Article(id=1251535842339144292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-215, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1729612800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776318997225, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776318997225, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776318997225, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776318997225, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251535833375912679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, year='2025', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='172', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776318995087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776389324200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=82, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251535842599191156, articleId=1251535842339144292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, language=EN, title=A Spatial Matching Based Signal Transmission Scheme for Dual Antenna Backscatter Tags, columnId=1251535834252522218, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, columnName=PAPERS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Backscatter communication has received widespread attention in the field of the Internet of things due to its advantages of low cost and low energy consumption. However, with the gradual expansion of data services, new challenges have been posed to the transmission performance of backscatter communication. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has been introduced into backscatter communication due to its advantages in system reliability and transmission rate. One of them, a dual ended joint coding technology called block-level unitary query space-time block code (BUTQ-STBC) , can fully exploit the diversity potential of backscatter channels, but at the cost of sacrificing transmission rate. To combat this issue, a new signal transmission scheme that selects the optimal communication link for data transmission based on the idea of spatial matching is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed transmission scheme is superior to the BUTQ-STBC scheme. The proposed scheme provides a solution for efficient and reliable transmission of MIMO backscatter communication.

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反向散射通信因其低成本、低能耗的优势在物联网领域得到了广泛的关注。然而,随着数据业务的逐渐扩展,对反向散射通信的传输性能也提出了新的挑战。多输入多输出(MIMO)技术因其在系统可靠性和传输速率方面的优势被引入到反向散射通信中,其中一种称为块级酉查询-空时编码(BUTQ-STBC)的双端联合编码技术更是充分挖掘了反向散射信道的分集潜力,然而其以牺牲传输速率为代价。为此,提出了一种新的信号传输方案,其基于空间匹配的思想选择最优的通信链路来进行数据传输。仿真结果表明,提出的传输方案优于传统的BUTQ-STBC的联合编码方案,所提方案为MIMO反向散射通信的高效、可靠传输提供了解决思路。

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栾慧煦(1994—),男,讲师,硕士生导师,邮箱:

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栾慧煦(1994—),男,讲师,硕士生导师,邮箱:

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栾慧煦(1994—),男,讲师,硕士生导师,邮箱:

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基于空间匹配的双天线反向散射标签信号传输方案
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栾慧煦 , 徐文慧 , 钟铁
北京邮电大学学报 | 论文 2025,48(5): 76-82
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北京邮电大学学报 | 论文 2025, 48(5): 76-82
基于空间匹配的双天线反向散射标签信号传输方案
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栾慧煦 , 徐文慧, 钟铁
作者信息
  • 东北电力大学 电气工程学院,吉林 132012
  • 栾慧煦(1994—),男,讲师,硕士生导师,邮箱:

A Spatial Matching Based Signal Transmission Scheme for Dual Antenna Backscatter Tags
Huixu LUN , Wenhui XU, Tie ZHONG
Affiliations
  • School of Electrical Engineering, Northeast Electric Power University, Jiling 132012, China
doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-215
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反向散射通信因其低成本、低能耗的优势在物联网领域得到了广泛的关注。然而,随着数据业务的逐渐扩展,对反向散射通信的传输性能也提出了新的挑战。多输入多输出(MIMO)技术因其在系统可靠性和传输速率方面的优势被引入到反向散射通信中,其中一种称为块级酉查询-空时编码(BUTQ-STBC)的双端联合编码技术更是充分挖掘了反向散射信道的分集潜力,然而其以牺牲传输速率为代价。为此,提出了一种新的信号传输方案,其基于空间匹配的思想选择最优的通信链路来进行数据传输。仿真结果表明,提出的传输方案优于传统的BUTQ-STBC的联合编码方案,所提方案为MIMO反向散射通信的高效、可靠传输提供了解决思路。

反向散射通信  /  多输入多输出  /  空间匹配  /  联合编码  /  空时编码

Backscatter communication has received widespread attention in the field of the Internet of things due to its advantages of low cost and low energy consumption. However, with the gradual expansion of data services, new challenges have been posed to the transmission performance of backscatter communication. Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) technology has been introduced into backscatter communication due to its advantages in system reliability and transmission rate. One of them, a dual ended joint coding technology called block-level unitary query space-time block code (BUTQ-STBC) , can fully exploit the diversity potential of backscatter channels, but at the cost of sacrificing transmission rate. To combat this issue, a new signal transmission scheme that selects the optimal communication link for data transmission based on the idea of spatial matching is proposed. The simulation results show that the proposed transmission scheme is superior to the BUTQ-STBC scheme. The proposed scheme provides a solution for efficient and reliable transmission of MIMO backscatter communication.

backscatter communication  /  multiple-input multiple-output  /  spatial matching  /  joint coding  /  space-time block code
栾慧煦, 徐文慧, 钟铁. 基于空间匹配的双天线反向散射标签信号传输方案. 北京邮电大学学报, 2025 , 48 (5) : 76 -82 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-215
Huixu LUN, Wenhui XU, Tie ZHONG. A Spatial Matching Based Signal Transmission Scheme for Dual Antenna Backscatter Tags[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2025 , 48 (5) : 76 -82 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-215
物联网有望实现人类、机器和物体之间无处不在的联系的宏伟愿景,引发新的信息和通信技术的创新浪潮,从根本上改变人们的生活[1-3]。在过去的几十年里,物联网已经在远程医疗、智能物流、智能城市等领域中取得了成功的应用。据估计,2026年全球物联网市场规模将达到1.55万亿美元。然而,物联网设备的大规模部署增加了能源消耗和维护成本,同时也增加了环境问题,因为这些设备使用了大量的电池。为了解决这些问题,无源物联网理念应运而生。反向散射通信是一种新兴的超低功耗通信范式[4-5],由查询端、发送端(即标签)和接收端构成,其标签通过被动地将查询端发射的射频信号散射/反射到预期的接收机来执行数据传输,而不必依赖耗电和昂贵的无线电组件,如射频合成器和模拟数字转换器。这些优势使反向散射通信技术成为无源物联网最具竞争力的候选者之一。然而,反向散射通信其双向信道的特性,使得其信号在传输过程中遭受到更深的信道衰落,影响着信号传输质量。为此,在传统无线通信中取得巨大成功的多输入多输出(MIMO,multiple-input multiple-output)技术被引入到反向散射通信中[6-7]。He等[8-10]研究表明空时分组码(STBC,space-time block code)与块级酉查询(BUTQ,block-level unitary query)的联合设计能够充分挖掘出MIMO反向散射信道的分集潜力,即最大化MIMO反向散射信道的分集增益。然而,BUTQ-STBC设计是通过遍历所有的通信链路组合来中和信号传输质量的,因此其数据速率仅为S/M,即随着查询端天线数目的增加,其传输速率会明显下降,其中S表示编码的码率,M表示查询端天线数目。为此,提出了一种新的信号传输方案,不同于BUTQ-STBC方案,所提方案基于空间匹配的思想,选择最优的通信链路来传输数据,从而保证信号的传输质量。由于所提方案不需要遍历所有的通信链路来传输数据,因此其传输信息所需的时隙更少,从而具有更优的数据速率。笔者首先介绍了反向散射通信系统的数学模型和BUTQ-STBC联合编码设计方案,然后提出了新的信号传输方案,推导了提出的传输方案的误码率的渐近闭合表达式,最后通过计算机仿真对提出的联合编码方案进行性能验证。
按照系统结构,反向散射通信可以分为单基地反向散射通信系统和双基地反向散射通信系统,其中单基地反向散射通信系统由读写器和反向散射标签构成,读写器同时承担查询端和接收端的任务,如图1(a)所示。不同于单基地反向散射通信系统,双基地反向散射通信系统的查询端和接收端相互分离,如图1(b)所示。
单基地反向散射通信系统的信道模型可以表示为[10-11]
其中:Q是维度为T×M的查询矩阵,表示T个时隙内从M根查询天线所发射的信号内容;H是维度为M×L的信道矩阵,表示从查询端到标签端的通信链路;C是维度为T×L的编码矩阵;W是维度为T×N的加性高斯白噪声矩阵;◦为哈达玛积;(·)T为转置操作符。
相应地,双基地反向散射通信系统的信道模型可以表示为[12-13]
其中:G是维度为L×N的反向信道矩阵,表示从标签到接收机的通信链路。由于相较于单基地型反向散射通信,双基地型反向散射通信具有更广的覆盖范围,配置更灵活,在实际生活中具有更广泛的应用潜力,因此所提方案主要对双基地反向散射通信系统进行研究。
由式(1)和式(2)可以看出,反向散射通信的传输性能由查询矩阵Q和编码矩阵C共同决定,即反向散射通信中的编码是一种双端联合编码方案。为此,BUTQ查询方法被提出[8],并表明其与STBC的联合设计能够最大化MIMO反向散射通信的分集增益[8-9],即就误码率而言,BUTQ-STBC的联合设计是一种最优的方案。BUTQ-STBC的联合设计可以表示为
其中:⊗表示克罗内克积,1M表示长度为M的元素全为1的向量。以2×2×2反向散射通信信道为例,考虑2×2单位阵和经典Alamouti编码[14-15]时,此时BUTQ-STBC的联合设计可以具体表示为
其中:QBUTQ是维度为4×1的查询矩阵,CBUTQ是维度为4×1的编码矩阵,这是因为原始查询矩阵与原始编码矩阵均被向量1M扩充。式(4)中的联合设计在文中被记作BUTQ-Alamouti联合编码方案。图2展示了BUTQ-Alamouti联合编码方案的信号流图。
图2可见,BUTQ方法需要遍历所有的查询天线,即对前向信道进行遍历,因此其实现的数据速率,会随着查询天线数目的增加而下降,仅为S/M。这里需要说明的是,反向散射通信的应用场景往往对标签有着小型化的需求,多天线会显著增加标签的尺寸。因此,所提方案仅针对双天线标签进行设计,并与BUTQ-Alamouti(同样双天线标签)的性能进行比较。对多天线标签的设计不在所提方案的讨论之中,会是后续工作的一个重点方向。
在本节中,针对BUTQ-Alamouti设计在传输速率上的不足,基于空间匹配思想,为具有双天线标签的MIMO反向散射通信设计了一种新的双端联合编码传输方案。
空间匹配的核心思想是在众多通信链路中,选择质量最好的信道来传输数据,从而提升通信质量。以4×1多输入单输出信道为例,其通信链路的集合可以表示为{h1h2h3h4},其中hm表示第m根发送天线与接收天线间的通信链路。当假设如下条件‖h2‖≥‖h1‖,‖h2‖≥‖h3‖,‖h2‖≥‖h4‖时,可以得知其中的最优链路为h2,该链路对应的查询天线的指数被记为mopt,并且有mopt = 2。依据空间匹配思想,第2根发送天线被选择激活用于传输信号,其余天线则处于休眠状态,不进行数据传输。
针对BUTQ-Alamouti联合设计的不足,结合2.1中介绍的空间匹配思想,本小节提出一种查询端和标签端双端联合编码方案。具体而言,其双端联合编码形式可以表示为
其中:c为传输的信息符号,向量i1i2分别表示单位阵的第1列和第2列,向量sl是仅第项为1其余项为0的长度为M的向量,(·)T为转置操作符,其中为与第l根标签天线相匹配的查询天线对应的指数。具体而言,由式(5)可以观察到,每个时隙仅有1根标签天线(即前向链路中的接收天线)被激活。因此,基于空间匹配思想,所提方案在查询端为前向链路中的接收天线(标签天线)选择最为匹配的查询天线,以克服BUTQ方法的不足。首先对于第1根标签天线,假设存在指数∈{1,2,…,M},使得对于所有的m∈{1,2,…,M},有≥‖hm,12,其中hm,1表示第m根标签天线与第1根标签天线间的链路,此时称指数mopt1对应的查询天线为第1根标签天线的匹配天线。对于第2根标签天线,可以同样地找到其对应的匹配天线的指数。然而,所提方案在选择激活的查询天线时需要在所有m∈{1,2,…,M}中比较前向信道‖hm,12和‖hm,22的质量,从而确定指数。而标签是一个计算能力受限的设备,因此很难直接通过标签得到前向信道状态信息。为此,所提方案选择通过在接收端比较‖hm,lgl,n2的大小,从而间接比较出前向信道的质量,其中gl,n表示第l根标签天线与第n根接收天线间的通信链路。因此,在反向散射信道中,每根标签天线对应的匹配查询天线选取规则可以表示为
为了更好地呈现文中所提出的双端联合设计信号传输方案,笔者以3×2×2反向散射信道为例,来说明提出的双端联合设计工作流程。假设 =2, =3,即‖h2,12和‖h3,22分别为{‖h1,12,‖h2,12,‖h3,1 ‖}和{‖h1,22,‖h2,22,‖h3,22}中的最大值,即=(0,1,0),=(0,0,1)。此时,提出的联合设计可以表示为
此时,第n根接收天线收到的信号可以表示为
其中:表示第n根接收天线在第t个时隙内接收到的信号,表示第n根接收天线在第t个时隙内的噪声。图3给出了提出的双端联合编码设计的信号流图。
最大似然检测是一种通用的最优解码方案,其通过遍历所有可能的组合,来选取与接收到的信号最相近的符号作为解码结果。提出的联合编码方案的最大似然解码方案可以表现为
其中‖·‖F表示Frobenius范数。
最大似然解码方案虽然具有最优的解码性能,然而其计算复杂度较高。为此,笔者为提出的联合编码方案设计了一种线性解码方案。以式(7)的发送信号为例,第n根接收天线,其接收到的信号如式(8)所示,此时使用最大比合并技术,即
其中:(·)*表示共轭操作符,其余符号与之前定义相同,则在提出的联合编码方案下的信道增益可以表示为
因此,对于提出的联合设计方案,还可以通过如下线性解码规则对其实现解码,即
其中:ck∈{1,2,…,P},ck为调制后的信息符号,P为所采用的调制阶数。
在表征相干数字通信的性能时,误差概率的一般表达形式通常涉及高斯Q(·)函数,其参数与接收信号的瞬时信噪比的平方根成正比。在具有衰落的信道下传输时符号错误率(SER,symbol error rate)可以表示为
其中:pγ(·)为每个符号的瞬时信噪比γ的概率密度函数(PDF,probability density function),gpsk为与调制阶数有关的常数,高斯Q(·)函数的定义为
然而,式(11)中变量的PDF闭合表达式较难求得,使得直接求解式(13)较为困难。为此,所提方案转换思路,将式(14)带入到式(13)中,可以得到
其中:Pγ(·)为矩母函数(MGF,moment generating function),其具体表达式为
因此,所提方案通过借助MGF来对提出的传输方案的误码性能进行求解与分析。
为了便于理论分析,在所提方案中,假设所有信道彼此相互独立且服从相同的分布(Rayleigh分布),因此,式(11)中的信道增益可以看做是2个独立变量之和,即Z =Z1 +Z2,其中
其中l∈{1,2}。对于变量Zl,其MGF可以表示为[16]
其中:
由于变量Z1Z2彼此相互独立,因此变量Z的MGF可以通过变量Z1Z2的MGF的乘积得到,即
将式(20)代入到式(16)中可以得到,提出的传输方案的误码率的渐近闭合表达式为
进一步,可以得到提出的基于空间匹配思想的双端联合编码传输方案实现的分集增益为[17]
式(22)中得到的分集增益与BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案实现的分集增益相同[7],然而所提方案的码率为1/2,增加查询天线数目并不改变其码率,因此相较于BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案,所提方案具有更优的传输性能。这里需要说明的是,上述误码率闭合表达式是在高信噪比下渐近得到的,因此该误码率曲线在高信噪比处能够很好地衡量出提出的编码方案的误码率,但其在低信噪比处则不能用于衡量所提方案的误码率性能。
在本节中,通过计算机仿真,对提出的基于空间匹配的双端联合编码传输方案的性能进行验证。在模拟仿真中,HG中的项均服从均值为零、单位方差的复高斯分布。并且,在仿真中假设了衰落是准静态的。仿真中的信道实现的数量是自适应于SER水平的,也就是说,如果发生50个错误,仿真将停止。例如,如果误码率为10 -3,则会生成大约50000个信道。此外,文中假设接收端与查询端能够获得完美信道状态信息,即没有考虑信道误差的影响。
图4展示了理论分析曲线与仿真模拟曲线在不同天线数量配置下的性能对比,即由图4可见,在高信噪比处,式(21)推导的理论分析曲线与计算机仿真模拟曲线相贴近,这一结果验证了所提方案的理论推导,即式(21)的正确性。同时,也可以从图4中看到,2×2×2的误码率曲线的斜率比2×2×1更加陡峭,而2×2×3的误码率曲线的斜率与2×2×2的误码率曲线的斜率相同,这一现象也侧面表明了式(22)中得到的分集增益的正确性。
图5展示了BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案和所提方案在不同查询天线数量下的数据传输速率。这里需要说明的是,采用的传输速率为编码速率,即发送机单位时间内能传输的符号数量。由图5可以看出,BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案的数据传输速率会随着查询天线数量的增加而逐渐下降。而对于所提方案可以看到,即使查询天线的数量增加,其数据传输速率依旧保持不变。因此,在数据传输速率方面可以得知,所提方案优于以往的BUTQ-Alamouti方案。
上述结果产生的原因,是由于传统BUTQ-Alamouti方案是通过对查询天线进行遍历,以中和信道衰落对通信可靠性带来的影响,因此其符号传输持续时间为2M,其中M为查询天线数目,因此BUTQ-Alamouti方案的传输速率会随着查询天线数目增加而下降。然而对于所提方案,其在信道估计阶段需要对查询端天线进行遍历,而其在信息传输阶段则不需要对查询端天线进行遍历,因此所提方案的传输速率不会随着查询天线数目的变化而变化。
4.2小节的结果表明了提出的方案在传输速率上的优越性。在本小节中,将继续探讨所提方案在误码率方面的性能。图6展示了查询天线数目对BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案和所提方案的可靠性影响。由图6可见,在2根查询天线的情况下,所提方案与BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案的误码率性能相同;当查询天线数量增加到4根时,虽然BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案和提出的传输方案的误码率同时下降,但所提方案的误码率显著低于BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案。此外,还可以从仿真中看到,提出的方案的误码曲线与BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案的误码曲线的斜率相同,这表明2种传输方案具有相同的分集增益。这里需要说明的是,为了公平起见,在4根查询天线时,对BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案采用了高阶调制,以保持相同的传输速率,即对所提方案采用2进制相移键控(BPSK,binary phase shift keying),对BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案采用正交相移键控(QPSK,quadrature phase shift keying)。
从上述仿真结果可以看出,所提方案具有更优的传输速率以及相同速率下的误码率性能。然而,所提方案的查询端需要知道信道状态信息,才能实现对最优查询天线的选择,传统BUTQ-Alamouti方案的查询端则不需要知道信道状态信息。
4.3小节的仿真结果表明,在相同数据速率下,随着查询天线数量的增加,所提方案的误码率性能会明显优于传统方案。图7对不同接收天线数目的影响进行了仿真。从仿真中可以看到,增加接收天线数目可以有效提升反向散射通信的误码性能。然而,2种传输方案在不同接收天线数目下均具有相同的性能表现,即相较于传统BUTQ-Alamouti方案而言,所提方案并不能从增加接收天线数目中获得性能增益。
所提方案针对MIMO反向散射通信中传统BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案在传输速率上的不足,基于空间匹配思想,为具有双天线标签的MIMO反向散射通信系统提出了一种新的双端联合编码传输方案。结果表明,随着查询天线数目的增加,所提方案在速率方面有着优于传统BUTQ-Alamouti方案的性能,这使得在相同的传输速率条件下,随着查询天线数目的增加,所提方案的误码率性能会显著优于传统BUTQ-Alamouti传输方案。另外,通过严谨的数学证明推导出了,所提方案的误码率渐近闭合表达式,并通过计算机仿真验证了理论推导的正确性。所提方案的研究结论为MIMO反向散射通信的高速率、高可靠传输提供了一种解决思路与技术方案。
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doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-215
  • 接收时间:2024-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-23
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    东北电力大学 电气工程学院,吉林 132012
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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