动衰减规律的可行性,研究采用中心装药孔+周围空孔的布孔方式及100 ms的延期时间进行巷道爆破掘进对围岩结构的影响,发现距离巷道断面1 m处拱顶产生了9.1 MPa的拉应力,在1~4 m范围内,拱腰位置均存在大于5 MPa的拉应力,由此建议拱顶增加钢架支护,侧壁喷射混凝土进行初期支护。
  • 辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(青年项目)基金资助(JYTQN2023206)
  • 江汉大学省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室、江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室联合开发基金资助(PBSKL2023B12)
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.007
  • 接收时间:2025-02-16
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-04-09
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  • 收稿日期:2025-02-16
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Supported by the Educational Department of Liaoning Province(JYTQN2023206)
辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(青年项目)基金资助(JYTQN2023206)
Supported by State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting and Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University(PBSKL2023B12)
江汉大学省部共建精细爆破国家重点实验室、江汉大学爆破工程湖北省重点实验室联合开发基金资助(PBSKL2023B12)
作者信息
    1.辽宁工程技术大学 爆破技术研究院,阜新 123000
    2.包头市泉山爆破工程有限责任公司,包头 014060
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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