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Article(id=1240702073604461066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.016, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1735056000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-25, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736025477, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736025477, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736025477, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736025477, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=152, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702073931616794, articleId=1240702073604461066, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Microscopic Analysis of Relationship between Explosive Detonation Performance and Pore Distribution, columnId=1240702073851925013, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=BLASTING MATERIALS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study introduces a straightforward two-dimensional vortex model to examine the release and absorption of vortex energy. The energy transfer resulting from vortex collapse during explosive detonation and the microscopic mechanisms underlying detonation growth are analyzed. The relationship between the macroscopic phenomena of detonation growth and extinction and microscopic factors, such as pore size distribution, is established through experimental validation. Findings suggest that the stability of the detonation process is microscopically governed by thermal flux and the effective number of vortices per unit volume within the field. The effects of particle size and density of the explosives on the macroscopic detonation behavior can be elucidated by considering the effective vortex volume concentration and distribution. Control of the ignition vortex pore size is essential, and stabilization of detonation can be achieved by adjusting pore sizes within defined minimum and maximum limits. An optimal and effective pore volume concentration is necessary to maximize the energy utilization efficiency of the explosives. Based on this research, successful tests on the regulation of detonation velocity of emulsion explosives through the use of mixture sensitizers with varied size distributions and constant densities were conducted.

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LI Xiao-jie (1963-), male, Dalian City, Liaoning Province, Ph.D, professor, engaged in research on explosion mechanics and special blasting, (E-mail) .
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通过建立简单的二维涡旋模型，探讨了涡旋能量的释放与吸收，研究了炸药爆轰过程中涡旋坍塌引起的能量输运，爆轰成长等细观机制，建立了爆轰成长与熄灭等宏观现象与孔隙尺寸分布等微观机制之间的联系，并通过实验进行了验证。结果表明：稳定爆轰与流场涡旋热和单位体积内的有效涡旋数量相关。宏观上炸药颗粒度和密度对爆轰过程的影响在微观上可以归结为有效涡旋体积浓度和涡旋尺寸分布对爆轰过程的影响。炸药起爆过程必然存在最小和最大起爆涡旋孔隙尺寸，只有在调节孔隙尺寸r，使r∈（rmin，rmax）时，才有可能使炸药达到稳定爆轰，且存在最佳有效孔隙体积浓度，使炸药的能量利用率达到最大。在此基础上，实现了密度固定时调节较大颗粒尺寸的敏化剂和较小颗粒尺寸敏化剂的成分调节爆速。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李晓杰（1963-），男，辽宁省大连市，博士、教授，从事爆炸力学和特种爆破方面研究，（E-mail）。
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曹荣婷（2001-），女，河北省保定市，在读硕士，从事炸药爆轰性能方面研究，（E-mail）。

CAO Rong-ting (2001-), female, Baoding, Hebei Province, studying for a master's degree, engaged in the research on the explosive detonation performance, (E-mail) .

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曹荣婷（2001-），女，河北省保定市，在读硕士，从事炸药爆轰性能方面研究，（E-mail）。

CAO Rong-ting (2001-), female, Baoding, Hebei Province, studying for a master's degree, engaged in the research on the explosive detonation performance, (E-mail) .

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曹荣婷（2001-），女，河北省保定市，在读硕士，从事炸药爆轰性能方面研究，（E-mail）。

CAO Rong-ting (2001-), female, Baoding, Hebei Province, studying for a master's degree, engaged in the research on the explosive detonation performance, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=A physical sensitization method of emulsion explosives with fixed density and regulated detonation velocity, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1240702090276819194, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, awardId=12172084, language=EN, fundingSource=National Natural Science Foundation of China(12172084), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1240702090369093885, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, awardId=12172084, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金(12172084), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1240702081871434629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1240702081879823237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, companyId=1240702081871434629, language=EN, country=null, province=null, 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label=Fig. 5, caption=Particle size of explosives(single/double base propellant and AN) vs detonation velocities, figureFileSmall=PCM1FVp4GVDHb191axWDyg==, figureFileBig=uYToOW9YlIbdpkRoqJDXnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702087462441137, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=CN, label=图5, caption=单基、双芳3以及AN炸药粒度与爆速[18,19], figureFileSmall=PCM1FVp4GVDHb191axWDyg==, figureFileBig=uYToOW9YlIbdpkRoqJDXnQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702087571493045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Detonation velocity of emulsion explosives with charge densities, figureFileSmall=bruUjpjlS5RARpQvjfrs4A==, figureFileBig=scEwg/+MzeZGN9WHdTv45w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702087697322171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=CN, label=图6, 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figureFileSmall=XBTKTiZVRSxfat4xHu2Eyw==, figureFileBig=oU8mg29bZWS2pH/6MyBGWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702089547010257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=CN, label=图8, caption=铵油炸药孔隙体积浓度与爆速[23], figureFileSmall=XBTKTiZVRSxfat4xHu2Eyw==, figureFileBig=oU8mg29bZWS2pH/6MyBGWQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702089672839383, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Influence of HMX particle size on critical detonation diameter(thickness) of HMX and HMX/F2641

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临界直径d/um Critical diameter临界厚度hcr/mm Critical thickness
HMXHMX/F2641
ρ＝1.000 g/cm3 ρ＝1.719 g/cm3 ρ＝1.762 g/cm3 ρ＝1.706 g/cm3
1~22.500×10－12.500×10－11.100×10－1 
<303.500×10－13.300×10－12.300×10－12.600×10－1
30~40 4.200×10－1－3.500×10－1
40~647.900×10－15.000×10－13.100×10－14.100×10－1
64~949.100×10－15.800×10－13.800×10－15.600×10－1
94~124 6.600×10－1－6.300×10－1
), ArticleFig(id=1240702089773502685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

HMX粒度对HMX和HMX/F2641临界起爆直径(厚度)的影响[21]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
临界直径d/um Critical diameter临界厚度hcr/mm Critical thickness
HMXHMX/F2641
ρ＝1.000 g/cm3 ρ＝1.719 g/cm3 ρ＝1.762 g/cm3 ρ＝1.706 g/cm3
1~22.500×10－12.500×10－11.100×10－1 
<303.500×10－13.300×10－12.300×10－12.600×10－1
30~40 4.200×10－1－3.500×10－1
40~647.900×10－15.000×10－13.100×10－14.100×10－1
64~949.100×10－15.800×10－13.800×10－15.600×10－1
94~124 6.600×10－1－6.300×10－1
), ArticleFig(id=1240702089878360290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Detonation velocity of emulsion explosives with different pore sizes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号Number炸药密度/(g·cm－3) Density of explosives/(g·cm－3)孔隙尺寸/um Pore size/um爆速/(m·s－1) Detonation/(m·s－1)
11.240 拒爆Misfire
21.22010~80拒爆Misfire
31.1505.078×103
41.130 5.052×103
51.200300~600半爆Partial detonation
), ArticleFig(id=1240702089966440679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

乳化炸药的气泡尺寸与爆速

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
编号Number炸药密度/(g·cm－3) Density of explosives/(g·cm－3)孔隙尺寸/um Pore size/um爆速/(m·s－1) Detonation/(m·s－1)
11.240 拒爆Misfire
21.22010~80拒爆Misfire
31.1505.078×103
41.130 5.052×103
51.200300~600半爆Partial detonation
), ArticleFig(id=1240702090054521071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Detonation velocity of emulsion explosives with different pore sizes under the given densities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同尺寸粒子质量含量/% Mass content of particles of different sizes密度/(g·cm－3) Density/(g·cm－3)爆速/(m·s－1) Detonation/(m·s－1)
<80 um0.3~0.6 mm
2.490×10－13.690×10－11.1504.485×103
3.480×10－12.980×10－11.1504.788×103
4.470×10－12.280×10－11.1505.077×103
9.900×10－10.0001.0904.630×103
2.480×10－15.360×10－11.0904.236×103
6.210×10－10.0001.2005.209×103
2.490×10－12.690×10－11.2004.951×103
), ArticleFig(id=1240702090155184369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702073604461066, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

给定密度下气泡尺寸与乳化炸药爆速[24]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
不同尺寸粒子质量含量/% Mass content of particles of different sizes密度/(g·cm－3) Density/(g·cm－3)爆速/(m·s－1) Detonation/(m·s－1)
<80 um0.3~0.6 mm
2.490×10－13.690×10－11.1504.485×103
3.480×10－12.980×10－11.1504.788×103
4.470×10－12.280×10－11.1505.077×103
9.900×10－10.0001.0904.630×103
2.480×10－15.360×10－11.0904.236×103
6.210×10－10.0001.2005.209×103
2.490×10－12.690×10－11.2004.951×103
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炸药爆轰性能与孔隙分布关系的微观分析
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曹荣婷 , 王小红 , 李嘉喜 , 李晓杰 , 王宇新 , 闫鸿浩 , 耿瑞
爆破 | 爆破器材 2025,42(3): 145-152
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爆破 | 爆破器材 2025, 42(3): 145-152
炸药爆轰性能与孔隙分布关系的微观分析
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曹荣婷 , 王小红, 李嘉喜, 李晓杰 , 王宇新, 闫鸿浩, 耿瑞
作者信息
  • 大连理工大学　力学与航空航天学院，大连　116023

    • 曹荣婷（2001-），女，河北省保定市，在读硕士，从事炸药爆轰性能方面研究，（E-mail）。

    CAO Rong-ting (2001-), female, Baoding, Hebei Province, studying for a master's degree, engaged in the research on the explosive detonation performance, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

李晓杰（1963-），男，辽宁省大连市，博士、教授，从事爆炸力学和特种爆破方面研究，（E-mail）。
Microscopic Analysis of Relationship between Explosive Detonation Performance and Pore Distribution
Rong-ting CAO , Xiao-hong WANG, Jia-xi LI, Xiao-jie LI , Yu-xin WANG, Hong-hao YAN, Rui GENG
Affiliations
  • School of Mechanics and Aerospace Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.016
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摘要
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通过建立简单的二维涡旋模型，探讨了涡旋能量的释放与吸收，研究了炸药爆轰过程中涡旋坍塌引起的能量输运，爆轰成长等细观机制，建立了爆轰成长与熄灭等宏观现象与孔隙尺寸分布等微观机制之间的联系，并通过实验进行了验证。结果表明：稳定爆轰与流场涡旋热和单位体积内的有效涡旋数量相关。宏观上炸药颗粒度和密度对爆轰过程的影响在微观上可以归结为有效涡旋体积浓度和涡旋尺寸分布对爆轰过程的影响。炸药起爆过程必然存在最小和最大起爆涡旋孔隙尺寸，只有在调节孔隙尺寸r，使r∈（rmin，rmax）时，才有可能使炸药达到稳定爆轰，且存在最佳有效孔隙体积浓度，使炸药的能量利用率达到最大。在此基础上，实现了密度固定时调节较大颗粒尺寸的敏化剂和较小颗粒尺寸敏化剂的成分调节爆速。

涡旋模型  /  孔隙尺寸  /  密度  /  粒度  /  爆轰

This study introduces a straightforward two-dimensional vortex model to examine the release and absorption of vortex energy. The energy transfer resulting from vortex collapse during explosive detonation and the microscopic mechanisms underlying detonation growth are analyzed. The relationship between the macroscopic phenomena of detonation growth and extinction and microscopic factors, such as pore size distribution, is established through experimental validation. Findings suggest that the stability of the detonation process is microscopically governed by thermal flux and the effective number of vortices per unit volume within the field. The effects of particle size and density of the explosives on the macroscopic detonation behavior can be elucidated by considering the effective vortex volume concentration and distribution. Control of the ignition vortex pore size is essential, and stabilization of detonation can be achieved by adjusting pore sizes within defined minimum and maximum limits. An optimal and effective pore volume concentration is necessary to maximize the energy utilization efficiency of the explosives. Based on this research, successful tests on the regulation of detonation velocity of emulsion explosives through the use of mixture sensitizers with varied size distributions and constant densities were conducted.

vortex model  /  pore size  /  density  /  particle size  /  detonation
曹荣婷, 王小红, 李嘉喜, 李晓杰, 王宇新, 闫鸿浩, 耿瑞. 炸药爆轰性能与孔隙分布关系的微观分析. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 145 -152 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.016
Rong-ting CAO, Xiao-hong WANG, Jia-xi LI, Xiao-jie LI, Yu-xin WANG, Hong-hao YAN, Rui GENG. Microscopic Analysis of Relationship between Explosive Detonation Performance and Pore Distribution[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 145 -152 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.016
正文
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工业炸药爆轰性能与硝酸盐和油相的预混合程度有关，也与炸药的孔隙尺寸、粒度相关，粉状炸药无论在感度、爆速、猛度上均与多孔粒状铵油、水胶炸药、乳化炸药甚至单质炸药都有很大区别，其起爆至完全爆轰过程也迥然不同。炸药以化学或物理手段引入孔隙(气泡)，作为主要敏化中心，气泡在炸药的爆轰过程中起着重要的作用。随着研究的深入，人们对炸药内部的微观结构与宏观性能关系也进行了大量的研究，提出了孔隙(气泡)热点的均匀性影响热点的形成时间均一性[1]，以及孔隙形态分布对炸药敏感度的影响等等[2]。由于军工对高能炸药安全性的要求，人们对起爆机理及冲击波作用下微孔隙“热点”问题进行了大量的深入研究[3-8]，大量研究结果都体现了孔隙的非对称塌缩，使人们认识到孔隙对炸药的点火作用不仅只是依靠气体压缩高温，还有孔隙闭合产生的射流及由射流冲击引起的高压与剪切高温。
对于炸药中气泡的高速冲击问题，人们已经进行了大量的研究[8-14]，随着研究的深入，逐渐认识到与粉末相类似的非对称运动现象，例如论文对气泡塌缩采用各种计算方法进行了模拟计算[9-13]，论文[14]观测和计算了气泡非对称塌缩，而论文[15，16]发现了冲击后气泡的细化破碎。这些研究极大地丰富了对“热点”机制的认识，但是类似研究仅限于对炸药“热点”作用的研究，没有探讨气泡塌缩后的运动状态，对于孔隙塌缩的研究仍限于炸药点火，尚缺乏对后续的爆轰过程的研究。论文[17]通过对爆轰过程中孔隙压溃过程的研究，提出了工业炸药中孔隙压溃闭合过程产生的旋涡与C-J面之后残存的涡动能与压力波动，促进爆轰化学反应，建立了工业炸药的极限直径、临界直径、最佳装药密度、高密度“压死”、炸药能量利用率、乳化炸药敏化孔隙直径等问题的内在联系，而本文试图通过建立简单的二维涡旋模型，讨论宏观上炸药密度、粒度对炸药爆轰性能的影响的微观解释，以便加深和丰富爆轰过程中涡旋坍塌、能量输运，爆轰成长等细观机制的认识。
1　爆轰流体涡旋模型
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多孔材料冲击的细观力学研究表明，冲击波作用下能量的沉积是微射流，摩擦，冲击以及孔隙坍塌作用的结果形成了涡流，而若涡流单元没有外界能量支持，涡流会不断分解，能量不断衰减和消耗，而爆轰过程是绝热的，无外界的能量支持，这种涡流坍塌引起的涡旋和压力波要么从爆轰波中吸收热量，要么向爆轰波释放热量，引起能量损耗。图1为采用物质点法模拟得到的涡旋消失的位移云图，如图1所示，该图显示了层流受到干扰形成涡流时，涡旋能量增长、衰减，移动，最后消失的系列过程。
因此，可建立一个简单的二维涡旋模型探讨涡旋能量的释放与吸收，如图2所示，每一个涡流控制单元均会行成一条涡流线，涡流线上每一个点都对应一个涡流半径r。设质点流涡旋的初始压强为P，流速为u，密度为ρ。涡旋从产生到消失，湍流最终变成层流，但质量不会消失，如图1所见。
选择该涡流控制单元，根据质量连续性方程可得
质量连续方程(1)表明了炸药化学反应区质点流中孔隙坍塌或成长之后必然会形成涡旋，除非质点流不再发生流动(r＝0或u＝0)。设单位质量的涡旋产生剪切运动时粘性应力和流体产生曲率时压强P通过体积变化、推动流体运动、克服粘性阻力所产生的功为δWe，则δWe＝－4π2(μk－P)rdr，其中μ为反应区介质质点的动力粘度系数；k＝，表示质点速度沿半径方向的梯度。涡旋平动动能变化量ΔEp＝，其中umax表示该密度下炸药反应区内涡旋消失时流体质点速度(umax≈ucj)。而流体的质点涡旋动能变化量ΔEp＝，其中下标e表示涡流，ω表示涡旋的初始角速度，ω＝。则：ΔE＝ΔEp＋ΔEe
对该涡流控制单元分别应用动量方程和热力学第一定律，并从r→rmin及0→t区间积分(即涡旋从产生到消失过程)可得：
动量方程
热力学第一定律方程
式中：Qe表示该过程所产生的涡旋热量；n表示化学反应区中涡旋的数量。Qe＝ηqe，其中，η＝ηρ＝，代表涡旋体积浓度，该式表明，稳定爆轰与流场涡旋热和单位体积内的涡旋数量相关。
对于一个非理想爆轰过程，爆轰波阵面的能量无法得到完全利用，根据式(3)可知：
1)若qe>0，涡旋吸热，则该涡流从爆轰波中吸收热量加剧爆轰波能量损失，当涡旋尺寸r增加时，质点速度u会减小，爆轰波可能无法持续；
2)若qe<0，涡旋放热，则该涡流向爆轰波中释放热量补充爆轰波阵面能量，当涡旋尺寸r减小时，质点速度u会增加，爆轰波才可能稳定传播。
将(3)式中涡旋热量qe对r微分并考虑到
可得
当＝0时，涡旋热速度达到极大/小值
同理，将动量方程对时间t微分可得
因反应区中存在涡旋动力，ω′为涡旋角速度变化率，ω>0，故质点流速随涡旋消失而增长，若要保证质点流速得到收敛，须保证：ω′>0，否则容易导致涡旋能量无限增长，不符合事实。所以要使方程(6)和(5)有解，必须满足
涡旋能量释放热过程分布曲线及其一阶函数分布曲线如图3和图4所示。
质量连续方程表明，稳定的爆轰过程必然存在一定尺寸的涡旋，而能量方程(5)和动量方程(6)表明，炸药的起爆过程必然存在最小rmin和最大涡旋尺寸rmax。
由图3和图4可知，随着涡旋尺寸的增大，放热和吸热过程交替发生，这意味着炸药爆轰过程并非单调要求涡旋尺寸增大或减小，实验上也证明了这一点；除此之外，还存在某种直径rc使qe＝0，这意味着爆轰流中可以存在无效涡旋，既不吸收热量也不放出热量，这说明前面提及的涡旋数量n实际上为有效涡旋数量，这也反映了工业炸药若要正常起爆或稳定爆轰必须要求适量的孔隙和密度。
由方程(6)和(5)可见，最小和加大起爆涡旋尺寸严重依赖于涡流初速速度分布以及爆轰流体粘度。联立方程(1)、(6)和(5)，若已知炸药爆轰流场涡旋参数μ、k、ω、ω′，则可求最小和最大起爆涡旋尺寸以及流场质点速度。而联立方程(1)、(2)和(3)以及流场分布函数方程则可求得各流场参数之间的对应关系，该部分在这里不作讨论。
当涡旋有效数目一定时，若炸药化学反应区中产生的涡旋尺寸过小，涡旋放热量达到极大值，质点速度达到umax时，仍未达到使爆轰形成所必须的下限速度uc，min；而当化学反应区中产生的涡旋尺寸过大，涡旋吸热量达到极大值，质点速度可能低于使爆轰形成所必须的下限速度uc，min，则炸药爆轰不会持续而导致熄爆，因此
因此，在某种程度上，涡旋的尺寸体现了炸药爆轰能量的利用率，不同粒径、不同密度的炸药的爆轰性能表现不尽相同，工业炸药的低密度熄爆和高密度爆轰“压死”等现象正是由于工业炸药中孔隙(气泡)发生坍塌破碎形成了不同尺寸的涡旋，这些涡旋必然不仅仅是“热点”，一定数量的孔隙导致的涡旋热点必然还促进爆轰过程的物质输运和能量传递，这种涡旋坍塌引起的能量输运直接影响了炸药的临界直径和极限爆轰直径，决定了炸药达到理想爆轰状态的程度。
2　实验结果与讨论
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2.1　实验测量
实践证明，硝铵类工业炸药的正常爆轰需要其密度在一定的密度区间时才能稳定传播。炸药中气泡或孔隙在冲击波作用下坍塌，可能引发局部的湍流或涡旋，从而影响爆轰波的传播和能量释放。从以上理论分析可知，敏化粒子形成的“空隙尺寸”会影响炸药爆轰过程中的质点速度，而质点速度直接与炸药爆速相关，宏观上炸药密度、粒度对爆速的影响在微观上表现为有效孔隙体积浓度和涡旋尺寸(热量)，因此，本节通过一些实验数据验证上述理论模型中炸药爆轰存在稳定爆轰涡旋尺寸、有效孔隙体积浓度之间的关系。
2.1.1　炸药粒度
炸药的粒度是影响堆积密度的重要因素，从而决定炸药的孔隙。图5和图6分别反映了不同粒度的单基和双芳3发射药以及AN炸药、不同装药密度的乳化炸药粒度与爆速的关系。
如图5和图6所见，通常情况下，炸药爆速随着粒度减小而增加，但是粒度减小意味着炸药的孔隙越小，即有效孔隙体积浓度减小，热点形成不足，导致爆速下降以及爆轰压死现象。
质量连续方程表明了炸药爆轰流中涡旋尺寸的平方与流体质点速度之间呈反比关系，而流体质点速度在一定程度上反映了炸药的爆轰临界距离，对于炸药爆轰，这意味着涡旋尺寸(炸药粒度，d)越大，流体具有越小的质点速度，也就具有越大的临界起爆直径(厚度，hcr)。表1为一定密度下HMX粒度与HMX炸药以及HMX/F2641炸药的临界起爆厚度的关系。
表1可见，炸药的粒度越小，其临界尺寸愈小，而从图5和图6可知，粒度过小或者过大，均容易导致炸药发生熄爆。可见，对于炸药的稳定爆轰，一定存在孔隙区间(rmin，rmax)，当孔隙或粒度处于该区间时，炸药才可以实现稳定爆轰。
2.1.2　有效孔隙体积浓度与尺寸
图7和图8分别列出了化学敏化乳化炸药、铵油炸药的不同有效孔隙体积浓度与爆速的关系。
因，其中，x为孔隙的质量含量，ρz是孔隙的真密度；对于气泡敏化的工业炸药，当涡旋尺寸r一定时，其质量含量与密度乘积(xρ)代表了其敏化剂的有效孔隙体积浓度η。如图6和图7所示，炸药的爆速均随有效孔隙体积浓度η增大而增大，随后减小。由(3)式可知，若涡旋吸热，质点速度u增随η增大，故爆速提高。而u增大到一定程度之后，涡旋可由吸热转变为放热，则η继续增大时，u会减小，从而降低爆速。通常情况下，炸药爆轰为非理想爆轰，炸药爆速在一定程度上代表了炸药的做功能力，因此，上述实验表明，存在最佳有效孔隙体积浓度，能够优化能量传递效率，使更多的化学能转化为有效的爆轰能量，使炸药爆轰更接近理想爆轰。
而当孔隙质量含量一定时，发泡尺寸仅仅受限于发泡时间，在不同发泡时间下，将发泡粒子混入炸药基质之后，得到不同的炸药密度，这种密度变化则可以用来表征发泡粒子的尺寸分布，如表2所示，列出了乳化炸药中混入质量含量为0.3%的发泡粒子后对炸药进行爆速测试所得到的结果。表2可见，较小和较大尺寸的气泡均容易导致炸药熄爆，因而从实践上证明了炸药的起爆过程必然存在最小及最大临界孔隙直径，只有调节孔隙尺寸，使r∈(rmin，rmax)时，才有可能使炸药达到稳定爆轰。
对于化学敏化而言，化学敏化剂或单一敏化剂无法实现连续改变敏化气泡尺寸以调节爆速，所以，当炸药密度固定时，调节敏化剂的颗粒尺寸分布，即改变较大颗粒和较小颗粒敏化剂的比例，可以调节爆速。如表3所示，表3列出了在设定密度下，炸药中不同孔隙尺寸的粒子对炸药爆速的测量结果。实验结果表明，影响炸药爆轰速度的不仅仅是密度，如前述理论所述，孔隙的尺寸分布依然影响爆速。
2.2　结果与讨论
涡旋热量qe揭示了爆轰反应过程中涡旋尺寸对爆轰状态的影响规律，从理论上解释了乳化炸药在极端环境下表现出的熄爆、做功能力降低等的内在原因主要表现为孔隙直径与有效体积浓度发生的变化，宏观上炸药密度对爆速的影响在微观上也可以解释为有效涡旋体积浓度和涡旋尺寸对爆轰过程的影响。
实际上，流体遇到任何阻碍均可能产生涡旋，因此，涡旋可以是粒子，也可以是气泡，也可以是粒子和气泡的综合作用。从理论上看，umax可以无限接近uc，min，从而：rmin→0，这解释了炸药中孔隙越细从而爆轰越完全，但是由于密实流体的爆轰属于等熵状态的层流，在没有外界压力或热量干扰下无法形成涡流，从而导致炸药可能无法完成持续爆轰从而熄爆，即形成高密度“压死”现象。而较大的孔隙虽然可以向波阵面放热，但是导致了炸药爆轰流的质点速度降低(u→umin→0)从而导致熄爆。
虽然简单的二维涡旋模型和实验均可以证明爆轰过程存在最小和加大起爆涡旋尺寸，它们严重依赖于涡流初速速度分布以及爆轰流体粘度，实际上涡旋是一个三维的复杂结构，在实际求解涡旋塌缩、能量损耗、雷诺应力，涡旋热量，尺寸分布等方面仍然存在较大困难，需要进一步借助大型商业软件才可以得到更直观的了解。上述简单的二维涡旋模型虽然粗糙，但对于一些实验现象仍然具有定性指导意义。
3　结论
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(1)宏观上炸药密度、粒度对爆速的影响在微观上表现为有效孔隙体积浓度和涡旋尺寸对质点流速的影响，而流速最直接的影响是炸药爆速。
(2)稳定的起爆过程必然存在最小和最大起爆涡旋尺寸，只有调节孔隙尺寸，使r∈(rmin，rmax)时，才有可能使炸药达到稳定爆轰；存在最佳有效孔隙体积浓度，使炸药的能量利用率达到最大。
(3)当炸药密度固定时，调节较大颗粒尺寸的敏化剂和较小颗粒尺寸敏化剂的成分可以调节爆速。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金(12172084)
文献
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2025年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.016
  • 接收时间：2024-12-25
  • 首发时间：2026-03-17
  • 出版时间：2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-25
基金
National Natural Science Foundation of China(12172084)
国家自然科学基金(12172084)
作者信息
    大连理工大学　力学与航空航天学院，大连　116023

通讯作者:

李晓杰（1963-），男，辽宁省大连市，博士、教授，从事爆炸力学和特种爆破方面研究，（E-mail）。
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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