Article(id=1240702074510430778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.018, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1737129600000, receivedDateStr=2025-01-18, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736025693, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1742313600000, pubDateStr=2025-03-19, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736025693, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736025693, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736025693, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702076171375186, articleId=1240702074510430778, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Additional Kinetic Energy in Linear Shaped Charge Cutting of Titanium Alloy Plates, columnId=1240702073851925013, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A study was conducted using explosive cutting cords to titanium alloy plates to quantitatively investigate the additional kinetic energy generated during blade fracture in aviation engine case inclusion experiments. The additional kinetic energy was analyzed through both computational and experimental approaches. Using AUTODYN software, two computational methods were employed: the center-of-mass motion method (yielding E1) and the particle-by-particle accumulation method (yielding E2). The accuracy of these methods was systematically compared. Experimental validation was achieved by measuring the additional kinetic energy (E3) in controlled explosion experiments. The computational results were verified against experimental data, confirming the reliability of both the simulation and testing methodologies. The study reveals that the maximum additional kinetic energy generated during the severance of titanium alloy plates constitutes a smaller proportion of the total kinetic energy proportion than the threshold proposed by the FAA company. These findings provide critical insights for designing and evaluating cartridge inclusion experiments in aviation safety applications.

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WANG Meng (1974-), male, born in Huainan city, Anhui, province, Ph.D, professor, mainly engaged in the explosion mechanics, computational mechanics research, (E-mail) .
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为定量研究航空发动机机匣包容实验中的叶片断裂飞脱附加动能,设计切割索爆炸切断钛合金板实验。使用AUTODYN软件计算据质心运动方法的附加动能E1和逐粒子累加方法的附加动能E2,并进行对比验证了计算方法的精确性。通过爆炸实验获得测试附加动能E3,计算值经与测试值比照确认后,核实了计算与实验的准确性。研究表明:当钛合金板恰巧爆炸切断时,其最大附加动能的总动能占比小于美国FAA公司提出的指标。该研究结果可用于机匣包容实验。

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王猛(1974-),男,安徽淮南,博士、教授,主要从事爆炸力学、计算力学研究,(E-mail)
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李发耀(1999-),男,安徽六安,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破理论与技术研究,(E-mail)

LI Fa-yao (1999-), male, born in Lu'an city, Anhui province, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the blasting theory and technology research, (E-mail) .

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李发耀(1999-),男,安徽六安,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破理论与技术研究,(E-mail)

LI Fa-yao (1999-), male, born in Lu'an city, Anhui province, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the blasting theory and technology research, (E-mail) .

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李发耀(1999-),男,安徽六安,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破理论与技术研究,(E-mail)

LI Fa-yao (1999-), male, born in Lu'an city, Anhui province, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the blasting theory and technology research, (E-mail) .

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Material parameters of TC4 titanium alloy test piece

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密度Density ρ/(g·cm-3)格鲁尼森系数Gruneisen coefficient声速Acoustic speed Cg/(m·s-1)斜率系数Slope coefficient S1剪切模量Shear modulus/GPa泊松比Poisson ratio屈服应力Yield stress/GPa
4.421.2351301.02841.90.351.092
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TC4钛合金试件材料参数

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密度Density ρ/(g·cm-3)格鲁尼森系数Gruneisen coefficient声速Acoustic speed Cg/(m·s-1)斜率系数Slope coefficient S1剪切模量Shear modulus/GPa泊松比Poisson ratio屈服应力Yield stress/GPa
4.421.2351301.02841.90.351.092
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Parameters of the JWL equation of state for HNS

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密度Density ρ/(g·cm-3)压力系数Pressure coefficient A/GPa压力系数Pressure coefficient B/GPa指数衰减系数Index decay coefficient R1指数衰减系数Index decay coefficient R2内能耦合系数Internal energy coupling coefficient ω爆速Velocity of detonation/(m·s-1)
1.65463.108.8734.551.350.357030
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六硝基菧的JWL状态方程的参数

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密度Density ρ/(g·cm-3)压力系数Pressure coefficient A/GPa压力系数Pressure coefficient B/GPa指数衰减系数Index decay coefficient R1指数衰减系数Index decay coefficient R2内能耦合系数Internal energy coupling coefficient ω爆速Velocity of detonation/(m·s-1)
1.65463.108.8734.551.350.357030
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Material parameters of the lead alloy

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密度Density ρ/(g·cm-3)格鲁尼森系数Gruneisen coefficient声速Acoustic speed Cg/(m·s-1)斜率系数Slope coefficient S1剪切模量Shear modulus/GPa泊松比Poisson ratio屈服应力Yield stress/GPa
10.12.7720511.468.60.428.0
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铅合金的材料参数

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密度Density ρ/(g·cm-3)格鲁尼森系数Gruneisen coefficient声速Acoustic speed Cg/(m·s-1)斜率系数Slope coefficient S1剪切模量Shear modulus/GPa泊松比Poisson ratio屈服应力Yield stress/GPa
10.12.7720511.468.60.428.0
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切割索切断钛合金板附加动能研究
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李发耀 1 , 王猛 1 , 韦众 1 , 王天玺 1 , 王弈轩 1 , 宣海军 2 , 何泽侃 2
爆破 | 爆破器材 2025,42(3): 158-164
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爆破 | 爆破器材 2025, 42(3): 158-164
切割索切断钛合金板附加动能研究
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李发耀1 , 王猛1 , 韦众1, 王天玺1, 王弈轩1, 宣海军2, 何泽侃2
作者信息
  • 1.安徽理工大学 化工与爆破学院 淮南 232001
  • 2.浙江大学 高速旋转机械实验室 杭州 310027
  • 李发耀(1999-),男,安徽六安,硕士研究生,主要从事爆破理论与技术研究,(E-mail)

    LI Fa-yao (1999-), male, born in Lu'an city, Anhui province, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in the blasting theory and technology research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

王猛(1974-),男,安徽淮南,博士、教授,主要从事爆炸力学、计算力学研究,(E-mail)
Study on Additional Kinetic Energy in Linear Shaped Charge Cutting of Titanium Alloy Plates
Fa-yao LI1 , Meng WANG1 , Zhong WEI1, Tian-xi WANG1, Yi-xuan WANG1, Hai-jun XUAN2, Ze-kan HE2
Affiliations
  • 1.College of Chemical Engineering and Blasting, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
  • 2.High-Speed Rotation Machinery Laboratory of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
出版时间: 2025-03-19 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.018
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为定量研究航空发动机机匣包容实验中的叶片断裂飞脱附加动能,设计切割索爆炸切断钛合金板实验。使用AUTODYN软件计算据质心运动方法的附加动能E1和逐粒子累加方法的附加动能E2,并进行对比验证了计算方法的精确性。通过爆炸实验获得测试附加动能E3,计算值经与测试值比照确认后,核实了计算与实验的准确性。研究表明:当钛合金板恰巧爆炸切断时,其最大附加动能的总动能占比小于美国FAA公司提出的指标。该研究结果可用于机匣包容实验。

包容实验  /  爆炸切断  /  附加动能  /  验证  /  确认

A study was conducted using explosive cutting cords to titanium alloy plates to quantitatively investigate the additional kinetic energy generated during blade fracture in aviation engine case inclusion experiments. The additional kinetic energy was analyzed through both computational and experimental approaches. Using AUTODYN software, two computational methods were employed: the center-of-mass motion method (yielding E1) and the particle-by-particle accumulation method (yielding E2). The accuracy of these methods was systematically compared. Experimental validation was achieved by measuring the additional kinetic energy (E3) in controlled explosion experiments. The computational results were verified against experimental data, confirming the reliability of both the simulation and testing methodologies. The study reveals that the maximum additional kinetic energy generated during the severance of titanium alloy plates constitutes a smaller proportion of the total kinetic energy proportion than the threshold proposed by the FAA company. These findings provide critical insights for designing and evaluating cartridge inclusion experiments in aviation safety applications.

inclusive experiment  /  explosion cut-off  /  additional kinetic energy  /  verification  /  validation
李发耀, 王猛, 韦众, 王天玺, 王弈轩, 宣海军, 何泽侃. 切割索切断钛合金板附加动能研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 158 -164 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.018
Fa-yao LI, Meng WANG, Zhong WEI, Tian-xi WANG, Yi-xuan WANG, Hai-jun XUAN, Ze-kan HE. Study on Additional Kinetic Energy in Linear Shaped Charge Cutting of Titanium Alloy Plates[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 158 -164 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.018
钛合金材料因其密度低、强度大的特性,广泛应用于航空航天等领域[1]。目前我国航空发动机中叶片、涡轮和转子等许多部件采用钛合金材料。这些部件在高速旋转时会受到高周疲劳或外物损伤断裂,高速碎片会以极大的动能击穿机匣,造成二次破坏,严重威胁安全飞行[2,3]。这种因碎片击穿机匣而造成的事故称为非包容性事故。
机匣包容实验是航空发动机适航的最终实验[4]。叶片断裂飞脱是该实验的关键环节,目前主要采用预制缺口和爆炸切断的方式。国外在此方面具有成熟技术,并完成了大量机匣包容实验。Trent900、1000及GEnx发动机的包容实验中均采用叶片爆炸断裂飞脱技术[5]。近年来国内学者展开了一系列研究。郭明明重点介绍了两种叶片断裂的方法并对其进行实验[6,7],证明了爆炸切断方法的可行性。张国静和吕登洲分别进行了实验设计和数值仿真的工作[8,9],验证了使用线性聚能切割器切断叶片的可行性。陈刚设计了三种爆炸分离钛合金板的方案[10],其中切割索作用力集中,在相同药量下爆炸切断效果较好。
史同承介绍了美国FAA的研究报告[11-13],说明包容所需机匣厚度与叶片动能的开方成正比关系。爆炸飞脱叶片的同时会给予叶片部分能量,主要表现为叶片的附加动能。当附加动能为叶片总动能的2%时,对机匣的影响仅为1%。因此在机匣包容性实验中,爆炸飞脱钛合金叶片的附加动能应小于总动能的2%。查阅文献知,国内目前缺乏关于爆炸切断附加动能的相关研究,国外相关研究处于屏蔽状态。因此该研究对支持航空发动机机匣包容实验具有重大意义。
使用AUTODYN的SPH方法进行数值模拟[14]。SPH方法为无网格计算方法,可有效避免大变形带来的数值畸变。
通过叶片断裂位置处厚度,设计钛合金板模型尺寸为100 mm×60 mm×23 mm,材质为TC4钛合金(Ti6Al4V)。经过查阅文献发现,切割索垫高为0.5 mm时,对钛合金板的切割深度最大为1.81 mm。为了探究切割索完全切断钛合金板时的附加动能,保留钛合金板剩余厚度为3.62 mm。
切割索宽3.8mm、高3.2 mm。外壳材料为铅,厚0.2 mm。通过多次切割索实验,调整钛合金板剩余厚度恰巧切断。仿真建模、切割索横截面和建模如图1图2所示。建模总共有421 516个网格,其中钛合金板266 060个,铅外壳115 884个,切割索装药56 500个。图3为监测点分布图,其中监测点1在钛合金板右半块质心处。监测点1~6坐标分别为(15,50,0)、(0,0,0)、(0,25,0)、(0,50,0)、(0,75,0)、(0,100,0),单位:mm。
钛合金材料选用TC4型号,采用Johnson-Cook模型,参数如表1所示[15]。切割索炸药为六硝基菧(HNS),采用JWL状态方程[16],参数如表2所示。切割索外壳材料为铅合金,采用Johnson-Cook模型,参数如表3所示。
切割索传爆过程如图4所示,图4(a~e)为切割索传爆至监测点2~6时,并生成射流侵彻靶板的截面图(左)及剖面图(右),通过截面图可了解传爆过程。由图4可以看出,爆炸效果仅在切割索附近明显,粒子有明显的飞散。图5为完全断裂时的钛合金板。
t=1.29 μs时,切割索挤出金属射流开始侵彻靶板;当t=11.94 μs时,切割索已完全起爆,并已形成金属射流侵彻靶板。当t=20.01 μs时,钛合金板在金属射流和爆生气体的综合作用下被完全切断。
图6给出了监测点在xyz三个方向的速度变化情况,监测点1设置在钛合金板的质心处。监测点速度即为右侧钛合金板的质心速度,质心速度在应力波的作用下反复振荡。当板断裂时,板内的应力波能量逐渐耗散,质点速度趋近钛合金板最终飞脱速度。钛合金板左右对称,断裂后左右两块钛合金板飞脱动能相同,仅需计算板右侧质心的飞脱速度即可得到整体附加动能。
图7为钛合金板监测点合速度变化曲线图。t=1.42 μs时,钛合金板质心处xy两方向速度发生变化,此时切割索挤出聚能射流切刀并切割钛合金板。1.42 μs至8.16 μs为切割索传爆过程。
图8所示,射流在6.39 μs时开始侵彻监测点4,8.16 μs时应力波传至质心处,此时质点在xz方向的速度达到最大。20.01 μs后质点的速度进入低频振荡阶段,最后趋于平稳。经测量钛合金板断裂后最终的飞脱速度约为26.25 m/s。钛合金板总质量为600 g,钛合金板的整体附加动能E1为206.72 J。
在SPH方法中,每个粒子都具有相应物理量如质量、速度和动能等。对某时刻所有钛合金粒子动能进行累加,得到此刻下钛合金板的动能。统计不同时刻下的动能,便得到了钛合金板整体动能变化曲线图。
图9显示了钛合金板的整体动能变化。切割索开始爆炸切割钛合金板时,整体动能迅速增大,当t=1.85 μs时达到第一个峰值,然后开始逐渐减小。当t=3.25 μs时,附加动能开始逐渐增大。当t=11.87 μs时,附加动能达到最大,此时切割索完全起爆,射流完全侵彻钛合金板。11.87 μs后钛合金板附加动能逐渐变小,并趋于平缓至204 J。由此得出钛合金板的整体附加动能E2约为204 J。
实验所用TC4钛合金板和切割索如图10所示,实验装置如图11所示。为确保两侧切割索能同时起爆,钛合金板凹槽端部的切割索预留2 cm超出部分,并与雷管绑扎连接。将钛合金板用细索悬吊于实验架上,将高速摄影机置于安全位置。
设置高速摄影机参数为5000 f/s。由相邻两照片坐标获知钛合金板位移,计算得到钛合金板飞脱速度。通过飞脱速度和钛合金板质量可计算附加动能。
钛合金板被切割索爆炸切断成AB两块,两块的飞脱速度如图12图13所示。A块的飞行速度为23.75 m/s,质量为304.0 g;B块的飞行速度为26.75 m/s,质量为294.6 g。
由上述实验获取分离后两块钛合金板的速度和质量,计算后得到爆炸切断钛合金板的总附加动能E3为194.99 J。
对以上数值和实验结果进行验证和确认(V&V)分析,保证结论的精确性和准确性。
通过质心运动和粒子累加两种计算附加动能的方法进行比照。据质心速度计算得到的钛合金板附加动能E1为206.72 J,逐粒子累加计算得到的附加动能E2为204.00 J,两者误差为1.33%,验证了两种计算方法的精确性。
通过爆炸切断实验测试得到的钛合金整体附加动能E3为194.99 J,和E1E2的误差分别为5.67%和4.41%,计算和实验结果基本一致,确认了分析的准确性。
(1)经上述研究分析表明,切割索爆炸切断钛合金板的附加动能约为200 J/100mm。
(2)某实验钛合金叶片飞脱部分质量为5.0 kg,叶片切断宽度为250.0 mm,飞脱转速为4000 rpm,对应角速度为419 rad/s。叶片断裂飞脱的总动能为78.86 kJ,切割索爆炸切断钛合金叶片时的最大附加动能为500.0 J,占总动能的0.63%,小于2%附加动能指标。
(3)此实验结果适用于预断裂处截面为矩形类型的叶片,其他类型叶片还需进行验证和确认工作。
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2025年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.018
  • 接收时间:2025-01-18
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-03-19
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  • 收稿日期:2025-01-18
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    1.安徽理工大学 化工与爆破学院 淮南 232001
    2.浙江大学 高速旋转机械实验室 杭州 310027

通讯作者:

王猛(1974-),男,安徽淮南,博士、教授,主要从事爆炸力学、计算力学研究,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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