Article(id=1240702071893193326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.015, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732809600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-29, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736025068, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1749916800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736025068, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736025068, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736025068, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=135, endPage=144, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702072165823089, articleId=1240702071893193326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Design and Numerical Simulation of 180 m-High Reinforced Concrete Chimney Directional Blasting Demolition, columnId=1240702072073548400, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=EXPLOSIVE DEMOLITION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This study investigates the blasting demolition of a 180 m-high reinforced concrete chimney under site-specific conditions, systematically addressing critical challenges in collapse control through targeted engineering solutions. By designing symmetrically arranged directional and positioning windows, combined with empirical formula calculations, optimal blasting parameters were determined to be a 216 central angle and a 3.5 m cut height, effectively guiding the chimney's collapse along the predetermined trajectory without significant backward displacement. A 1:1 scale numerical model employing the Interface Stress Element Method was developed to simulate the collapse process, showing complete structural failure within 14.0 seconds with controlled lateral deviation (<0.5%) and minimal settlement/forward surge. A comparative analysis with the Decoupled Co-node Model revealed the superior performance of the Interface Stress Element Method in simulating rebar-concrete decoupling at cut closures, reducing backward displacement by approximately 1.0 m through differentiated load-bearing mechanisms at material component nodes. The model successfully replicated restrained rebar scattering during top section ground impact, due to the bonding forces of the spring elements, confirming enhanced simulation accuracy in collapse kinematics. Field implementation validated the numerical predictions, achieving precise directional collapse, complete structural disintegration, and compliance with safety thresholds, thereby establishing a replicable framework for ultra-high chimney demolition engineering.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
LI Yi (1995-), male, doctor, assistant researcher, engaged in safety engineering and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .
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针对某地180 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱爆破拆除工况,详细分析了烟囱爆破倒塌过程的重难点并制定了相应解决措施。设计中通过开设高度对称的定向窗、定位窗控制筒体倒塌方向并依据相关工程经验公式进行推算,最终确定爆破切口圆心角为216°,爆破切口高度3.5 m时,筒体沿设计方向倒塌且不发生明显后座。为验证设计方案的可行性,采用界面应力元法建立等比例烟囱模型,对倒塌过程进行了预分析,仿真结果表明:烟囱历时14.0 s完成倒塌,基本无偏移,下座和前冲都得到有效控制。对比烟囱爆破拆除界面元模型与分离式共节点模型在切口闭合、筒体后座程度和顶部破碎形态发现,界面元模型可有效模拟切口形成时,切口闭合处钢筋与混凝土脱离效果。钢筋、混凝土组分异节点分别承担荷载,避免了材料单元过度失效,筒体后座减小1 m左右。烟囱顶部筒体触地破碎时,由于弹簧单元的粘结力,界面元模型中未出现钢筋飞散现象,综合对比发现界面元模型仿真精度更高,能有效模拟烟囱倾倒状态。现场爆破效果与仿真计算结果基本一致,烟囱顺利倒塌,无明显偏移,触地解体完全。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李毅(1995-),男,安徽省淮北市,博士、助理研究员,从事安全工程及爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)
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刘建程(1986-),男,湖南省长沙市,硕士、工程师,从事采矿工程及爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)

LIU Jian-cheng (1986-), male, master, engineer, engaged in mining engineering and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .

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刘建程(1986-),男,湖南省长沙市,硕士、工程师,从事采矿工程及爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)

LIU Jian-cheng (1986-), male, master, engineer, engaged in mining engineering and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .

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刘建程(1986-),男,湖南省长沙市,硕士、工程师,从事采矿工程及爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)

LIU Jian-cheng (1986-), male, master, engineer, engaged in mining engineering and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .

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figureFileBig=YxAGqqFGeyCZuvcpbSUTLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702085621149702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=CN, label=图4, caption=爆破切口及炮孔布孔区域示意图(单位:m), figureFileSmall=qKTyDWv/xsbfltSJFj/95A==, figureFileBig=YxAGqqFGeyCZuvcpbSUTLg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702085738590220, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=Three-dimensional spring bonding unit, figureFileSmall=4T2dbfTx0MtJ6qCsp+hXSg==, figureFileBig=/IpzK6TOvi1/AYV50ovHTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702085877002259, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=CN, label=图5, caption=三维弹簧黏结单元, figureFileSmall=4T2dbfTx0MtJ6qCsp+hXSg==, figureFileBig=/IpzK6TOvi1/AYV50ovHTQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702085973471256, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=EN, label=Fig. 6, caption=Components of reinforced concrete chimney model, figureFileSmall=9JATuTOj8Q1UkSRNz8MlUA==, figureFileBig=c0fGPvC8ChBFjzeQwQkyJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702086090911775, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=CN, label=图6, caption=钢筋混凝土烟囱模型组分, figureFileSmall=9JATuTOj8Q1UkSRNz8MlUA==, figureFileBig=c0fGPvC8ChBFjzeQwQkyJg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702086216740901, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=EN, label=Fig. 7, caption=Simulation of the collapse process of a reinforced concrete chimney, figureFileSmall=D6CzqT7hV4rbROI6BGfnLg==, figureFileBig=LuAr1GUTnvCA7sjRgcmPyQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1240702086309015596, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=CN, 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Parameter table of chimney blasting notch

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爆破切口参数/m Blasting incision parameter/m切口底弧长/m Incision bottom arc length/m余留弧长/m Residual arc length/m切口圆心角/° Incision central angle/°切口高度/m Cut height/m
+0.533.222.12163.5
), ArticleFig(id=1240702089492492488, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

烟囱爆破切口参数表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
爆破切口参数/m Blasting incision parameter/m切口底弧长/m Incision bottom arc length/m余留弧长/m Residual arc length/m切口圆心角/° Incision central angle/°切口高度/m Cut height/m
+0.533.222.12163.5
), ArticleFig(id=1240702089597350095, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Material parameters of finite element model

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材料Material材料密度ρ/(kg·m-3) Material density ρ/(kg m-3)弹性模量E/GPa Elastic modulus E/GPa泊松比v Poisson ratio v切线模量Et/GPa Tangent modulus Et/GPa屈服应力σ/MPa Yield stress σ/MPa
钢筋Reinforcing steel bar7.85×1032100.292026
混凝土Concrete2.6×103250.200.552.4
), ArticleFig(id=1240702089706402006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702071893193326, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

有限元模型材料参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
材料Material材料密度ρ/(kg·m-3) Material density ρ/(kg m-3)弹性模量E/GPa Elastic modulus E/GPa泊松比v Poisson ratio v切线模量Et/GPa Tangent modulus Et/GPa屈服应力σ/MPa Yield stress σ/MPa
钢筋Reinforcing steel bar7.85×1032100.292026
混凝土Concrete2.6×103250.200.552.4
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180 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱定向爆破拆除设计与数值模拟
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刘建程 1 , 李毅 2 , 夏治园 3 , 杨帆 3 , 王刚 4 , 杨翎 3 , 马立飞 3 , 张魏 3 , 高朋飞 3
爆破 | 拆除爆破 2025,42(3): 135-144
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爆破 | 拆除爆破 2025, 42(3): 135-144
180 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱定向爆破拆除设计与数值模拟
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刘建程1 , 李毅2 , 夏治园3, 杨帆3, 王刚4, 杨翎3, 马立飞3, 张魏3, 高朋飞3
作者信息
  • 1.中国水利水电第八工程局有限公司,长沙 410000
  • 2.南京理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,南京 210094
  • 3.安徽江南爆破工程有限公司,宣城 242300
  • 4.安徽江南化工股份有限公司,合肥 230000
  • 刘建程(1986-),男,湖南省长沙市,硕士、工程师,从事采矿工程及爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)

    LIU Jian-cheng (1986-), male, master, engineer, engaged in mining engineering and blasting technology research, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

李毅(1995-),男,安徽省淮北市,博士、助理研究员,从事安全工程及爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)
Design and Numerical Simulation of 180 m-High Reinforced Concrete Chimney Directional Blasting Demolition
Jian-cheng LIU1 , Yi LI2 , Zhi-yuan XIA3, Fan YANG3, Gang WANG4, Ling YANG3, Li-fei MA3, Wei ZHANG3, Peng-fei GAO3
Affiliations
  • 1.SINOHYDRO BUREAU 8 Co., Ltd., Changsha 410000, China
  • 2.School of Safety Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, China
  • 3.Anhui Jiangnan Blasting Engineering Co., Ltd., Xuancheng 242300, China
  • 4.Anhui Jiangnan Chemical Co., Ltd., Hefei 230000, China
出版时间: 2025-06-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.015
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针对某地180 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱爆破拆除工况,详细分析了烟囱爆破倒塌过程的重难点并制定了相应解决措施。设计中通过开设高度对称的定向窗、定位窗控制筒体倒塌方向并依据相关工程经验公式进行推算,最终确定爆破切口圆心角为216°,爆破切口高度3.5 m时,筒体沿设计方向倒塌且不发生明显后座。为验证设计方案的可行性,采用界面应力元法建立等比例烟囱模型,对倒塌过程进行了预分析,仿真结果表明:烟囱历时14.0 s完成倒塌,基本无偏移,下座和前冲都得到有效控制。对比烟囱爆破拆除界面元模型与分离式共节点模型在切口闭合、筒体后座程度和顶部破碎形态发现,界面元模型可有效模拟切口形成时,切口闭合处钢筋与混凝土脱离效果。钢筋、混凝土组分异节点分别承担荷载,避免了材料单元过度失效,筒体后座减小1 m左右。烟囱顶部筒体触地破碎时,由于弹簧单元的粘结力,界面元模型中未出现钢筋飞散现象,综合对比发现界面元模型仿真精度更高,能有效模拟烟囱倾倒状态。现场爆破效果与仿真计算结果基本一致,烟囱顺利倒塌,无明显偏移,触地解体完全。

高耸建筑物  /  钢筋混凝土结构  /  爆破拆除  /  数值模拟  /  界面应力元法

This study investigates the blasting demolition of a 180 m-high reinforced concrete chimney under site-specific conditions, systematically addressing critical challenges in collapse control through targeted engineering solutions. By designing symmetrically arranged directional and positioning windows, combined with empirical formula calculations, optimal blasting parameters were determined to be a 216 central angle and a 3.5 m cut height, effectively guiding the chimney's collapse along the predetermined trajectory without significant backward displacement. A 1:1 scale numerical model employing the Interface Stress Element Method was developed to simulate the collapse process, showing complete structural failure within 14.0 seconds with controlled lateral deviation (<0.5%) and minimal settlement/forward surge. A comparative analysis with the Decoupled Co-node Model revealed the superior performance of the Interface Stress Element Method in simulating rebar-concrete decoupling at cut closures, reducing backward displacement by approximately 1.0 m through differentiated load-bearing mechanisms at material component nodes. The model successfully replicated restrained rebar scattering during top section ground impact, due to the bonding forces of the spring elements, confirming enhanced simulation accuracy in collapse kinematics. Field implementation validated the numerical predictions, achieving precise directional collapse, complete structural disintegration, and compliance with safety thresholds, thereby establishing a replicable framework for ultra-high chimney demolition engineering.

tall structures  /  reinforced concrete structures  /  blasting demolition  /  numerical simulation  /  interface stress element method
刘建程, 李毅, 夏治园, 杨帆, 王刚, 杨翎, 马立飞, 张魏, 高朋飞. 180 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱定向爆破拆除设计与数值模拟. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 135 -144 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.015
Jian-cheng LIU, Yi LI, Zhi-yuan XIA, Fan YANG, Gang WANG, Ling YANG, Li-fei MA, Wei ZHANG, Peng-fei GAO. Design and Numerical Simulation of 180 m-High Reinforced Concrete Chimney Directional Blasting Demolition[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 135 -144 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.015
为响应国家“上大压小、节能减排”政策号召,越来越多的老旧高耸建筑物,如化工造粒塔、钢筋混凝土烟囱等[1,2],因工艺老旧、环境污染等问题需拆除重建[3,4]。由于高耸建筑物存在结构截面小,高度高,采用机械拆除法较为困难,因此常会采用爆破拆除法。爆破拆除法具有缩短工期、促进烟囱破碎解离、提高本质安全性等多重优点,因此在高耸建筑物爆破拆除过程中得到了广泛应用。
在高耸钢筋混凝土建筑物爆破拆除研究方面,董星结合烟囱自身结构与周围环境特点选用梯形爆破切口并开设了定向窗与定位窗顺利拆除了100 m钢混结构[5],徐顺香对一座150 m高和2座210 m高烟囱采用正梯形爆破切口[6],分三次实施定向倾倒爆破,采用孔内、孔外相结合的延时起爆技术顺利克服了倒塌空间不足的工程难点,高文乐研究了复杂环境下100 m钢筋混凝土烟囱的双向折叠定向倾倒爆破拆除中上下爆破切口的最优延时起爆时差[7],胡葵为成功爆破拆除一座120 m高钢筋混凝土烟囱[8],根据实际工程环境、工程结构特点完成爆破方案的设计,并运用有限元软件LSDYNA进行了爆破设计的合理性验证。杨辉分析了烟囱筒体结构及其具体尺寸设计爆破切口参数[9],同时采用孔内延时、孔外接力的复式闭合双回路起爆技术,并且通过铺设缓冲层减缓筒体直接冲击地面的速度,减小了倒塌烟囱触地振动效应。袁方采用ANSYS/LS-DYNA有限元软件论证了“开凿超大拱形导向窗[10],提高爆破切口”优化方案的可行性。
现有某地老旧发电厂内1座180 m高钢筋混凝土结构烟囱需进行爆破拆除,设计人员通过分析烟囱结构特性,拟采用理论分析确定爆破参数,数值仿真技术预测分析,从而确保现场烟囱顺利倾倒。
某地电厂拟对综合利用自备电厂机组关停并拆除,建筑群中现有180 m钢筋混凝土结构烟囱需要爆破拆除,见图1
待爆破的烟囱高180 m,筒身采用标号C30的钢筋混凝土浇筑而成,筒身为双层钢筋网(30 m以下外层钢筋网为ϕ 20@200,内层钢筋网为ϕ 14@200)。底部、顶部外径分别为17.6 m和5.88 m,底部、顶部壁厚分别为0.55m和0.27m。在±0标高处烟囱的底部南、北方向各有1个1.5 m×2.5 m的门洞,其外径17.6 m、壁厚0.55 m,无隔热层和内衬;烟囱+12~+19 m标高处,东、西方向各有1个3.4 m×7 m的烟道口,其外径为16.4 m、壁厚0.55 m,隔热层厚度为0.08 m,内衬厚度为0.24 m;烟囱0~12 m标高处内部中间有4个横断面为0.6 m×0.6 m井字梁支撑上部出灰平台,下部为金属(钢制)灰斗,井字梁放在筒壁的牛腿上;出灰平台直径为15.3 m,厚1 m。±0 m以上筒壁体积2476.58 m3,隔热层体积386.54 m3,内衬体积663.95 m3。烟囱总重约7850 t,重心高度约在60 m。烟囱平面结构见图2
烟囱周边环境相对复杂。南侧距离烟囱36.6 m为围墙,围墙南边为一报废厂房(距离烟囱121.6 m),报废厂房南边距离烟囱直线距离约220 m为道路,道路南侧有零星房屋(多数无人居住);西南有待拆栈桥,距离烟囱45 m;西侧是围墙,距离烟囱136 m,围墙外有一栋办公楼(距离烟囱226 m),西北办公楼(距离烟囱180 m);北边是待拆厂房,距离烟囱88 m,再往北为围墙,距离烟囱210 m;东北为一栋办公楼,距离烟囱125 m,再往东为食堂(暂时留用),距离烟囱230 m;正东有一栋6层宿舍楼,距离烟囱360 m,再往东有一栋楼房,距离烟囱超过400 m,周边环境见图3
(1)钢筋混凝土烟囱高度达180 m,爆破倾倒角度即使出现较小偏差,也易筒体顶部触地点发生明显变化。为避免触及周边建筑物,需精确设计定向窗参数。
(2)烟囱整体质量较大,爆破切口形成后,易产生下座,从而改变倾倒方向。针对此问题,需合理选择爆破切口高度和切口开口位置,合理控制筒体切口圆心角,控制余留体长度,控制筒体下座程度。
(3)烟囱高且重,下落势能大,倾倒触地的冲量大,需制定减振措施,防止前冲现象等。针对此问题,在爆破倒塌方向上均匀布置三个减振土堤,减小触地冲能。
爆破切口大小、高低、位置是决定烟囱能否按设计方向顺利倒塌的主要因素,因此,应按下述原则进行设计:
(1)尽量降低切口高度,避免高空作业,同时切口高度应满足筒身倒塌失稳要求。
(2)切口大小应满足筒身在爆破后能按设计方向倾倒。
(3)切口部位余留截面,应具有一定的抗压强度,保证定向倾倒。
(4)切口范围内预拆除量应能创造良好的临空面和防护条件。
根据烟囱周围环境和现场测量结果发现烟囱东部空间较为广阔,便于烟囱整体倾倒,故选择正东方向作为本次烟囱爆破拆除的倒塌方向,见图3
为控制倾倒方向,设计采用正梯形切口,切口两边开定向窗,沿倾倒中心线开凿导向窗。
(1)切口长度:根据筒形结构抗压不抗弯的结构特点,长度取该处周长的3/5,切口长度按下式确定
式中:L为爆破切口弧长,m;D为烟囱切口处外径,m。
(2)切口高度:烟囱的爆破切口可分为两部分组成,即爆破切口区和导向窗切口区。
计算可得:烟囱爆破切口高度Hp=2.93~4.4 m,取3.5 m,以爆破倾倒中心线为中轴,利用机械开凿宽4 m、高4.5 m的导向窗。
切口自+0.5 m标高处筒壁起,切口底边弧长对应圆心角为216o,弧长为33.2 m,预留支撑筒体弧长22.1 m。定向窗宽1.3 m,高0.75 m,角度为30°,其位置在南北对称门洞的西侧边缘向西,导向窗在切口的中间,切口布置见图4
图中阴影部分为待爆破区域,共分为6个区域,左右沿定位窗中轴线对称,切口参数见表1
根据炮孔参数设计原则,设计确定如下:
炮孔深度
式中,δ为壁厚,取0.55 m。计算可得L=0.33~0.47 m,取0.4 m。
炮孔孔排距
计算可得:a=0.4~0.48 m,取0.4 m,b=0.32~0.4 m,取0.35 m。
炸药单耗根据类似工程经验,取q=1.6~3.3 kg·m-3,取2.6 kg·m-3
(1)孔径:d=40 mm
(2)单孔装药量
计算可得:Q=0.2 kg,为提高爆破效果,下面两排孔适当增加药量。
(3)总装药量计算
根据设计爆破切口大小,需要布置10排炮孔,扣除定向窗、导向窗和底部东西门洞减少的钻孔,共需爆破钻孔数约为628个,装药量为:628×0.2=125.6 kg。
为控制齐发最大装药量,降低爆破振动给周边带来的影响,采用孔内延期,分区域起爆。结合图4,烟囱由倾倒中心线开始,将整个切口分为3个爆破区域,1区设置延期时间30 ms、2区设置延期时间60 ms、3区设置延期时间90 ms。
不同于分离式共节点建模方式,界面元计算模型是具有有限个自由度的离散体,属于有限离散模型[11,12]。界面元法采用的模型是基于单元累积变形于界面层的假定而建立的有限多块体元-界面元组合的离散体。鉴于单元变形累积于界面层,块体元只有刚体位移,采用块体元形心点的广义位移为参数的分片刚体位移模式,各个块体元形心点的位移分布既可控制整个结构的位移场,也可以描述各个界面上的相对位移。界面上点对的位移是不协调的,由相邻两块体元形心点的位移决定,由界面上点对的位移求得界面的应变,然后再由材料的本构关系式求得界面上的应力,即相邻两块体单元的相互作用力。采用的分离式模型中,钢筋和混凝土之间可以插入联结单元来模拟钢筋和混凝土之间的黏结和滑移。在LSDYNA中用三维非线性弹簧单元来模拟钢筋与混凝土间的黏结滑移,取得了很好的模拟效果。
计算模型中,采用梁单元或杆单元建立钢筋模块,六面体单元建立混凝土模块,钢筋节点与混凝土节点重合但不共节点,重合节点之间采用弹簧单元进行连接,从而建立出界面元计算模型,见图5
采用LSDYNA软件前处理模块建立钢筋混凝土烟囱等比例模型,其中混凝土模块、烟囱底部地面采用SOLID164单元进行划分,钢筋模块采用BEAM161单元划分,钢筋与混凝土节点重合处,采用COMBI165单元进行连接。
钢筋材料与混凝土材料均采用塑性随动模型*MAT_PLASTIC_KINEMATIC加以描述,材料参数如表2所示[13]
弹簧材料采用*MAT_DAMPER_VISCOUS定义钢筋与混凝土之间的黏结力。地面材料采用*MAT_RIGID刚体材料,采用选取爆破切口处筒体单独定义MAT_ADD_EROSION关键字,通过控制单元失效时间以模拟爆破延期时间,同时定义钢筋、混凝土材料失效应变模拟倾倒过程中材料压碎失效现象。
在烟囱模型上施加自身重力载荷和重力加速度g=9.8 m·s-1,烟囱底部施加固结约束[14]
选用单面自动接触关键字模拟各组分间的接触,采用节点-单元穿透控制接触关键字模拟钢筋与地面的接触,防止钢筋穿透地面[15]
钢筋混凝土烟囱钢筋骨架与混凝土筒体有限元模型,见图6。同时为对比界面元模型与传统分离式共节点模型计算效果差异,另外建立烟囱分离式共节点模型。
采用LS-PrePost对数值模拟结果进行后处理,钢筋混凝土烟囱倒塌过程如图7所示。
根据延期设置,爆破切口在90 ms后完全形成,由图7(b)中可以看出,0~3 s范围内,自爆破切口形成之后,受筒体重力荷载,余留截面部分开始短时间处于完全受压状态,与地面接触区域产生应力集中。之后余留部分逐渐无法支撑整个筒体,筒体重心位置开始发生偏移,筒体以余留部分应力集中点作为支点,形成倒塌中性轴,开始做圆周运动,朝倒塌方向开始倾倒。3~9 s范围内,筒体继续沿原有支点进行圆周运动,9 s左右产生轻微下座,筒体下部部分单元触地失效,同时产生了新支点,筒体围绕新支点继续做圆周运动。14.0 s筒体完全触地。整体来看,余留支撑体大致经过了爆破切口形成、中性轴形成、中性轴后退、断裂微倾4个过程。筒体触地状态见图8(仅显示混凝土单元)。
图8中,可以看出烟囱上中部筒体基本压扁,破碎失效明显,筒体中下部保留较为完好,由于圆周运动特点,上部线速度较高,动能较大,故触地时破碎失效更为明显。提取筒体顶部一端点观察起三方向位移变化情况,见图9
图9中可以看出,Z方向在0~10 s时位移较小,合计仅-20 m,10~14 s范围内,位移突跃变化至-180 m左右,在该时间段内,筒体下座完成,产生新支点,筒体围绕新的支点定轴旋转,旋转角度及速度进而迅速增大。节点在X方向上位移167.5 m,由于筒体下座导致部分材料单元失效,同时伴随有一定程度后座,导致节点X方向低于筒体长度(180 m)。Z方向上位移179.8 m,基本接近筒体长度。Y方偏移0.3 m,基本无偏移,由此可以判断筒体沿预定方向倒塌。
进一步对界面元模型与分离式共节点模型烟囱倒塌形态差异进行对比分析,观察烟囱切口闭合时钢筋、混凝土组分运动状态,如图10所示。
图10中可以看出,切口闭合时,界面元模型中出现钢筋与混凝土脱离现象,钢筋与混凝土呈现出不同的运动状态,由于失效条件差异,部分混凝土单元受压失效,但与其节点重合的钢筋单元尚未失效,依旧起到承载烟囱筒体作用,更加贴合烟囱倒塌实际形态。而分离式共节点模型中,由于钢筋混凝土材料共用节点,未出现钢筋脱离现象。钢筋混凝土材料共节点导致混凝土单元失效后,钢筋材料承担荷载加剧,故其失效较界面元模型明显增多,模型中仅残留部分横向钢筋。
继续观察筒体后座情况,见图11。筒体轻微下座后,底部单元受到触地冲击作用,部分单位受压失效。此时筒体新支点尚未形成,由于切口闭合后,切口闭合点附近单元承担更多的重力荷载,余留部分区域承担荷载较小,故切口处单元失效加剧,筒体与地面接触面积逐渐增大,呈现细长椭圆形,筒体后座。在筒体与地面摩擦力作用下,后座逐渐减弱,直至形成新支点时,筒体围绕新支点旋转,余留区域开始翘起,直至筒体完全落地,部分前冲。
选取切口附近观测点,对比两模型后座程度,如图12所示。由图中可以看出,界面元模型中筒体后座5.36 m,分离式共节点模型后座6.31 m,对比发现界面元模型后座程度较小,
分析其原因主要是界面元模型中钢筋、混凝土材料各自承担荷载,一定程度上减少了节点应力集中,材料单元失效数量减少。同时钢筋单元与混凝土单元脱离后与地面产生摩擦,增加了部分摩擦阻力,两种效果叠加,从而降低了筒体后座。
继续观察烟囱顶部触地时钢筋混凝土组分形态,如图13所示。
图13中可以看出,分离式共节点模型由于钢筋单位周围混凝土单元失效,钢筋单元失去约束,触地后呈现飞散状态,与实际建筑物倾倒后筒体顶部状态存在极大差异,而界面元模型由于钢筋混凝土单元之间存在弹簧单元粘结,触地后,钢筋单元受弹簧单元约束,未出现飞散现象。
通过对比筒体切口形成,后座距离和筒体顶部触地状态发现,钢筋混凝土界面元模型仿真精度明显高于分离式共节点模型,能更精确模拟高耸烟囱倒塌过程。
根据爆破设计,现场施工时作业人员精细划定定位窗、定向窗位置,并采用液压破碎锤开凿切口范围内的定向窗,之后采用风镐、手锤修凿到设计尺寸。之后在爆破区域钻凿均匀炮孔,装入电子雷管起爆药包和药卷进行了爆破。现场爆破倒塌效果如图14所示。
对比数值模拟和烟囱现场倒塌结果可以看出,烟囱倒塌轨迹与数值模拟结果基本相同,倒塌时间历程较为接近,约为14 s,基本沿设计方向倒塌,未发生过于明显的前冲、下座现象,现场测量烟囱后座约5.1 m,对比图12两模型后座距离发现,界面元模型后座程度更接近实际结果。最终倒塌形态如图15所示。
触地后筒体上中部基本压扁,破碎解离明显,筒体下部基本保存较为完好,相较于模拟结果,筒体破坏更为明显,推测是建筑物使用年限较长,整体结构强度明显下降,故较模拟结果解离更为明显。由现场结果来看,爆破效果基本满足设计要求,为类似工程提供了借鉴。
针对某地180 m高烟囱爆破拆除工况,设计人员系统罗列爆破拆除重难点并采取相关措施进行处理,同时进行了仿真预分析和现场试验,并得出以下结论:
(1)针对高耸建筑物整体质量大、易下座问题,合理选择爆破切口高度和切口开口位置,合理控制筒体切口圆心角,控制余留体长度,可有效降低余留体横向裂缝生成位置,从而降低裂缝贯通后筒体下座程度;
(2)高耸建筑物倒塌范围不易控制,爆破设计时可设计高度对称定位窗、定向窗,同时采用测量手段,精确找准定位窗开设部位,精细划线,确定爆破区域和定向窗位置,同时采用风镐对定向窗、定位窗进行修边,从而有效保障倾倒方向。
(3)针对高耸烟囱爆破工况,采用界面应力元模型和分离式共节点模型对高耸烟囱爆破倒塌过程分别进行仿真计算,同时对切口咬合过程混凝土失效与约束钢筋脱离情况、烟囱底部破裂形态对下座的影响、烟囱顶部钢筋混凝土脱离情况进行了对比分析,发现界面元模型仿真结果更贴合实际,预测精准度更高,充分证明了界面应力元法在高耸建筑物爆破拆除仿真计算过程中的精确性。
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(30923010308)
  • 国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20242240)
  • 江苏省卓越博士后计划(2024ZB339)
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2025年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.015
  • 接收时间:2024-11-29
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-06-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-29
基金
Special fund support for basic scientific research business expenses of central universities(30923010308)
中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(30923010308)
State-funded postdoctoral researcher program(GZC20242240)
国家资助博士后研究人员计划(GZC20242240)
Jiangsu Excellent Postdoctoral Program(2024ZB339)
江苏省卓越博士后计划(2024ZB339)
作者信息
    1.中国水利水电第八工程局有限公司,长沙 410000
    2.南京理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,南京 210094
    3.安徽江南爆破工程有限公司,宣城 242300
    4.安徽江南化工股份有限公司,合肥 230000

通讯作者:

李毅(1995-),男,安徽省淮北市,博士、助理研究员,从事安全工程及爆破技术研究工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
genus
种数
Number of
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占总种数比例
Percentage of
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种数
Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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