Article(id=1240702070249017824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.004, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1741276800000, receivedDateStr=2025-03-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1773736024677, onlineDateStr=2026-03-17, pubDate=1747238400000, pubDateStr=2025-05-15, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1773736024677, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-03-17, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1773736024677, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736024677, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1240702069502440044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, year='2025', volume='42', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='202', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1773736024499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1773736381642, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250807, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1240703567544250808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, issueId=1240702069502440044, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=26, endPage=36, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1240702071796716003, articleId=1240702070249017824, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, language=EN, title=Study on Dynamic Properties and Constitutive Model of Graphite Ore, columnId=1240702071733801442, journalTitle=Blasting, columnName=THEORETICAL AND TECHNOLOGICAL EXPLORATION, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to study the dynamic mechanical response characteristics of crystalline graphite ore under the coupling effect of grade and dynamic load, the dynamic compression tests of crystalline graphite ore samples with four grade levels (5.19%, 10.79%, 12.65%, and 15.50%) under different impact pressures were carried out by using a 50 mm diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar test device. The effects of grade and strain rate on the dynamic mechanical properties and energy consumption characteristics of crystalline graphite ore were comparatively analyzed. Furthermore, a dynamic constitutive model for crystalline graphite ore incorporating both grade and strain rate effects was established based on the viscoelastic ZWT model. The test results show that the dynamic compressive strength and peak strain of crystalline graphite ore increase progressively with rising strain rate, while the elastic modulus remains strain-rate-independent. As the ore grade increases, the initial compaction deformation and peak strain of the samples increase, whereas the dynamic elastic modulus, dynamic compressive strength, and their strain-rate sensitivity gradually decrease. Additionally, within a specific strain rate range, the degree of fragmentation of medium- and low-grade ores intensifies with increasing energy consumption density. In contrast, high-grade ores exhibit minimal variation in fragmentation degree. This indicates that ore grade significantly influences the dynamic fragmentation behavior of crystalline graphite ore. A dynamic constitutive model that considers both grade and strain rate was established, and its accuracy and applicability were verified by comparing the model-predicted results with experimentally obtained dynamic stress-strain curves. The model offers theoretical support for investigating the mechanical behavior of crystalline graphite ore under dynamic loading.

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LI Rui (2000-), female, Dingxi, Gansu Province, postgraduate student, mainly engaged in scientific research in mining and blasting, (E-mail) .
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为研究品位和动荷载耦合作用下晶质石墨矿石的动态力学响应特征,利用直径50 mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆试验装置对5.19%、10.79%、12.65%和15.50%四种不同品位的晶质石墨矿石试样开展了不同冲击气压下的动态压缩试验,对比分析了品位和应变率对晶质石墨矿石动态力学特性和能耗特性的影响,并基于黏弹性朱-王-唐模型建立了考虑品位和应变率的晶质石墨矿石动态本构模型。试验结果表明:晶质石墨矿石动态抗压强度和峰值应变均随着应变率提高而逐渐增大,而弹性模量与应变率无关;随着品位的提高,矿石试样的初始压密变形量和峰值应变增大,动弹性模量、动态抗压强度及其率敏感性逐渐下降;此外,中低品位矿石的破碎程度在一定应变率范围内随能耗密度的增大而加剧,但高品位矿石破碎程度变化不大,表明品位对晶质石墨矿石的动态破碎行为有显著影响;建立考虑品位和应变率的晶质石墨矿石动态本构模型,通过对比所建立的动态本构模型和试验得到的动态应力-应变曲线,验证了模型的准确性和适用性,为晶质石墨矿石在动荷载作用下的力学行为研究提供了理论支持。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
李睿(2000-),女,甘肃省定西市,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿、爆破等方面的科研工作,(E-mail)
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叶海旺(1971-),男,安徽省安庆市,博士、教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

YE Hai-wang (1971-), male, Anqing, Anhui Province, Doctor, Professor, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research in the fields of mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .

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叶海旺(1971-),男,安徽省安庆市,博士、教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

YE Hai-wang (1971-), male, Anqing, Anhui Province, Doctor, Professor, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research in the fields of mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .

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叶海旺(1971-),男,安徽省安庆市,博士、教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

YE Hai-wang (1971-), male, Anqing, Anhui Province, Doctor, Professor, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research in the fields of mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .

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(in Chinese), articleTitle=Shear deformation characteristics and statistical damage model of moderately altered structural planes, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702099693031860, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702070249017824, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=42, authorNames=巫绪涛, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=巫绪涛. 钢纤维高强混凝土动态力学性质的研究[D]. 安徽: 中国科学技术大学, 2006., articleTitle=钢纤维高强混凝土动态力学性质的研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1240702099789500853, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702070249017824, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[31], rfOrder=43, authorNames=WU Xu-tao, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WU Xu-tao. Study on dynamic mechanical properties of steel fiber reinforced high strength concrete[D]. AnHui: University of Science and Technology of China, 2006. 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Test results of crystalline graphite ore samples at different grades and strain rates

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编号Number品位Grade/%冲击气压Impact pressure/MPa应变率Strain rate/s-1峰值应力Peak stress/MPa弹性模量Elastic modulus/GPa峰值应变Peak strain入射能Incident energy/J单位体积吸收能Energy absorption per unit volume/(J·cm-3)分形维数Fractal dimension D
]G1-1 0.3107.8167.6252.900.00409403.661.2921.806
G1-25.190.4178.0182.5550.140.00479682.721.4201.884
G1-30.5204.5197.9451.380.00521838.741.7402.078
G1-4 0.6237.3218.4852.660.005811026.701.9092.153
G2-1 0.3112.0136.7928.700.00689476.981.0831.988
G2-210.790.4179.1146.1627.620.00710630.871.2242.056
G2-30.5231.3160.8927.050.00821857.561.3572.114
G2-4 0.6286.1172.3626.950.008871076.351.6002.236
G3-1 0.3139.0114.4721.950.00706498.630.9832.186
G3-212.650.4220.4125.6420.540.00798749.691.1562.349
G3-30.5273.1139.0620.610.00915935.831.3792.401
G3-4 0.6298.2148.2520.310.010211159.111.5572.467
G4-1 0.3155.587.3616.500.00780471.450.8392.260
G4-215.500.4243.295.6215.460.00820692.200.9182.386
G4-30.5289.0103.1215.750.00881928.111.1342.536
G4-4 0.6319.7112.7915.740.010261120.301.3602.510
), ArticleFig(id=1240702092394942803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702070249017824, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同品位和应变率下晶质石墨矿石试样试验结果

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编号Number品位Grade/%冲击气压Impact pressure/MPa应变率Strain rate/s-1峰值应力Peak stress/MPa弹性模量Elastic modulus/GPa峰值应变Peak strain入射能Incident energy/J单位体积吸收能Energy absorption per unit volume/(J·cm-3)分形维数Fractal dimension D
]G1-1 0.3107.8167.6252.900.00409403.661.2921.806
G1-25.190.4178.0182.5550.140.00479682.721.4201.884
G1-30.5204.5197.9451.380.00521838.741.7402.078
G1-4 0.6237.3218.4852.660.005811026.701.9092.153
G2-1 0.3112.0136.7928.700.00689476.981.0831.988
G2-210.790.4179.1146.1627.620.00710630.871.2242.056
G2-30.5231.3160.8927.050.00821857.561.3572.114
G2-4 0.6286.1172.3626.950.008871076.351.6002.236
G3-1 0.3139.0114.4721.950.00706498.630.9832.186
G3-212.650.4220.4125.6420.540.00798749.691.1562.349
G3-30.5273.1139.0620.610.00915935.831.3792.401
G3-4 0.6298.2148.2520.310.010211159.111.5572.467
G4-1 0.3155.587.3616.500.00780471.450.8392.260
G4-215.500.4243.295.6215.460.00820692.200.9182.386
G4-30.5289.0103.1215.750.00881928.111.1342.536
G4-4 0.6319.7112.7915.740.010261120.301.3602.510
), ArticleFig(id=1240702092495606102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702070249017824, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Dynamic damage constitutive model parameters of crystalline graphite ore

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No. G a b c n E a α β E2 θ2
G1-2 178.01.67-6.34-4.272.1035.8119.311.3846.399
G1-35.19204.51.67-6.34-4.271.9633.5020.050.6242.0612
G1-4 237.31.67-6.34-4.272.1325.2411.841.1831.96114
G2-2 179.11.09-2.49-4.822.888.015.461.8832.627
G2-310.79231.31.09-2.49-4.822.806.706.211.1525.826
G2-4 286.11.09-2.49-4.822.737.666.490.8928.936
G3-2 220.40.45-0.23-5.022.637.319.011.0036.125
G3-312.65273.10.45-0.23-5.022.665.558.100.7027.994
G3-4 298.20.45-0.23-5.022.682.536.450.5915.644
G4-2 243.20.73-0.21-5.612.795.467.501.0732.983
G4-315.50289.00.73-0.21-5.612.925.323.501.2838.185
G4-4 319.70.73-0.21-5.612.693.766.420.5823.033
), ArticleFig(id=1240702093997166939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1240670690148397066, articleId=1240702070249017824, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

晶质石墨矿石动态损伤本构模型参数

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No. G a b c n E a α β E2 θ2
G1-2 178.01.67-6.34-4.272.1035.8119.311.3846.399
G1-35.19204.51.67-6.34-4.271.9633.5020.050.6242.0612
G1-4 237.31.67-6.34-4.272.1325.2411.841.1831.96114
G2-2 179.11.09-2.49-4.822.888.015.461.8832.627
G2-310.79231.31.09-2.49-4.822.806.706.211.1525.826
G2-4 286.11.09-2.49-4.822.737.666.490.8928.936
G3-2 220.40.45-0.23-5.022.637.319.011.0036.125
G3-312.65273.10.45-0.23-5.022.665.558.100.7027.994
G3-4 298.20.45-0.23-5.022.682.536.450.5915.644
G4-2 243.20.73-0.21-5.612.795.467.501.0732.983
G4-315.50289.00.73-0.21-5.612.925.323.501.2838.185
G4-4 319.70.73-0.21-5.612.693.766.420.5823.033
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石墨矿石动力学特性及本构模型研究
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叶海旺 1, 2, 3 , 李睿 1 , 路东 4 , 于燕 5 , 余梦豪 1 , 雷涛 1, 2, 3 , 王其洲 1, 2, 3 , 李宁 1, 2, 3 , Doumbouya Sekou 1
爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025,42(3): 26-36
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爆破 | 理论与技术探索 2025, 42(3): 26-36
石墨矿石动力学特性及本构模型研究
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叶海旺1, 2, 3 , 李睿1 , 路东4, 于燕5, 余梦豪1, 雷涛1, 2, 3, 王其洲1, 2, 3, 李宁1, 2, 3, Doumbouya Sekou1
作者信息
  • 1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
  • 2.关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 3.矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
  • 4.武汉市公安局治安管理局,武汉 430077
  • 5.华新水泥股份有限公司,黄石 435000
  • 叶海旺(1971-),男,安徽省安庆市,博士、教授,主要从事采矿、爆破、安全等方面的教学和科研工作,(E-mail)

    YE Hai-wang (1971-), male, Anqing, Anhui Province, Doctor, Professor, mainly engaged in teaching and scientific research in the fields of mining, blasting and safety, (E-mail) .

通讯作者:

李睿(2000-),女,甘肃省定西市,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿、爆破等方面的科研工作,(E-mail)
Study on Dynamic Properties and Constitutive Model of Graphite Ore
Hai-wang YE1, 2, 3 , Rui LI1 , Dong LU4, Yan YU5, Meng-hao YU1, Tao LEI1, 2, 3, Qi-zhou WANG1, 2, 3, Ning LI1, 2, 3, Doumbouya Sekou1
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 2.Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Key Non-metallic Mineral Resources Green Utilization, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 3.Hubei Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources Processing and Environment, Wuhan 430070, China
  • 4.Security Administration of Wuhan Public Security Bureau, Wuhan 430077, China
  • 5.Huaxin Cement Co., Ltd., Huangshi 435000, China
出版时间: 2025-05-15 doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.004
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为研究品位和动荷载耦合作用下晶质石墨矿石的动态力学响应特征,利用直径50 mm的分离式Hopkinson压杆试验装置对5.19%、10.79%、12.65%和15.50%四种不同品位的晶质石墨矿石试样开展了不同冲击气压下的动态压缩试验,对比分析了品位和应变率对晶质石墨矿石动态力学特性和能耗特性的影响,并基于黏弹性朱-王-唐模型建立了考虑品位和应变率的晶质石墨矿石动态本构模型。试验结果表明:晶质石墨矿石动态抗压强度和峰值应变均随着应变率提高而逐渐增大,而弹性模量与应变率无关;随着品位的提高,矿石试样的初始压密变形量和峰值应变增大,动弹性模量、动态抗压强度及其率敏感性逐渐下降;此外,中低品位矿石的破碎程度在一定应变率范围内随能耗密度的增大而加剧,但高品位矿石破碎程度变化不大,表明品位对晶质石墨矿石的动态破碎行为有显著影响;建立考虑品位和应变率的晶质石墨矿石动态本构模型,通过对比所建立的动态本构模型和试验得到的动态应力-应变曲线,验证了模型的准确性和适用性,为晶质石墨矿石在动荷载作用下的力学行为研究提供了理论支持。

岩石动力学  /  SHPB试验  /  石墨矿石  /  损伤本构模型

In order to study the dynamic mechanical response characteristics of crystalline graphite ore under the coupling effect of grade and dynamic load, the dynamic compression tests of crystalline graphite ore samples with four grade levels (5.19%, 10.79%, 12.65%, and 15.50%) under different impact pressures were carried out by using a 50 mm diameter split Hopkinson pressure bar test device. The effects of grade and strain rate on the dynamic mechanical properties and energy consumption characteristics of crystalline graphite ore were comparatively analyzed. Furthermore, a dynamic constitutive model for crystalline graphite ore incorporating both grade and strain rate effects was established based on the viscoelastic ZWT model. The test results show that the dynamic compressive strength and peak strain of crystalline graphite ore increase progressively with rising strain rate, while the elastic modulus remains strain-rate-independent. As the ore grade increases, the initial compaction deformation and peak strain of the samples increase, whereas the dynamic elastic modulus, dynamic compressive strength, and their strain-rate sensitivity gradually decrease. Additionally, within a specific strain rate range, the degree of fragmentation of medium- and low-grade ores intensifies with increasing energy consumption density. In contrast, high-grade ores exhibit minimal variation in fragmentation degree. This indicates that ore grade significantly influences the dynamic fragmentation behavior of crystalline graphite ore. A dynamic constitutive model that considers both grade and strain rate was established, and its accuracy and applicability were verified by comparing the model-predicted results with experimentally obtained dynamic stress-strain curves. The model offers theoretical support for investigating the mechanical behavior of crystalline graphite ore under dynamic loading.

rock dynamics  /  SHPB test  /  crystalline graphite ore  /  damage constitutive model
叶海旺, 李睿, 路东, 于燕, 余梦豪, 雷涛, 王其洲, 李宁, Doumbouya Sekou. 石墨矿石动力学特性及本构模型研究. 爆破, 2025 , 42 (3) : 26 -36 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.004
Hai-wang YE, Rui LI, Dong LU, Yan YU, Meng-hao YU, Tao LEI, Qi-zhou WANG, Ning LI, Doumbouya Sekou. Study on Dynamic Properties and Constitutive Model of Graphite Ore[J]. Blasting, 2025 , 42 (3) : 26 -36 . DOI: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.004
石墨作为21世纪最具开采前景的非金属矿产之一,已被多个国家列为关键矿产或战略性矿产资源[1]。石墨矿石在爆破开采过程的动态响应特征受动荷载大小和本身性质影响。影响矿石物理力学性能的主要因素有温度、风化程度、矿石品位及原生结构缺陷等[2-5]。受复杂的地质作用影响,矿区同一位置矿物成分及比例也不尽相同,进而影响矿石的物理力学性能。在矿山爆破生产过程中,距离爆源不同位置的岩石由于应力波的衰减效应,其所受动荷载大小不同,岩石也表现出不同的动态响应特征。研究不同品位和动荷载耦合作用下石墨矿石力学响应特性和本构行为的率相关性,对实现矿山精细化爆破和石墨鳞片保护具有理论和现实意义。
国内外学者做了大量工作来探索岩石矿物成分及比例对岩石力学性能的影响。如MAKANI在研究花岗岩组成成分与物理力学性质之间的关系时发现[6],石英质量百分比越高,花岗岩的强度越大。Keikha等通过对比分析两种不同类型花岗岩[7],指出花岗岩的强度与其内部高强度矿物和低强度矿物的比值密切相关。Tugrul等通过回归分析确定了19个不同花岗岩试样岩石学特征与工程性质之间的相互关系[8],认为石英和长石含量变化分别对岩石强度参数产生相反的影响。孙皓等结合数字图像技术,研究了单向应力作用下花岗岩变形破坏过程中矿物成分的变化特征[9],同时揭示了应变演化特征与矿物分布之间的联系。以上研究表明岩石矿物成分及比例对岩石在准静态荷载作用下的强度与变形特征有一定影响,而对高应变率下岩石力学性能的影响目前还没有全面且系统的研究。
寻找合适的本构模型是岩石理论发展和数值分析的关键问题,众多学者也对此进行了大量理论、试验和数值研究。经典动态损伤模型主要包括HJC模型[10]、RHT模型[11]、TCK模型[12]、JH模型等[13],由于上述经典损伤模型各有优缺点,不能很好的适用于各种应变率且计算参数过多,诸多学者不断对其进行改进。Liu等引入细观损伤变量和宏观损伤张量改进TCK模型[14],建立了可以描述含微裂纹和节理岩体的动态损伤本构模型。Deng和Gu在假设岩石应力水平的细观分布遵循普遍的最大熵规则的基础上[15],利用连续损伤力学理论提出了岩石的统计损伤本构模型。李夕兵等结合统计损伤模型和黏弹性模型[16],建立了考虑地应力影响的一维和多维动静组合加载岩石的本构模型,并通过不同静应力条件下的实验对一维模型进行了验证。Z L Wang等基于元件组合理论[17],将损伤体和粘性元件并联构建出考虑温度和应变率的动态损伤本构模型。赵光明等在朱-王-唐模型的基础上并且考虑软岩本身结构缺陷的影响[18],建立了一种适应软岩材料的黏弹性统计损伤模型。上述学者针对实际工程中岩石所处的温度环境、岩石固有结构缺陷、地应力等复杂条件,提出了一系列动态损伤本构模型。但关于品位和应变率耦合作用下的岩石损伤本构行为研究还很少。
鉴于此,本试验以不同品位的晶质石墨矿石为研究对象,采用SHPB装置开展不同应变率下的动态冲击试验。分析品位和应变率对动态力学特性、能量耗散特征及块度分布规律的影响,基于朱-王-唐模型建立能够考虑品位和应变率的晶质石墨矿石动态损伤本构模型。
按照GB/T 3521—2008《石墨化学分析法》标准对晶质石墨矿石品位进行化验,选取品位5.19%、10.79%、12.65%、15.50%进行动力学试验。试验选择长径比为1的圆柱形试件[19],尺寸为ϕ 50 mm×H50 mm,其加工精度和基本尺寸遵循国际岩石力学学会建议的标准[20],加工合格的部分试样如图1所示。随着石墨品位增加,试样颜色由灰白色逐渐变为灰黑色。
试验采用ϕ 50 mm的SHPB试验系统,该系统由动力装置、子弹、入射杆、透射杆、动态应变仪和数据处理系统组成。压杆材料是Ni18,其弹性模量为190 GPa,纵波波速为4900 m/s,入射杆和透射杆长度均为2000 mm、直径均为50 mm。子弹长度为400 mm、直径为50 mm。SHPB试验装置如图2所示。
试验时将石墨矿石试样放在入射杆-透射杆之间,同时确保试件和压杆共轴对齐。为了减小摩擦效应的影响,在试件与压杆接触端面涂抹凡士林。分别在距离试样与压杆端面1000 mm处的杆件两侧对称粘贴应变片,用于采集入射、反射和透射信号。通过SHPB操作台将子弹回到发射腔底部,以保证每次冲击试验的子弹从同一位置射出。分别以0.3 MPa、0.4 MPa、0.5 MPa、0.6 MPa的气压进行冲击,每组5块试样,剔除奇异数据。
采用三波法计算试样的应力σ、应变ε和应变率,如式(1)~(3)所示[21]
式中:σI(t)、σR(t)、σT(t)分别为某一时刻t对应的入射应力、反射应力和透射应力;ρeCe为弹性杆的波阻抗;Ls为试样长度;AeAs分别为弹性杆和试样横截面积。
为了验证数据的有效性,选取典型冲击波形对动态压缩过程中的电压平衡进行验证,如图3所示。图3中,入射应力和反射应力叠加后的应力曲线与透射应力曲线基本一致,表明试样在冲击荷载作用下处于应力平衡状态。
矿石试样破坏时,应力峰值点即为动态抗压强度,取应力峰值点应变率作为试验中的平均应变率。将每组试验中最具有代表性数据列在表1中。
图4为不同品位和应变率下的晶质石墨矿石试样应力-应变曲线。由图可知这些曲线具有相同的变化趋势,大致可分为四个阶段:(a)压密阶段(d2σ/d2ε>0);(b)弹性变形阶段(d2σ/d2ε=0);(c)屈服阶段(d2σ/d2ε<0);(d)应变软化阶段(dσ/dε<0)。
对于同一品位矿石,随着应变率的增大,其峰前弹性阶段和峰后应变软化阶段的斜率变化不大。当应变率较低时,应变软化阶段曲线会出现一定的波动。因为此时的入射能量不足以使试样瞬时完全失去承载能力,存在二次冲击破碎现象。随着应变率的增大,入射能逐渐增大,此时试样被瞬时完全破坏,应变软化阶段曲线较为平滑。
随着品位增加,试样应力-应变曲线的压密阶段越来越明显。随着石墨鳞片数量增多,试样中裂隙、孔洞和原生结构弱面也逐渐增多,在荷载作用下这些缺陷逐渐闭合,因此在受荷初期晶质石墨矿石试样的压缩变形量随着品位提高而逐渐增大。
图5为不同品位下动态抗压强度与应变率的关系。由图中可以发现同一应变率下,晶质石墨矿石动态抗压强度随着品位升高逐渐减小。这是由于随着品位提高,被视为原生结构弱面的石墨鳞片数量增多,导致矿石力学性能弱化。
不同品位的晶质石墨矿石动态抗压强度随应变率提高均线性增大,表现出明显的应变率硬化效应,但程度有所不同。将硬化因子(HF)定义为
式中:为应变率变化量;Δσ范围内峰值应力的变化量。
硬化因子反映了岩石材料在动荷载作用下率效应的敏感性。HF与晶质石墨矿石品位(G)的关系如图6所示。从图中可以发现随着品位提高,晶质石墨矿石动态抗压强度对应变率的敏感性降低,且降低速率逐渐变缓。
动态弹性模量E作为岩体工程中一个重要性能参数,是衡量岩石产生弹性变形难易程度的指标。弹性模量是指在应力-应变曲线上升阶段,对应于峰值应力的40%和60%的斜率[22],其计算公式如下
式中:σaσb分别表示峰值应力40%和60%处的应力;εaεb分别表示应力为σaσb时对应的应变。
不同品位晶质石墨矿石动弹性模量与应变率的关系如图7所示。晶质石墨矿石的动弹性模量随着应变率增加变化不大。但是品位对动弹性模量的影响较为明显,随着品位提高,动弹性模量显著降低。品位从5.19%到15.50%,动弹性模量平均值从51.77 GPa降低至15.86 GPa,损失了69.36%。
动弹性模量从微观角度反映了岩石内部各组成成分晶体间的键合强度。石墨晶体为二维网状结构,各原子间以共价键结合,层间为范德华力,其层与层之间的键合强度远小于脉石矿物晶体。因此随着品位提高,矿石中石墨鳞片含量增加,晶质石墨矿石动弹性模量明显减小。
峰值应变εf是评估岩石在极限荷载下变形特性的关键参数,通过研究高应变率下的峰值应变,可以揭示岩石在特定应力状态下的变形规律,进而分析其延-脆性特征。图8为不同品位晶质石墨矿石峰值应变与应变率变化关系。二者之间满足以下函数关系
可以发现,不同品位的试样峰值应变均随应变率增大而增大。高品位矿石(10.79%~15.50%)的峰值应变明显大于低品位矿石(5.19%),表明随着品位提高,矿石由脆性变形逐渐过渡为塑性变形。
不同品位晶质石墨矿石在不同应变率下的变形破碎过程本质上是矿石内部能量演化和外界能量交换的过程。将入射波能量定义为WI,采用能耗密度ηV描述石墨矿石吸能特性以排除试件尺寸差异的影响。按式(7)和(8)计算,计算结果见表1
式中:AEbC分别为弹性杆的横截面积、弹性模量、纵波波速;εI(t)、εR(t)、εT(t)分别为入射波、反射波、透射波的应变信号;τ为三种波的持续时间;V为试件的体积。
绘制不同品位下晶质石墨矿石能耗密度随入射能变化关系,如图9所示。当入射能在一定范围时,矿石能耗密度随着入射能提高逐渐增大。这是因为入射能量越大,试样中出现的微裂纹越多,吸收的能量越多。当入射能相同时,矿石能耗密度随品位提高逐渐减小。这是由于矿石品位越高,因石墨鳞片而产生的微小结构弱面增多,试样完整性变差,破碎所需的能量相对较少。
岩石从微观损伤发展到宏观破碎结构演化的几何特征和物理、力学性质的数字特征均表现出较好的自相似性[23]。这种自相似性的行为导致了岩石破碎后的块度分布也具有自相似的特征,所以可用碎块的分形来描述冲击破碎岩块的形成过程。采用2.5、5、10、16、20、31.5、40 mm的标准筛将冲击试验后的矿石碎块分为0~2.5 mm、2.5~5 mm、5~10 mm、10~16 mm、16~20 mm、20~31.5 mm、31.5~40 mm、40~50 mm八个等级。称量每级碎块质量并转换为筛下累计质量。
根据Mandelbrot等学者先后建立的岩石碎块粒径分布的质量分型模型[24],分形维数D可以根据筛分试验的质量-频率关系求得,岩石冲击荷载作用下产生的碎块分布方程为
式中:MTM(x)分别表示碎块总质量和筛下累计质量;xxm分别表示碎块的粒径和最大粒径尺寸;D为碎块分别的分形维数。
将式(9)两边同时取自然对数可得
在ln[M(x)/MT]-ln(x/xm)所示的双对数坐标系中对数据进行拟合,拟合直线的斜率K=3-D,从而可以得到岩石破碎块度分布的分形维数
不同品位晶质石墨矿石在不同应变率下的破碎块度分布对数曲线如图10所示。从图中可以看出随着应变率提高,不同品位的矿石拟合直线斜率均呈增大趋势。根据式(11)计算出其破碎分形维数,见表1
图11为不同品位晶质石墨矿石破碎块度分形维数和能耗密度的关系。可以发现在应变率100~300 s-1内,中低品位的矿石试样(5.19%、10.79%和12.65%)破碎分形维数随着能耗密度的增大而增大。此时试样内部积聚的能量主要用来萌生新的裂纹并使新旧裂纹扩展,因此吸收的能量越多,试样破碎的颗粒越小,破碎越严重;对于不同品位的矿石试样在达到相同破碎效果下,较低品位的矿石消耗的能量更多。分析原因是与其本身的强度有关,低品位矿石强度更高,断裂时消耗的能量较多。
高品位晶质石墨矿石试样(15.50%)破碎分形维数在应变率100~300 s-1内随能耗密度的提高变化不大。根据洪亮等学者的研究成果[25],岩石的分形维数与能耗密度为乘幂函数关系,即当能耗密度增大到一定阈值后,岩石的破碎程度几乎不会加剧。高品位晶质石墨矿石强度较低,达到其破碎程度极限所需的能量较小。当能耗密度超过阈值后,此时的能量除了破碎试样、使碎块产生更大的动能,还会对石墨鳞片造成一定的破坏。
根据前文分析可以发现不同品位晶质石墨矿石强度和变形特性在动态冲击荷载下均具有应变率效应。大量研究表明,朱-王-唐(ZWT)本构方程能够较好的描述材料应变率相关性,模型的基本组成如图12所示[26-28],其表达如式(12)。此外模型可以通过引入考虑岩石本身特性的损伤因子模拟软岩材料力学响应。
式中:前三项用于描述材料的非线性响应特征;E0αβ为材料的非线性参数;后两项分别用于表示低应变率和高应变率下力学响应的Maxwell体;E1E2分别为Maxwell体的弹性常数;θ1θ2分别为其对应的松弛时间。
根据王礼立等人的研究[29],在时间尺度以10-6~10-4 s计的冲击荷载条件下,具有松弛时间θ1为10-2~100 s的低频Maxwell单元将无足够的时间来松弛(直到加载结束)。这时低频Maxwell单元化为弹性常数E1的简单弹簧,而式(13)则化为
式中,EaE0E1
在冲击荷载作用下,岩石内部损伤是一个逐渐累计的过程,因此引入损伤变量D
假定矿石基元体力学性质的分布是统计性的,其加载破坏概率密度符合Weibull统计分布函数[30],而损伤变量是描述矿石损伤程度的参量,因此损伤变量D可表示为
式中:εf表示峰值应变,经试验发现其与应变率存在如式(6)的对应关系;n为材料的损伤参数。
将式(14)和(15)代入式(13)得
由试验结果可知随着晶质石墨矿石品位的升高,其力学特性有一定程度的劣化。从宏观角度来讲弹性模量可以表征晶质石墨矿石抵抗变形的能力,微观角度上用来反映内部各组成成分晶体间的键合强度。因此引入动弹性模量来定义品位损伤因子KG
式中:EGn为品位n时的动弹性模量,n≥3%;EG0为晶质石墨表外矿石的弹性模量(品位<3%),取品位为1.58%的动态弹性模量69.98 GPa。经试验发现品位损伤因子与矿石品位存在图13的对应关系。
将品位损伤因子考虑进本构模型中,可得
在恒应变率加载状态下,式(18)可简化为
式(19)即为考虑品位和应变率的晶质石墨矿石动态损伤本构模型。
考虑品位和应变率的晶质石墨矿石动态本构模型共有11个参数,确定方法如下:首先,矿石品位G和应变率可由试验数据直接得到,再由式(6)峰值应变与应变率的关系可拟合出参数a(×10-5)、b(×10-3)和c;其次,将高应变率下两条应力应变曲线相减,能够近似给出E2(GPa)和θ2(μs)的范围[31]Ea(MPa)约为动态应力应变曲线初始上升段的斜率;参数α(MPa)和β(GPa)控制着应力应变曲线屈服阶段的斜率;参数n可借助MATLAB软件进行拟合得到较优数值。确定的模型参数见表2
将不同条件下试验和本构模型得到的应力应变曲线进行对比,结果如图14所示。不同品位和应变率下晶质石墨矿石的峰值应力对比如图15所示。由图14图15可以看出动态本构模型与试验曲线具有较好的一致性,能够反映晶质石墨矿石在冲击荷载下的动态强度和变形特性。此外模型能够模拟由品位和应变率作用引起的峰值强度、峰值应变和弹性模量的变化,说明在模型中考虑矿石品位损伤是合适的。
(1)不同品位和应变率下晶质石墨矿石动态应力-应变曲线均可分为压密、弹性、塑性和应变软化4个阶段;晶质石墨矿石动态抗压强度、峰值应变随着应变率增大而逐渐增大,弹性模量与应变率无关;随着品位提高,矿石试样的初始压密变形量和峰值应变增大,动弹性模量、动态抗压强度及其率敏感性下降。
(2)在应变率100~300 s-1内,晶质石墨矿石的能耗密度随入射能提高逐渐增大而随品位提高逐渐减小;中低品位矿石破碎程度随能耗密度增大而加剧,高品位矿石破碎程度在该应变率范围内变化不大。
(3)提出的动态损伤本构模型可反映晶质石墨矿石应变率和品位的影响且能表征破坏过程中整个应力-应变响应特征,预测结果与试验结果吻合较好,该模型可用于分析晶质石墨矿石的动态强度和变形演化规律。
  • 国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1909602; 2021YFC2902901)
  • 湖北省重点研发计划(2021BCA152)
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2025年第42卷第3期
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doi: 10.3963/j.issn.1001-487X.2025.03.004
  • 接收时间:2025-03-07
  • 首发时间:2026-03-17
  • 出版时间:2025-05-15
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  • 收稿日期:2025-03-07
基金
The National Key Research and Development Project of China(2020YFC1909602; 2021YFC2902901)
国家重点研发计划(2020YFC1909602; 2021YFC2902901)
the Key Research and Development Project of Hubei province, China(2021BCA152)
湖北省重点研发计划(2021BCA152)
作者信息
    1.武汉理工大学 资源与环境工程学院,武汉 430070
    2.关键非金属矿产资源绿色利用教育部重点实验室,武汉 430070
    3.矿物资源加工与环境湖北省重点实验室,武汉 430070
    4.武汉市公安局治安管理局,武汉 430077
    5.华新水泥股份有限公司,黄石 435000

通讯作者:

李睿(2000-),女,甘肃省定西市,硕士研究生,主要从事采矿、爆破等方面的科研工作,(E-mail)
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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