Article(id=1240702073960976925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.010, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727366400000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-27, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736025562, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1753027200000, pubDateStr=2025-07-21, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736025562, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736025562, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736025562, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=86, endPage=94, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702074191663659, articleId=1240702073960976925, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Research and Application of Dispersed Charge Pre-splitting Blasting Technology for Uniform Fracturing Composite Roof, columnId=1240702072862069231, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING IN ORE AND ROCK, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Differences in thickness, mineral composition, wave impedance, and joint fissures. This often leads to a mismatch between the charge structure of the pre-splitting and cutting holes and the physical and mechanical properties of the layers, which can easily cause the complex rock layers to fail to pre-split. The soft rock layers form chicken-nest-shaped explosive pits due to excessive consumption of explosive energy, making it difficult for pre-splitting and cutting holes to penetrate the entire length of the blast hole effectively. To attain consistent pre-splitting of the composite roof, the LS-DYNA software was employed to analyze the impact of the charging structure on the pre-splitting effect of the composite roof. Based on this foundation, a uniform-dispersion and pressure-holding pre-splitting blasting technique was proposed for the composite roof. Field experiments were conducted, and in conjunction with the preliminary evaluation of the progression of post-blast fractures, the viability of this uniform-dispersion and pressure-holding pre-splitting blasting method was substantiated. The research results indicate that the escape of explosive gas from hard rock layers to soft rock layers is the primary reason for the uneven energy utilization in the pre-cracking explosion of the composite roof. The composite roof uniform dispersion pressure pre-splitting blasting technology divides the pre-splitting holes into multiple chambers according to the layered structure of the composite roof. Each layer has an independent post-explosion pressure holding chamber, which meets the explosive energy requirements of each pre-splitting layer, thereby avoiding excessive consumption of explosive energy in soft rock layers and enhancing the pre-splitting effect in hard rock layers.

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ZHANG Tao (1994-), male, born in Datong, Shanxi Province, postgraduate, mainly engaged in research on the theory and technology of mining engineering and engineering blasting, (E-mail) .
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复合顶板具有多层不同岩性的分层,各分层厚度、矿物成分、波阻抗以及节理裂隙等存在显著差异,这常常导致预裂切缝孔装药结构与分层的物理力学性质不匹配,易造成硬岩分层无法预裂,软岩分层因过度消耗爆炸能量形成鸡窝状爆坑,预裂切缝难以沿炮孔全长有效贯通。为实现复合顶板均匀预裂,采用LS-DYNA软件分析了装药结构对复合顶板预裂效果的影响,在此基础上提出了复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术;通过开展现场试验,结合爆后对爆生裂隙发育情况的窥视评价,验证了该均散保压预裂爆破技术的可行性。研究结果表明:爆生气体由硬岩分层向软岩分层逃逸是造成复合顶板预裂爆炸能量利用不均的主要原因;复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术按照复合顶板分层结构将预裂孔分割成多个腔体,各分层具有独立的爆后保压腔体,满足了预裂各分层的爆炸能量需求,避免了炸药能量过度消耗在软岩分层,提高了硬岩分层预裂效果。

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张涛(1994-),男,山西大同人,工程师、硕士研究生,主要从事采空工程及工程爆破理论及技术研究工作,(E-mail)
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张志忠(1975-),男,山西五台人,高级工程师、本科,主要从事煤矿安全高效绿色开采理论及技术研究工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Zhi-zhong (1975-), male, born in Wutai, Shanxi Province, undergraduate, mainly engaged in research on the theory and technology of safe, efficient and green mining in coal mines, (E-mail) .

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张志忠(1975-),男,山西五台人,高级工程师、本科,主要从事煤矿安全高效绿色开采理论及技术研究工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Zhi-zhong (1975-), male, born in Wutai, Shanxi Province, undergraduate, mainly engaged in research on the theory and technology of safe, efficient and green mining in coal mines, (E-mail) .

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张志忠(1975-),男,山西五台人,高级工程师、本科,主要从事煤矿安全高效绿色开采理论及技术研究工作,(E-mail)

ZHANG Zhi-zhong (1975-), male, born in Wutai, Shanxi Province, undergraduate, mainly engaged in research on the theory and technology of safe, efficient and green mining in coal mines, (E-mail) .

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The attenuation and dispersion effects on explosive wave of layered protective engineering[D]. Hefei: University of Science and Technology of China, 2007. 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ArticleFig(id=1240702083012285424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Observation results of explosive cracks in the observation hole, figureFileSmall=NaYUliHSe8wj4Bb44c/ldg==, figureFileBig=lrIxiQ7fUCCEhIgaVdqldA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702083100365814, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=CN, label=图7, caption=观察孔爆生裂隙窥视结果, figureFileSmall=NaYUliHSe8wj4Bb44c/ldg==, figureFileBig=lrIxiQ7fUCCEhIgaVdqldA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702083205223420, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Emulsion explosive parameters and JWL state equation parameters[11,12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(g·cm-3) D CJ/(cm·μs-1) P CJ/(102 GPa) A(102 GPa) B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/(102 GPa)
1.10.459.72.140.1824.20.90.150.04192
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乳化炸药材料模型和JWL状态方程参数[11,12]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(g·cm-3) D CJ/(cm·μs-1) P CJ/(102 GPa) A(102 GPa) B/GPa R1 R2 ω E0/(102 GPa)
1.10.459.72.140.1824.20.90.150.04192
), ArticleFig(id=1240702083465269265, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

JH2 parameters of rock[11,13-15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameters硬岩及顶底岩层Hard rock,topmost and bottommost rock layers软岩Soft rock参数Parameters硬岩及顶底岩层Hard rock,topmost and bottommost rock layers软岩Soft rock
ρ/(g·cm-3)2.662.6 HEL/GPa4.53.2
G/GPa21.912.31 P HEL/GPa3.72.32
A0.760.76 β0.51
B0.250.25 D10.0050.005
C0.0050.005 D20.70.7
M0.620.62 K1/GPa25.726.67
N0.620.62 K2/GPa-4500-37.59
T/MPa54.040.0 K3/GPa3000005213.7
    σ F max0.250.25
), ArticleFig(id=1240702083557543961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

岩石JH2模型参数[11,13-15]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数Parameters硬岩及顶底岩层Hard rock,topmost and bottommost rock layers软岩Soft rock参数Parameters硬岩及顶底岩层Hard rock,topmost and bottommost rock layers软岩Soft rock
ρ/(g·cm-3)2.662.6 HEL/GPa4.53.2
G/GPa21.912.31 P HEL/GPa3.72.32
A0.760.76 β0.51
B0.250.25 D10.0050.005
C0.0050.005 D20.70.7
M0.620.62 K1/GPa25.726.67
N0.620.62 K2/GPa-4500-37.59
T/MPa54.040.0 K3/GPa3000005213.7
    σ F max0.250.25
), ArticleFig(id=1240702085075882012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

DP parameters of stemming[16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(g·cm-3) E/GPa内聚力Cohesion/MPa内摩擦角Internal friction angle/°泊松比Poisson′s ratio
1.51.7480.1052.140.271
), ArticleFig(id=1240702085193322537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

封堵炮泥DP模型参数[16]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(g·cm-3) E/GPa内聚力Cohesion/MPa内摩擦角Internal friction angle/°泊松比Poisson′s ratio
1.51.7480.1052.140.271
), ArticleFig(id=1240702085260431407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

MPLP parameters of PVC energy gathering tube[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3) E/MPa PR σ y/MPa ETAN/MPa FAIL LCSS
830.3973057.780.456.895344.750.253451
), ArticleFig(id=1240702085340123185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073960976925, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

聚能管聚氯乙烯MPLP模型参数[11]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ρ/(kg·m-3) E/MPa PR σ y/MPa ETAN/MPa FAIL LCSS
830.3973057.780.456.895344.750.253451
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复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术研究与应用
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张志忠 1 , 刘玉山 1 , 张雪峰 1 , 郝兵元 2 , 王晨龙 2 , 张涛 3
爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025,42(3): 86-94
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爆破 | 矿岩爆破 2025, 42(3): 86-94
复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术研究与应用
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张志忠1 , 刘玉山1, 张雪峰1, 郝兵元2, 王晨龙2, 张涛3
作者信息
  • 1.山西华阳集团新能股份有限公司二矿,阳泉 045000
  • 2.太原理工大学,太原 030024
  • 3.山西吉昌泰矿山工程技术有限公司,太原 030024
  • 张志忠(1975-),男,山西五台人,高级工程师、本科,主要从事煤矿安全高效绿色开采理论及技术研究工作,(E-mail)

    ZHANG Zhi-zhong (1975-), male, born in Wutai, Shanxi Province, undergraduate, mainly engaged in research on the theory and technology of safe, efficient and green mining in coal mines, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

张涛(1994-),男,山西大同人,工程师、硕士研究生,主要从事采空工程及工程爆破理论及技术研究工作,(E-mail)
Research and Application of Dispersed Charge Pre-splitting Blasting Technology for Uniform Fracturing Composite Roof
Zhi-zhong ZHANG1 , Yu-shan LIU1, Xue-feng ZHANG1, Bing-yuan HAO2, Chen-long WANG2, Tao ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1.No.2 Mine of Shanxi Huayang Group New Energy Co., Ltd., Yangquan 045000, China
  • 2.Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China
  • 3.Shanxi Jichangtai Mine Engineering Technology Co., Ltd., Taiyuan 030024, China
出版时间: 2025-07-21 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.010
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复合顶板具有多层不同岩性的分层,各分层厚度、矿物成分、波阻抗以及节理裂隙等存在显著差异,这常常导致预裂切缝孔装药结构与分层的物理力学性质不匹配,易造成硬岩分层无法预裂,软岩分层因过度消耗爆炸能量形成鸡窝状爆坑,预裂切缝难以沿炮孔全长有效贯通。为实现复合顶板均匀预裂,采用LS-DYNA软件分析了装药结构对复合顶板预裂效果的影响,在此基础上提出了复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术;通过开展现场试验,结合爆后对爆生裂隙发育情况的窥视评价,验证了该均散保压预裂爆破技术的可行性。研究结果表明:爆生气体由硬岩分层向软岩分层逃逸是造成复合顶板预裂爆炸能量利用不均的主要原因;复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术按照复合顶板分层结构将预裂孔分割成多个腔体,各分层具有独立的爆后保压腔体,满足了预裂各分层的爆炸能量需求,避免了炸药能量过度消耗在软岩分层,提高了硬岩分层预裂效果。

复合顶板  /  均散保压预裂爆破技术  /  均匀预裂

Differences in thickness, mineral composition, wave impedance, and joint fissures. This often leads to a mismatch between the charge structure of the pre-splitting and cutting holes and the physical and mechanical properties of the layers, which can easily cause the complex rock layers to fail to pre-split. The soft rock layers form chicken-nest-shaped explosive pits due to excessive consumption of explosive energy, making it difficult for pre-splitting and cutting holes to penetrate the entire length of the blast hole effectively. To attain consistent pre-splitting of the composite roof, the LS-DYNA software was employed to analyze the impact of the charging structure on the pre-splitting effect of the composite roof. Based on this foundation, a uniform-dispersion and pressure-holding pre-splitting blasting technique was proposed for the composite roof. Field experiments were conducted, and in conjunction with the preliminary evaluation of the progression of post-blast fractures, the viability of this uniform-dispersion and pressure-holding pre-splitting blasting method was substantiated. The research results indicate that the escape of explosive gas from hard rock layers to soft rock layers is the primary reason for the uneven energy utilization in the pre-cracking explosion of the composite roof. The composite roof uniform dispersion pressure pre-splitting blasting technology divides the pre-splitting holes into multiple chambers according to the layered structure of the composite roof. Each layer has an independent post-explosion pressure holding chamber, which meets the explosive energy requirements of each pre-splitting layer, thereby avoiding excessive consumption of explosive energy in soft rock layers and enhancing the pre-splitting effect in hard rock layers.

composite roof  /  dispersed charging and pressure retaining pre-splitting blasting technology  /  uniform fracturing composite roof
张志忠, 刘玉山, 张雪峰, 郝兵元, 王晨龙, 张涛. 复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术研究与应用. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.010
Zhi-zhong ZHANG, Yu-shan LIU, Xue-feng ZHANG, Bing-yuan HAO, Chen-long WANG, Tao ZHANG. Research and Application of Dispersed Charge Pre-splitting Blasting Technology for Uniform Fracturing Composite Roof[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 86 -94 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.010
切顶卸压沿空留巷无煤柱开采技术是解决常规长壁开采一面双巷留设煤柱采煤工艺存在的煤炭回采率低、巷道掘进量大以及由此带来的采掘衔接紧张等问题的有效手段之一[1]。切顶卸压沿空留巷无煤柱开采技术通过切断采场覆岩大结构向留巷围岩小结构载荷传递载荷路径,人工调整采场覆岩运移特征,达到留巷围岩小结构处于应力降低区的目的,消除采动应力影响严重化,降低留巷矿压剧烈化,并联合顶板补强支护、临时支护以及挡矸支护等支护技术实现留巷围岩小结构稳定。可见,切顶卸压是切顶沿空留巷技术的关键环节,切顶效果将直接决定矸石充填采空空间程度及限制高位岩梁结构运动空间,进而影响沿空留巷围岩控制[2-4]
目前,切顶卸压沿空留巷研究大多集中在假设取得良好切顶效果后的留巷围岩控制机理及技术方面,侧重于切顶留巷“支-卸”协调控制的支护单一方面研究,并未从卸压方面深入研究适应分层结构的复合顶板预裂爆破技术[5-10]。复合顶板具有多层岩性分层,各岩性分层厚度、矿物成分、波阻抗、层理以及节理裂隙发育程度往往存在较大差异,进而造成爆破作用下各岩性分层呈不同的爆生裂纹扩展规律。在切顶留巷不得制约采面高效生产前提下,难以根据复合顶板结构进行针对性爆破切顶卸压,只能按照大药量、小间距切缝孔的传统单一粗暴预裂爆破方式进行卸压。传统单一的顶板预裂爆破方式因未充分考量复合顶板的分层赋存特征,常引发装药结构与顶板分层岩性力学特性的匹配失衡问题。该问题不仅导致炸药爆炸能量有效利用率显著降低,还会造成硬岩分层预裂失效、软岩区域形成蜂窝状爆坑缺陷。尤为关键的是,爆炸能量被软岩分层过度吸收损耗,致使复合顶板在切缝孔全长范围内难以形成贯通裂隙网络,最终导致整体卸压效果显著弱化。见图1
根据复合顶板分层结构特点,形成与软、硬岩分层分布相适应的装药结构是实现复合顶板均匀预裂的关键。切缝孔装药结构对预裂切缝效果具有重要影响作用,体现在以下两方面:
(1)复合顶板切缝孔内药卷布置在硬岩分层范围时,爆炸应力波从硬岩内部传播至软、硬岩层理面将会发生显著反射,促进硬岩分层破坏;而软岩分层裂隙发育,波阻抗小于其上下两侧的硬岩分层,爆炸应力波透射至软岩内部较小,导致除硬岩以外的其他分层难以开裂,见图1(a)所示。
(2)复合顶板切缝孔内药卷布置在软岩分层范围时,爆炸应力波直接作用在孔壁软岩上,硬岩分层孔壁不承受爆炸应力波作用,仅承受爆生气体作用。由于软岩裂隙发育,爆炸应力波将在裂隙面发生多次反射拉破岩体,造成药卷四周软岩过度粉碎,并在爆生气体挤压作用下形成鸡窝状鼓包。此时,切缝孔内药卷四周软岩过渡粉碎消耗了大部分爆炸能量,仅在爆生气体作用下硬岩分层难以开裂,见图1(b)所示。
硬岩分层布置大药量、软岩分层布置小药量的均散装药结构可提供各分层切缝所需的爆炸能量,提高爆炸能量利用率,进而达到复合顶板切缝孔全长均匀预裂的目的。同时,为了防止硬岩分层段炸药爆炸能量向软岩分层逃逸,在硬岩分层和软岩分层两个药段中间封堵炮泥加以阻断,进而延长爆炸应力波和爆生气体对硬岩分层的作用时间,实现各取所需、均匀预裂的目的,见图1(c)所示。从孔底至孔口药量逐渐减小的常规空气间隔装药,并未考虑复合顶板岩性结构,存在装药与岩性不匹配问题,爆后切缝从孔底到孔口裂隙范围逐渐减小,总体上倒锥形,相邻预裂孔切缝难以贯通,见图1(d)所示。
为此,针对复合顶板预裂中装药结构与分层岩性力学特性匹配失衡、爆生气体向软岩分层逸散、硬岩分层破岩效能不足、软岩分层过度破碎、爆炸能量利用率低下及复合顶板均匀致裂困难等系列问题,提出复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术。该技术具有两大创新特征:特征一:采用均散装药结构适配复合顶板岩性分层赋存规律,通过差异化药量分配精准满足各分层预裂的能量需求;特征二:在各分层药柱间设置炮泥封堵结构,将切缝孔分割为独立腔体单元,构建各分层专属的爆后保压腔体,实现爆炸应力波作用时间的分层延长调控。
采用LS-DYNA软件建立复合顶板预裂爆破数值模型,分析装药结构对复合顶板爆破切缝效果的影响作用,为复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术提出提供重要依据。
依据图1建立4种复合顶板预裂爆破数值模型,分别对应图1(a)~(d)装药结构。数值模型唯一不同之处在于装药结构,模型尺寸均为10 m×10.5 m,模型四周施加无反射边界条件;硬岩、软岩及顶底岩层厚度均为1.5 m;炮孔直径ϕ 50 mm,炸药直径ϕ 35 mm,不耦合系数1.43;炮孔深9 m,封堵炮泥段长1.5 m;硬岩层和软岩层药柱均位于岩层中部。模型1装药长度3 m装药结构为1-0-1-0-1;模型2装药长度1.6 m装药结构为0-0.8-0-0.8-0;模型3装药长度4.6 m装药结构为1-0.8-1-0.8-1;模型4装药长度3 m装药结构为1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2;模型5建立在模型3的基础上,该模型为均散保压装药,装药长度3 m装药结构为1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2,孔内各药柱之间封堵炮泥。除均散保压装药模型5外,孔内药柱以外的其余部分均为空气柱。孔内药柱起爆点均位于药柱底端中心位置,孔内各药柱同时正向起爆,模拟现场采用1段煤矿需用数码电子雷管起爆各段药柱。
采用流固耦合算法,岩石采用Lagrange算法,炸药和空气采用ALE算法,空气为耦合域,复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破模型见图2所示。模型含有乳化炸药、硬岩、软岩、爆破孔孔底孔口岩层、封堵炮泥、聚能管和空气七种材料。乳化炸药采用MAT_HIGH_EXPLOSIVE_BURN模型和EOS_JWL状态方程表示,乳化炸药材料模型参数和状态方程参数见表1所示[11,12]。硬岩、软岩和爆破孔孔底孔口岩层均采用描述岩石、玻璃等脆性材料动力响应特征的JH2本构模型,参数见表2所示[11,13-15]。封堵炮泥采用MAT_DRUCKER_PRAGER模型,参数见表3所示[16]。聚能管为聚氯乙烯PVC材质,采用MAT_MODIFIED_PIECEWISE_LINEAR_PLASTICITY本构模型,参数见表4所示[11]。空气采用MAT_NULL本构模型和EOS_LINEAR_POLYNOMIAL状态方程表征[11]
装药结构对复合顶板爆破效果影响特征见图3所示,图中为起爆后1.5 ms的岩石损伤和爆生气体压力分布特征;分别选取4个模型爆破孔底部两段药柱中间的空气单元监测爆生气体流动特征,4个监测点分别为AP1AP2AP3AP4,监测结果见图4所示。
模型1装药结构为1-0-1-0-1,3段1 m长药柱分别位于1.5 m厚的硬岩分层中部,药柱之间为长2 m的空气柱,孔口封泥长1.5 m。药柱爆炸后,沿炮孔全长范围只有硬岩分层所在位置产生了损伤破坏,软岩分层未见损伤破坏;硬岩损伤范围总体呈瓢虫状分布,中部呈短轴约为17.1 cm的椭圆状;冲击波在每层硬岩顶部的硬、软岩界面反射,造成硬岩分层顶部在水平方向产生了明显的拉伸损伤,其损伤范围最大半径达97.7 cm;3段1 m长药柱之间为长2 m的空气柱,提供了爆生气体向软岩分层流动通道;相邻药柱爆生气体在软岩分层中部AP1处汇聚碰撞,气体压力由5 MPa急剧上升为40 MPa,削弱了爆生气体对硬岩分层爆生裂隙扩展的驱动作用。
模型2装药结构为0-0.8-0-0.8-0,两段0.8 m长药柱分别位于1.5 m厚的软岩分层中部,药柱之间为长2.2 m的空气柱,孔口封泥长1.5 m。较模型1相比,仅在软岩中部形成了半径约60 cm的“鸡窝”状爆坑,且裂隙区爆生裂纹均顺着传爆方向向孔底扩展。两段药柱爆生气体在硬岩分层中部AP2叠加后,爆生气体压力由5 MPa增加至10 MPa,硬岩分层在该气体压力10 MPa作用下未产生明显损伤破坏。
模型3装药为模型1和模型2的叠加方式,装药结构为1-0.8-1-0.8-1,3段1 m长和2段0.8 m长的药柱分别位于1.5 m厚的硬岩和软岩分层中部,药柱之间为空气柱,孔口封泥长1.5 m。与模型1和模型2相比,硬岩分层损伤破坏范围无明显变化,软岩分层损伤破坏范围有所增大。模型3硬岩分层炸药爆炸后爆生气体向软岩分层流动,孔底2段药柱爆生气体叠加后压力由初始19 MPa迅速增加至37 MPa,减小硬岩分层损伤破坏,加剧了软岩分层损伤破坏。
模型4装药量从孔底至孔口依次减少,是目前普遍采用的复合顶板预裂装药方式。模型4装药结构为1-0.8-0.6-0.4-0.2,药柱长度自孔底到孔口按0.2 m依次减少,各药柱之间为空气柱,孔口封泥长1.5 m。药柱爆炸后,岩石损伤范围孔底大、孔口小,整体呈倒梯形分布,易导致切缝孔从中部至孔口部分难以有效贯通。由图4模型4的AP4爆生气体压力变化监测曲线可知,硬岩分层1 m长药柱爆炸后爆生气体灌入软岩分层,致使AP4位置爆生气体压力由初始18 MPa迅速升高至30 MPa,加剧了软岩分层损伤破坏,未达到复合顶板均匀预裂的目的。
复合顶板预裂成缝是爆炸应力波和爆生气体耦合作用的结果[10]。空气间隔装药相邻药柱之间的空气柱为爆生气体能量向软岩分层流动提供了便利条件,进而加剧了软岩分层的损伤破坏,弱化了硬岩分层的损伤破坏,难以达到复合顶板各分层均匀致裂的目的。
为阐明复合顶板均散保压预裂作用效果,在模型3的基础上建立模型5,采用封堵炮泥填充各药柱之间的空气柱。
与模型3相比,各分层损伤范围均有所增大,其中硬岩分层损伤范围半径由17.1 cm增大至23.7 cm,增加了38.6%;软岩分层损伤范围由圆形变化为梯形,损伤范围最大半径由61.54 cm增大至67.63 cm,增加了9.9%,并在软岩分层底部沿水平方向产生了半长约为148.5 cm拉伸损伤。
可见,通过炮泥封堵工艺将切缝孔分割为独立腔体单元,各分层形成专属爆后保压腔体,不仅阻断爆生气体跨分层迁移通道,更实现爆炸作用时间的分层精准延长。该机制显著提高爆炸能量有效利用率,最终达成复合顶板全分层均匀致裂效果,从根本上解决了常规空气间隔装药下相邻炮孔裂隙贯通困难的技术瓶颈。
根据81511工作面辅助进风顺槽留巷段顶板岩性钻孔窥视结果,复合顶板结构为泥岩(3.51 m)+砂质泥岩(6.03 m)+细粒砂岩(4.46 m)。直接顶泥岩易风化,节理裂隙发育,受采动影响后碎裂成块,不具备抵抗爆炸作用的能力,易发生冲孔导致顶板局部冒落。为此,切缝孔封泥长度不小于泥岩厚度3.51 m。结合切缝孔孔深13 m,单节聚能管1.5 m长,单孔6节聚能管,每节聚能管安放1发1段煤矿许用数码电子雷管,最终确定封泥长度为4.0 m。
综合17次81511工作面辅助进风顺槽预裂爆破切缝效果评价,确定细粒砂岩预裂爆破线装药密度为500~700 g/m,砂质泥岩预裂爆破线装药密度为150~300 g/m。切缝孔底部3 m为细粒砂岩,线装药密度取600 g/m,则细粒砂岩分层预裂所需药量为1.8 kg;切缝孔距底部3 m~孔口4 m范围为砂质泥岩,线装药密度取233 g/m,则砂质泥岩分层预裂所需药量为1398 g,取1.4 kg。
现场使用的三级煤矿许用乳化炸药药卷规格为ϕ 35 mm×200 mm×200 g。细粒砂岩分层段预裂需9卷炸药,孔底第一节聚能管放置5卷炸药,第二节聚能管放置4卷炸药。砂质泥岩分层段预裂需7卷炸药,自孔底起第三节、第四节和第五节聚能管均放置2卷炸药,第六节聚能管放置1卷炸药。具体装药见图5中装药结构一所示。
为避免细粒砂岩分层段爆生气体向砂质泥岩分层段逃逸,按照复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术特征,结合图5均散布药装药结构一,沿层理面位置,在第二节聚能管底部封堵炮泥将切缝孔分割成2个独立的爆炸保压腔体,见图5中装药结构二所示。
复合顶板均散保压预裂切缝试爆共16孔,孔间距500 mm,分2组,每组各5个装药孔,第1组和第2组分别按装药结构一和装药结构二进行装药,每组内第4孔为预留观察孔,一次起爆10孔,炮孔布置见图6所示。爆破后采用风管对观察孔进行吹孔,随后采用钻孔窥视仪探测爆生裂隙发育特征,见图7所示。
由6#和13#观察孔爆生裂隙窥视结果对比分析可知,两个观察孔砂质泥岩软岩分层爆生裂隙均为大型张拉裂隙。由于装药方式二封堵炮泥阻断了细粒砂岩硬岩分层爆生气体向砂质泥岩软岩段逃逸,为此,6#观察孔砂质泥岩段较13#观察孔岩石完整性低,破碎程度高;6#观察孔细粒砂岩段较13#观察孔裂隙发育程度低,未出现13#观察孔细粒砂岩的大型张拉裂隙。
由此可见,通过封堵炮泥将炮孔分割为2个独立腔体的均散保压装药可有效改变炸药爆炸能量有效利用率,减少爆炸能量向软岩分层逃逸,避免炸药能量过度消耗在软岩分层,有效提高硬岩分层破岩效果,可达到炮孔全长均匀致裂复合顶板的目的。
(1)常规空气间隔装药采用孔底至孔口药量递减的布置方式,因未考量复合顶板分层赋存特征,存在装药结构与岩性力学特性匹配失衡问题。爆后切缝裂隙范围自孔底向孔口呈倒锥形递减,相邻预裂孔切缝难以形成贯通网络。空气柱为爆生气体向软岩分层逸散提供泄能通道,不仅显著降低炸药爆炸能量有效利用率,还导致硬岩分层未能有效切开、软岩区域形成蜂窝状爆坑,最终致使复合顶板全分层难以均匀预裂。
(2)复合顶板均散保压预裂爆破技术遵循“硬岩层位大药量、软岩层位小药量”的差异化配置原则,构建适配复合顶板分层赋存特征的药量配置体系,满足各岩性层切缝预裂的能量要求。此外,为阻断爆炸能量向软岩层位的逸散路径,在硬岩与软岩药柱间设置炮泥封堵结构,通过形成独立保压腔体延长爆炸应力波与爆生气体的作用时效,最终达成复合顶板全分层均匀预裂的目标。
(3)复合顶板预裂爆破处理的核心为硬岩分层,均散保压预裂爆破技术通过差异化药量配置与分层保压机制,不仅显著提升硬岩分层的预裂切顶效能,更有效解决了软岩分层因过度破碎所导致的爆炸能量无效耗散问题。
  • 国家自然科学基金青年项目(12102294)
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.010
  • 接收时间:2024-09-27
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-07-21
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-27
基金
The Youth Project of the National Natural Science Foundation of China(12102294)
国家自然科学基金青年项目(12102294)
作者信息
    1.山西华阳集团新能股份有限公司二矿,阳泉 045000
    2.太原理工大学,太原 030024
    3.山西吉昌泰矿山工程技术有限公司,太原 030024

通讯作者:

张涛(1994-),男,山西大同人,工程师、硕士研究生,主要从事采空工程及工程爆破理论及技术研究工作,(E-mail)
参考文献
分享链接
https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/bp/CN/10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.010
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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