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Article(id=1240702077912011429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.022, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737388800000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736026503, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736026503, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736026503, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736026503, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=194, endPage=202, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702078121726642, articleId=1240702077912011429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Teaching Practice of Tunnel Blasting Course Design based on Intelligent Design, columnId=1240702076553065119, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING SAFETY, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The design of the tunnel blasting course is an important comprehensive practical teaching link of the "Blasting Engineering" course of related majors in colleges and universities. To explore new ideas for reforming teaching practice, given the challenges of complex calculations, difficult parameter selection, and cumbersome diagram drawing in traditional curriculum design, a tunnel blasting intelligent design software platform was proposed for course design. By integrating digital and intelligent design technologies, the authors develop an intelligent design platform that converts abstract blasting parameter design into a clear visual model. The platform includes four modules: blasting design, resource library, data management, and global settings. It innovatively realizes real-time modification of blasting parameters and implementability judgment, has a guided operation process, and forms an interactive teaching mode. The practical results demonstrate that the intelligent design platform effectively reduces the computational burden and the subjectivity of parameter selection for students in traditional teaching practices through the guided operation process, enhances drawing efficiency and accuracy, and ensures that the blasting design scheme is scientifically and reasonably formulated. The interactive teaching mode enhances students' ability to combine theory and practice, stimulates their interest in active learning, thereby improving their understanding of professional knowledge, cultivating intelligent design ideas, and providing support for becoming high-quality talents serving the new era.

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ZHOU Hong-min (1975-), female, Xinle people in Hebei Province, associate professor, master's supervisor, mainly engaged in research on engineering disaster prevention and reduction control, (E-mail) .
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隧道爆破课程设计是高等院校相关专业《爆破工程》课程的重要综合性实践教学环节。为了探索教学实践改革新思路，针对课程设计传统教学实践中存在的计算复杂、参数选取困难和图表绘制繁琐等问题，提出利用隧道爆破智能设计软件平台进行课程设计。作者通过融合数字化、智能化设计技术，搭建可以将抽象爆破参数设计变成清晰可视化模型的智能设计平台。该平台包括爆破设计、资源库、数据管理和全局设置等四大模块，创新性地实现了爆破参数实时修改并进行可实施性判断，具备导向式的操作流程，同时形成了一种交互式的教学模式。实践效果表明：智能设计平台通过导向式操作流程有效减少了传统教学实践中学生的计算量和参数选取的随意性，提高了绘图效率及精度，确保爆破设计方案科学合理；交互式的教学模式增强了学生理论与实际的结合能力，激发了学生的主动学习兴趣，从而提高学生对专业知识的理解，培养学生的智能化设计思想，为成为服务新时代的高素质人才提供支撑。

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周红敏（1975-），女，河北新乐人，副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程防灾减灾控制研究，（E-mail）。
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张宪堂（1973-），男，河北井陉人，教授、博士生导师，主要从事工程爆破和岩土结构动力学研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Xian-tang (1973-), male, Jingxing people in Hebei Province, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on rock and soil structure dynamics and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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张宪堂（1973-），男，河北井陉人，教授、博士生导师，主要从事工程爆破和岩土结构动力学研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Xian-tang (1973-), male, Jingxing people in Hebei Province, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on rock and soil structure dynamics and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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张宪堂（1973-），男，河北井陉人，教授、博士生导师，主要从事工程爆破和岩土结构动力学研究，（E-mail）。

ZHANG Xian-tang (1973-), male, Jingxing people in Hebei Province, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on rock and soil structure dynamics and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

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基于智能设计的隧道爆破课程设计教学实践研究
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张宪堂 1 , 高熙阳 1 , 田新海 1 , 徐帮树 2 , 周红敏 1
爆破 | 安全与管理 2025,42(3): 194-202
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爆破 | 安全与管理 2025, 42(3): 194-202
基于智能设计的隧道爆破课程设计教学实践研究
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张宪堂1 , 高熙阳1, 田新海1, 徐帮树2, 周红敏1
作者信息
  • 1.山东科技大学　土木工程与建筑学院，青岛　266590
  • 2.山东大学　齐鲁交通学院，济南　250000

    • 张宪堂（1973-），男，河北井陉人，教授、博士生导师，主要从事工程爆破和岩土结构动力学研究，（E-mail）。

    ZHANG Xian-tang (1973-), male, Jingxing people in Hebei Province, professor, doctoral supervisor, mainly engaged in research on rock and soil structure dynamics and blasting engineering, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

周红敏（1975-），女，河北新乐人，副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程防灾减灾控制研究，（E-mail）。
Teaching Practice of Tunnel Blasting Course Design based on Intelligent Design
Xian-tang ZHANG1 , Xi-yang GAO1, Xin-hai TIAN1, Bang-shu XU2, Hong-min ZHOU1
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao 266590, China
  • 2.School of Qilu Transportation, Shandong University, Jinan 250000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.022
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摘要
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隧道爆破课程设计是高等院校相关专业《爆破工程》课程的重要综合性实践教学环节。为了探索教学实践改革新思路，针对课程设计传统教学实践中存在的计算复杂、参数选取困难和图表绘制繁琐等问题，提出利用隧道爆破智能设计软件平台进行课程设计。作者通过融合数字化、智能化设计技术，搭建可以将抽象爆破参数设计变成清晰可视化模型的智能设计平台。该平台包括爆破设计、资源库、数据管理和全局设置等四大模块，创新性地实现了爆破参数实时修改并进行可实施性判断，具备导向式的操作流程，同时形成了一种交互式的教学模式。实践效果表明：智能设计平台通过导向式操作流程有效减少了传统教学实践中学生的计算量和参数选取的随意性，提高了绘图效率及精度，确保爆破设计方案科学合理；交互式的教学模式增强了学生理论与实际的结合能力，激发了学生的主动学习兴趣，从而提高学生对专业知识的理解，培养学生的智能化设计思想，为成为服务新时代的高素质人才提供支撑。

隧道爆破  /  课程设计  /  教学实践  /  智能化设计  /  爆破参数

The design of the tunnel blasting course is an important comprehensive practical teaching link of the "Blasting Engineering" course of related majors in colleges and universities. To explore new ideas for reforming teaching practice, given the challenges of complex calculations, difficult parameter selection, and cumbersome diagram drawing in traditional curriculum design, a tunnel blasting intelligent design software platform was proposed for course design. By integrating digital and intelligent design technologies, the authors develop an intelligent design platform that converts abstract blasting parameter design into a clear visual model. The platform includes four modules: blasting design, resource library, data management, and global settings. It innovatively realizes real-time modification of blasting parameters and implementability judgment, has a guided operation process, and forms an interactive teaching mode. The practical results demonstrate that the intelligent design platform effectively reduces the computational burden and the subjectivity of parameter selection for students in traditional teaching practices through the guided operation process, enhances drawing efficiency and accuracy, and ensures that the blasting design scheme is scientifically and reasonably formulated. The interactive teaching mode enhances students' ability to combine theory and practice, stimulates their interest in active learning, thereby improving their understanding of professional knowledge, cultivating intelligent design ideas, and providing support for becoming high-quality talents serving the new era.

tunnel blasting  /  course design  /  teaching practice  /  intelligent design  /  blasting parameter
张宪堂, 高熙阳, 田新海, 徐帮树, 周红敏. 基于智能设计的隧道爆破课程设计教学实践研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 194 -202 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.022
Xian-tang ZHANG, Xi-yang GAO, Xin-hai TIAN, Bang-shu XU, Hong-min ZHOU. Teaching Practice of Tunnel Blasting Course Design based on Intelligent Design[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 194 -202 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.022
正文
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隧道爆破课程设计是高等院校城市地下空间工程、土木工程和采矿工程等相关专业《爆破工程》课程的重要综合性实践教学环节之一。其旨在培养学生综合运用爆破工程方面的相关知识去独立进行课程设计以及分析问题和解决问题的能力，同时考查学生对本课程知识的全面掌握，以期在课程设计过程中能够对爆破方案进行合理的设计和应用。隧道爆破课程设计要求学生在学习爆破理论基础知识的同时，能够根据教学内容进行理论与实践的结合，从而更加透彻地理解隧道爆破工程设计与施工以及如何保证安全高效实施，尤其强调学生在爆破设计、计算理论和技术以及创新思维能力等方面的综合培养，为以后从事工程实践和创新设计奠定良好的基础。随着爆破技术的发展，爆破作业环境越来越复杂，安全标准和安全管理要求不断提高，同时课程学时缩短，导致无法给学生提供爆破作业现场实践机会。在以往的隧道爆破课程设计实践教学中，主要是利用板书和多媒体课件讲解爆破机理和爆破工艺，缺少爆破过程与爆破细节的展示，不利于学生对爆破方案设计理解和掌握。此外，教学内容涉及的范围也难以确保充分吸收最新的爆破技术、安全规范及相关知识。因此，亟需爆破专业方向教师在教学内容设计及方法上与人工智能科技相结合，提出新的课程设计教学模式或方法，达到既保证课程设计教学质量和效果，又能保证学生安全的目标。
目前，在相关课程设计教学实践研究中已取得了一系列研究成果。张悦周等提出了一种新颖的三位一体教学模式[1]，鼓励学生在课程设计过程中与智能工具积极互动。李贵等将三维设计软件引入到课程设计中[2]，提出教学实践新方法。成玉祥提出了新的课程设计教学模式[3]，达到全面培养学生能力的目的。蔡艳等在实践中积极探索[4]，提出基于培养目标的课程细化分类和进阶式课程架构设计。一些学者提出采用实验与课程内容相结合的混合式教学模式[5-7]，为爆破类课程设计教学提供了参考。程兵等在工程爆破课程教学中采用数值模拟技术以达到高效的教学目的[8]。多名学者通过构建爆破虚拟仿真实验创新平台以达到教学实践的目的[9-12]，或者通过对多种授课模式的探索，在教学内容、实验形式和考核过程等方面进行了教学改革研究[13,14]。
基于上述问题和智能科学技术广泛应用到各个领域，本文拟结合数字化与智能化的设计技术，针对传统隧道爆破课程设计中计算复杂、多参数选择和图表绘制过程繁琐等问题，建立隧道爆破课程设计的实践教学平台，使学生能够将有限的时间和精力侧重于课程设计任务的方案设计等应用性、创造性较强的内容上，提升学生的学习兴趣，培养学生的智能化应用能力和设计思想。
1　以智能设计为核心的课程设计实践教学
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传统隧道爆破课程设计实践教学一般是以教师布置设计任务、学生完成方案设计、通过尺笔绘图或CAD绘图、设计成果展示和编写说明书等多个方面开展完成，方法虽简单但存在诸多缺点：尺笔绘图过程繁琐且精度难以得到保证；CAD绘制虽然提高了绘图效率，但是其在设计方案可视性和交互性方面仍存在欠缺，难以让方案设计被直观感受，设计方案修改相对繁琐；学生计算量较大，爆破参数选取较为困难。因此，有必要构建以智能设计为核心的隧道爆破课程设计教学软件平台。
针对隧道爆破课程设计实践教学平台的构建，首先要考虑如何融合数字化、智能化平台技术。在对实践教学平台的架构进行设计时，需选择稳定高效的数据库管理系统和图形引擎作为实践教学平台的基础依托，实现数据的存储、图形的渲染满足教学设计的要求。以智能设计软件平台为依托，学生能够将抽象的隧道爆破设计方案变成可视化模型，从而能够直观、清晰地看到炮孔布置、起爆顺序、装药量和装药结构等重要信息，增强对整个爆破方案的理解，解决了传统实践教学中绘制繁琐的问题。例如，学生能够利用软件平台模拟得到的不同爆破方案的爆破数据对爆破方案进行评估和优化。智能设计软件平台能够针对爆破工程方案设计提供丰富的交互式操作功能，学生能够在虚拟环境下实时修改设计参数(装药量、炮孔间距等)，实时观察相应的效果变化，解决了传统实践教学中参数选取困难和计算量大的问题，使学生能够实现课堂教学从被动听讲到主动参与，形成一种交互式的实践教学效果，强化学生实践创新能力，开发学生的主动性并激发学生的学习兴趣，让学生不断尝试、不断探索，逐渐增强学生解决问题的能力。
通过智能设计在隧道爆破课程设计实践教学的应用与传统教学结构进行比较，提出以智能设计为核心的课程设计实践教学方法，如图1所示。通过改变实践教学方法可以优化和丰富实践课程的教学内容，有效地增强了学生的学习及实践能力，探索工程类专业课程设计实践教学方法改革的新途径。
2　隧道爆破智能设计软件平台开发
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2.1　隧道爆破方案参数设计
隧道爆破方案参数设计是培养学生的工程实践能力和创新设计能力的重要内容，为了提升设计的效率，对爆破方案中的关键参数进行智能化算法研究，包括炮孔布置、起爆顺序和装药量等[15,16]。其次是建立资源库，包括轮廓线、线路、设备和炸药性质等，资源库可将不同的数据进行预定义，定义之后将其分类储存和统一管理，形成重复使用的资源数据集[17]。以便学生在创建方案参数设计中快速选取匹配的参数，减少重复输入及避免人为操作带来的误差。智能设计软件平台能够创建团队组织，学生通过组织功能模块便可与同组成员共享方案设计参数。
学生完成爆破设计课程方案后应快速检验其是否合理，为了有效辅助学生完成爆破方案检验，需要对智能设计平台的功能进行模块分区，实现导向式的操作方式，引导学生按照步骤完成方案参数设计及已完成方案的调整和优化[18]。图2所示为隧道爆破智能设计平台各模块界面。
学生通过智能设计软件平台的爆破模块输入多源岩性信息和炮孔设计信息，便可自动生成科学合理的爆破方案参数设计[19]。智能设计软件平台支持动态调整各项设计参数，并实时将设计方案转化成可视化的二维和三维模型，使学生能够直观地理解设计方案。平台系统具有智能判别机制，能够实时监测并反馈设计参数的合理性，若方案参数不合理，平台会提示学生进行调整，确保生成的爆破方案参数具备可行性。设计完成后，平台将炮孔布置、起爆顺序、装药量、装药结构和炮孔坐标分模块输出并生成可视化的设计图。平台系统根据学生已确定的方案参数设计，通过系统已录入的现场数据，自动计算生成爆破数据分析表，包括起爆顺序统计表、成本分析表和技术经济指标表。各分析表以直观的表格展示相关数据，进一步帮助学生从技术和经济双重维度检验设计方案。平台的整个设计过程基于理论知识、规范标准和实践经验，确保每一个设计步骤具备充分依据。
2.2　隧道爆破智能设计软件平台
图3所示为隧道爆破工程课程设计的智能设计流程[20]。隧道爆破智能设计软件平台基于Java后端架构与TypeScript前端框架构建，通过前后端分离设计实现业务逻辑与交互界面的解耦。后端Java服务基于模块化设计快速完成爆破数据计算，前端TypeScript框架则通过响应式编程实时更新三维可视化界面。平台适用于各种类型的隧道爆破设计，针对公路、铁路隧道以及矿山巷道等不同隧道形式，均可根据岩性、地质特征等多重因素进行精确的设计优化，提供可行的爆破方案参数设计。
学生需要对隧道进行爆破参数设计，然后建立资源库信息，按照操作流程依次将设计的参数输入到智能设计平台。首先学生进入爆破模块创建爆破方案参数设计基本信息，使用掌子面功能进行命名和选取里程，再使用里程段功能选取开挖轮廓线并创建循环里程。创建完成之后，在岩性模块输入多源岩性参数，进入爆破设计模块设置炮孔布置参数，便可一键生成爆破方案参数设计。其中炮孔设计嵌于爆破设计模块，方案生成之后仍可在该模块对方案参数做出调整。平台系统根据智能判别机制计算参数的正确性，若不满足要求，系统程序会对错误参数进行提示，然后重新输入。爆破方案参数设计生成即可进入爆破设计模块，学生可根据设计要求通过模块中的各个功能进行方案参数设计调整，随着方案参数变化，系统会实时生成可视化的设计图。
传统设计对方案进行手工或者使用CAD软件进行二维图形绘制，操作步骤繁琐并且不易理解实际爆破效果与方案参数之间的关系，学生对于设计方案的理解仅限于纸面上。在隧道爆破智能设计软件平台的支持下，基于二维和三维可视化模型，有效提升了学生对设计方案的认识，学生能够更加深入了解隧道爆破工程课程设计。
3　基于隧道爆破智能设计平台的应用实例
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3.1　隧道爆破智能设计软件平台辅助课程设计应用过程
现以某隧道工程项目为例展示该平台的设计过程。布置课程设计任务后，需要学生自主完成爆破方案设计，与传统的课程设计教学过程相同，必须经过理论计算的过程才能够强化对理论知识的掌握，该智能设计软件平台是用于已完成设计方案参数的验证。
首先，进入爆破模块，点击爆破列表右侧的创建按钮进行爆破方案参数设计基础信息的创建，如图4所示。
创建之后，在岩性模块输入多源岩性参数，右侧区域可输入多源岩性参数，左侧区域显示隧道的仿真轮廓线并可查看详细轮廓线信息，如图5所示。在必须输入的参数后面进行标注防止学生遗漏，若参数输入不完整或出现不正常数据，系统则会进行提示，限制学生进一步的操作。参数输入完成经过系统检查确认无误后，学生即可进行炮孔布置信息的输入。若学生需要修改岩性参数，系统允许返回岩性模块调整。
进入爆破设计模块，在该模块右侧区域输入炮孔布置参数，左侧区域显示生成的爆破方案参数设计的二维和三维模型，如图6所示。左侧区域设置了四个显示按钮，能够调节生成模型的显示效果。炮孔布置还支持一键填写推荐参数，学生可根据系统给出的推荐参数与理论设计的参数对比，调整优化爆破设计方案。以上步骤完成之后点击保存，便可一键生成爆破方案参数设计。
炮孔设计模块的方案生成与调整为同一页面，爆破方案参数设计生成之后，可在爆破设计模块中的各个功能区查看或调整设计图，如图7所示。
在方案参数设计确定后，系统自动计算并生成该方案的爆破数据分析表，以表格形式给出工程量、成本及经济指标的数据，如图8所示。学生可以从不同的角度对爆破方案参数设计实施效果进行分析，对于分析表与预期有较大偏差的数据，学生可以返回调整参数，为学生提供了从设计到优化再到评估的闭环实践体验。
3.2　平台辅助课程设计教学效果评价
作者随机抽取使用该智能设计平台完成隧道爆破课程设计的90名本科生，学生主要来自城市地下空间工程、土木工程和采矿工程等相关专业。采用五级李克特量表对平台进行满意度调查问卷，设置A：非常同意，5分；B：同意，4分；C：中立，3分；D：不同意，2分；E：非常不同意，1分；问卷包括“功能实用性”“操作便捷性”“学习效果提升”三个方面[21]。调查结果显示：功能实用性得分为4.12±0.63，学生认为智能设计平台能够利用动态参数调整与智能判别机制优化爆破方案有助于爆破方案的理解，并且增强实践能力。操作便捷性得分为3.78±0.71，学生认为平台操作界面逻辑清晰、导向式流程易于上手，但三维模型动态交互模块仍需进一步优化。学习效果提升得分为4.24±0.58，学生认为平台的可视化设计强化了理论与实践的结合，对工程智能化思维的培养具有显著作用。
课程设计实例结果表明，运用隧道爆破智能设计软件平台能够大大提高课程设计的效率，有助于学生深入理解和扎实掌握课程专业知识，实现智能课程辅助设计。爆破方案设计过程科学合理并且环环相扣，平台系统自动进行对方案参数的可实施性判断，每一个环节正确才能进入下一个环节，构建了导向式的操作流程，提高学生计算的精确性。同时，实现了设计方案的可视化效果，使理论知识与工程应用融合，增强学生理论与实践的结合能力。
4　结论
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(1)针对当前隧道爆破课程设计教学实践存在的问题，以先进的教育理论和智能技术作为指导，为促进学生对隧道爆破课程设计的认识与理解，将隧道爆破智能设计平台应用到隧道爆破课程设计，达到了交互式教学相长的效果。
(2)隧道爆破智能设计平台提供了从设计、优化到评估的闭环实践体验，应用智能设计平台学生能够快速掌握爆破设计的要点，简化了隧道爆破课程设计中复杂的计算与绘图环节，显著提高了课程设计的效率与设计质量，改变了传统的课程设计教学实践模式。
(3)基于智能设计的隧道爆破课程设计教学实践设计合理、内容丰富，与传统教学实践相比，该课程设计模式使学生直观地感知理论知识与工程实践的联系，有利于培养自主学习能力，锻炼学生的理论实践能力，培养学生的智能化设计思想。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金项目(51874189)
  • 山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023ME106)
文献
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.022
  • 接收时间：2025-01-21
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-05-15
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出版历史
  • 收稿日期：2025-01-21
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(51874189)
国家自然科学基金项目(51874189)
Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shandong Province(ZR2023ME106)
山东省自然科学基金资助项目(ZR2023ME106)
作者信息
    1.山东科技大学　土木工程与建筑学院，青岛　266590
    2.山东大学　齐鲁交通学院，济南　250000

通讯作者:

周红敏（1975-），女，河北新乐人，副教授、硕士生导师，主要从事工程防灾减灾控制研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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