Article(id=1251535840388792837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-129, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1718121600000, receivedDateStr=2024-06-12, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776318996759, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776318996759, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776318996759, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776318996759, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251535833375912679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, year='2025', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='172', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776318995087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776389324200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=136, endPage=143, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251535840657228300, articleId=1251535840388792837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, language=EN, title=Research on Cooperative User Selection and Beamforming Techniques in Distributed IRS Assisted MIMO Systems, columnId=1251535836207067917, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, columnName=REPORTS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In the sixth generation (6G) mobile communication system, intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) enhance wireless transmission efficiency by dynamically adjusting the wireless propagation environment. In distributed IRS-assisted multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, when the number of users significantly exceeds the number of antennas at the base station (BS) , the joint optimization of user selection and beamforming is crucial for reducing BS transmission power and promoting green communication. To address this, a model is established with the objective of minimizing BS transmission power by jointly optimizing user selection, BS beamforming vectors, and phase shift matrices of distributed IRSs while ensuring user quality of service (QoS). To simplify the model, it is decoupled into two subproblems that are iteratively optimized to approximate the optimal solution of the original problem. First,the artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm and second-order cone programming(SOCP)are employed to determine the optimal user selection strategy and BS beamforming vectors. Then,the phase shift matrices of the IRSs are optimized using the semidefinite relaxation(SDR)method. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only achieves good convergence but also effectively reduces the transmission power of the BS.

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在第6代移动通信(6G)系统中,智能反射面(IRS)通过实时调整无线传输环境提高无线传输效率。在分布式IRS辅助多输入多输出(MIMO)系统中,当用户数量远大于基站(BS)的天线数量时,如何联合优化用户选择和波束赋形以降低BS的发送功率,对绿色通信发挥重要作用。为此,在满足用户服务质量的前提下,联合优化用户选择、BS波束赋形向量和分布式IRS的相移矩阵,以BS发送功率最小化为优化目标建立模型。为简化该模型,将其解耦成2个迭代的子问题,以逼近原问题的最优解。首先,利用人工蜂群(ABC)算法和2阶锥规划(SOCP)求解最优用户选择策略和BS波束赋形向量。然后,采用半正定松弛(SDR)方法优化IRSs的相移矩阵。仿真结果表明,所提算法不仅具有很好的收敛性,而且能有效降低BS的发射功率。

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李云(1974—),男,教授,博士生导师,邮箱:
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邢智童(1992—),男,讲师,硕士生导师。

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邢智童(1992—),男,讲师,硕士生导师。

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分布式IRS辅助MIMO系统用户选择和波束赋形技术研究
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邢智童 1 , 程祖钊 1 , 吴广富 1, 2 , 李云 1, 2 , 梁吉申 1, 3
北京邮电大学学报 | 研究报告 2025,48(5): 136-143
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北京邮电大学学报 | 研究报告 2025, 48(5): 136-143
分布式IRS辅助MIMO系统用户选择和波束赋形技术研究
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邢智童1, 程祖钊1, 吴广富1, 2, 李云1, 2 , 梁吉申1, 3
作者信息
  • 1.重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065
  • 2.重庆邮电大学 计算机科学与技术学院,重庆 400065
  • 3.陆军工程大学 通信士官学校,重庆 400035
  • 邢智童(1992—),男,讲师,硕士生导师。

通讯作者:

李云(1974—),男,教授,博士生导师,邮箱:
Research on Cooperative User Selection and Beamforming Techniques in Distributed IRS Assisted MIMO Systems
Zhitong XING1, Zuzhao CHENG1, Guangfu WU1, 2, Yun LI1, 2 , Jishen LIANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Communication and Information Engineering, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
  • 2.School of Computer Science and Technology, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Chongqing 400065, China
  • 3.Communication Cadet Cops, Army Engineering University, Chongqing 400035, China
doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-129
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在第6代移动通信(6G)系统中,智能反射面(IRS)通过实时调整无线传输环境提高无线传输效率。在分布式IRS辅助多输入多输出(MIMO)系统中,当用户数量远大于基站(BS)的天线数量时,如何联合优化用户选择和波束赋形以降低BS的发送功率,对绿色通信发挥重要作用。为此,在满足用户服务质量的前提下,联合优化用户选择、BS波束赋形向量和分布式IRS的相移矩阵,以BS发送功率最小化为优化目标建立模型。为简化该模型,将其解耦成2个迭代的子问题,以逼近原问题的最优解。首先,利用人工蜂群(ABC)算法和2阶锥规划(SOCP)求解最优用户选择策略和BS波束赋形向量。然后,采用半正定松弛(SDR)方法优化IRSs的相移矩阵。仿真结果表明,所提算法不仅具有很好的收敛性,而且能有效降低BS的发射功率。

智能反射面  /  多输入多输出  /  波束赋形

In the sixth generation (6G) mobile communication system, intelligent reflecting surfaces (IRS) enhance wireless transmission efficiency by dynamically adjusting the wireless propagation environment. In distributed IRS-assisted multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems, when the number of users significantly exceeds the number of antennas at the base station (BS) , the joint optimization of user selection and beamforming is crucial for reducing BS transmission power and promoting green communication. To address this, a model is established with the objective of minimizing BS transmission power by jointly optimizing user selection, BS beamforming vectors, and phase shift matrices of distributed IRSs while ensuring user quality of service (QoS). To simplify the model, it is decoupled into two subproblems that are iteratively optimized to approximate the optimal solution of the original problem. First,the artificial bee colony(ABC)algorithm and second-order cone programming(SOCP)are employed to determine the optimal user selection strategy and BS beamforming vectors. Then,the phase shift matrices of the IRSs are optimized using the semidefinite relaxation(SDR)method. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithm not only achieves good convergence but also effectively reduces the transmission power of the BS.

intelligent reflecting surface  /  multiple-input multiple-output  /  beamforming
邢智童, 程祖钊, 吴广富, 李云, 梁吉申. 分布式IRS辅助MIMO系统用户选择和波束赋形技术研究. 北京邮电大学学报, 2025 , 48 (5) : 136 -143 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-129
Zhitong XING, Zuzhao CHENG, Guangfu WU, Yun LI, Jishen LIANG. Research on Cooperative User Selection and Beamforming Techniques in Distributed IRS Assisted MIMO Systems[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2025 , 48 (5) : 136 -143 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-129
随着人们对通信质量要求和用户体验的不断提高,针对第6代移动通信(6G,sixth generation)的研究也正在如火如荼的展开。相对于5G通信系统,6G可以提供海量设备接入、超高流量、超低时延和超高可靠性等服务[1]。虽然现代无线通信新技术,如超密集网络(UDN,ultra-dense network)、大规模多输入多输出(MIMO,multiple-input multipleoutput)和毫米波(mmWave,millimeter wave)技术都可以有效提高系统吞吐量,但是这些技术仍然受到硬件成本和能耗的制约。例如,密集部署基站(BS,base station)不仅增加了硬件支出和维护成本,也加剧了网络干扰。大规模MIMO技术需要在BS端配备大量的天线和有源射频(RF,radio frequency)链来实现更高的频谱效率,从而增加了能耗和硬件成本。此外,毫米波更容易被室内家具、墙壁等阻碍。同时,毫米波通信系统需要更复杂混合预编码的射频链。智能反射面(IRS,intelligent reflecting surface)辅助无线通信被认为是解决上述问题最有前景的关键性技术。IRS是一种低成本的无源人造超表面,具有可编程电磁特性,通过实时调控大量的移相器获得理想的无线传播环境,从而达到改善无线通信质量、提升网络频谱效率、能源效率和覆盖范围等目的[2]。此外,多个IRS可以很容易地安装在建筑物的墙壁和天花板上,并易与蜂窝MIMO系统集成。相比5G网络技术,IRS具有体积小、能耗低、易于布置等显著优势而受到广泛关注[3]
IRS作为一种无源设备,其大规模部署产生的能耗有望低于使用大规模MIMO天线、中继等有源设备。目前,已有不少关于IRS辅助的无线系统的低功耗研究。Bai等[4]研究了一种IRS辅助绿色多用户下行通信系统,同时优化IRS位置、BS的主动波束赋形和IRS的被动波束赋形以最小化BS的总发射功率,提出了一种离线-在线混合信道状态信息(CSI,channel state information)的优化框架来解决上述问题。Zhou等[5]将信道建模为随机过程,在满足用户服务质量(QoS,quality of service)以及所有可能的信道误差的前提下最小化BS的发射功率。Vaishali等[6]主要研究IRS辅助的MIMO太赫兹通信系统性能,提出基于压缩感知(CS,compressed sensing)的接收机设计,利用IRS信号匹配测量矩阵降低接收机复杂度和功耗,推导出平均符号错误率表达式。仿真结果表明,该非对角结构矩阵性能优于现有矩阵,并且系统对信道状态信息误差具有鲁棒性,可提升通信距离和能量效率。Huang等[7]研究了IRS辅助MIMO系统的能量效率最大化问题,引入了特定场景下IRS系统的功率开销模型,这种功率开销来源于IRS本身对反射单元调节所产生的功率消耗。在此基础上,提出了一种交替优化方法来解决能效最大化问题,其中分别使用梯度下降(GD,gradient descent)和分式规划(FP,fractional programming)来求解IRS的相移系数和BS的功率分配。仿真结果表明,IRS辅助下的系统能效要远好于传统有源中继参与下的通信系统。
另外,随着全球移动互联网的快速发展,移动宽带用户数量呈现爆发式增长,海量通信设备接入网络,需要解决的主要技术挑战就是如何有效管理网络资源。现有研究工作大多考虑BS位于小区中心,并且BS能同时服务小区内所有用户。然而,当小区边缘区域存在大量用户时,且用户数量远远大于BS端天线数量,则BS不可能在相同的时频资源下服务所有用户。因此,应根据BS端天线数量适当选择用户,以最大限度地提高系统性能。尽管许多研究人员已经在没有IRS[8]的蜂窝网络中进行了BS波束赋形和用户选择的联合设计,但这些算法不可能应用于IRS辅助的网络,因为对于选定的用户,可以通过控制IRS元素的幅值和相位来重新配置信道。由于BS波束赋形、IRS相移和用户选择在优化问题中是耦合的,因此联合优化BS波束赋形、IRS相移和用户选择是具有挑战性的。Wei等[9]提出一种多IRS辅助多用户通信中简化被动波束成形的优化方案,通过选择信道条件最佳的用户作为唯一活动发射机,将问题简化为单用户被动波束成形,采用基于半正定松弛法(SDR,semidefinite relaxation)的联合优化和交替优化方法,通过蒙特卡罗仿真验证了该方案的优越性。Ai-Hilo等[10]基于深度强化学习(DRL,deep reinforcement learning)的优化框架优化IRS辅助车辆通信系统中的用户选择、时间资源分配和IRS相移。根据已有文献的调研,目前有关IRS辅助通信系统中,特别是多IRS辅助通信系统,联合优化用户选择和波束赋形技术的研究较少。因此,研究分布式IRS辅助MIMO通信系统联合用户选择和波束赋形技术是十分必要的,笔者基于分布式IRS辅助MIMO系统,研究了边缘热点区域的用户选择和波束赋形技术,主要工作如下。
1)针对热点区域中,小区边缘用户数量远远大于BS端的天线数量情况,探索一种符合IRS网络的用户选择策略和波束赋形优化方法。考虑用户的QoS约束,IRSs相移约束,通过联合优化BS波束赋形向量、IRSs相移矩阵和用户选择策略,最小化BS的发射功率,建立分布式IRS辅助MIMO系统的下行用户选择模型。
2)原问题是一个BS波束赋形向量、IRSs相移矩阵和用户选择向量耦合的非凸优化问题,很难直接对其进行求解。为了求解该问题,利用交替优化的方法将该优化问题解耦成2个子问题,首先固定IRSs相移,利用人工蜂群算法和2阶锥规划(SOCP,second-order cone programming)求解用户选择策略和BS波束赋形向量;然后再固定用户选择向量和波束赋形向量,采用半正定松弛方法求解IRSs相移矩阵,直至目标函数收敛。
3)仿真结果表明,笔者提出的算法具有很好的收敛性。与基准算法相比,所提出的算法实现了更低的发射功率,能有效提升系统性能。
考虑分布式IRS辅助的多用户下行链路系统,其中部署L个IRS辅助从BS到1组K个单天线用户的通信,BS配备M根天线,每个IRS配备N个反射单元。每个IRS应该部署在合理位置,使得其与BS和用户之间存在视距(LoS,line of sight)路径,以便更好地辅助通信,系统模型如图1所示。
假设一个拥挤的热点场景,存在许多小区边缘用户,其数量远远大于BS端天线的数量,即KM,其中每个IRS都通过1个控制器与BS相连。定义IRS集合为∀lL≜{1,2,…,L},用户集合为∀kK≜{1,2,…,K},每个IRS的反射单元集合为∀nN≜{1,2,…,N},定义Θl = diag(θl,1θl,2,…,θl,N)为第l个IRS的相移矩阵,其中θl,n =ϕl,n∈[0,2π)表示第l个IRS的第n个反射单元相移。Gl∈ℂN×M∈ℂ M∈ℂ N分别表示BS到第l个IRS、BS到第k个用户和第l个IRS到第k个用户的信道。考虑准静态平坦衰落模型,信道在相干时间内保持不变。为了获得空间复用增益,BS需要在天线数量的范围内选择用户。因为KM,为了充分利用系统的时频资源,假设BS在每个时频资源块内只能为K个通信用户中的M个用户提供服务。为此,定义满足条件的2元选择向量c ={c1c2,…,cK}T
并且满足
k个用户收到的信号yk可以表示为
其中:sk是BS发送给第k个用户的信息,其满足均值为0,方差为1。wk∈ℂ 1是第k个用户的波束赋形向量,nk~CN(0,)表示用户接收机的加性高斯白噪声。基于式(3),可以得到第k个用户的信干噪比(SINR,signal to interference plus noise ratio)为
通过联合优化BS发射波束赋形向量、IRSs的相移矩阵和用户选择策略,使BS的总发射功率最小,并且满足每个用户的信干噪比约束。因此,分布式IRS辅助多用户的用户选择模型可以建模为
其中:式(5a)是用户的最小信干噪比约束,式(5b)是分布式IRS的相移约束,式(5c)和式(5d)是用户选择向量约束。
上述优化问题的优化变量之间高度耦合,并且包括复杂的0-1规划和恒模非凸约束条件,很难直接使用现有算法来获得该优化问题的全局最优解,因此采用交替迭代优化求解该问题。具体思路如下:先固定IRSs相移Θl,∀l,通过人工蜂群算法和2阶锥规划推导出最优用户选择策略和BS波束赋形向量;再固定用户选择向量ck和BS波束赋形向量wk,利用半正定松弛的方法得到IRSs的相移,重复上述步骤,直至目标函数收敛。
首先,当给定IRSs相移Θl,∀l,此时优化问题变为
上述问题仍是一个复杂的0-1优化问题,基于人工蜂群算法可以求解最优用户选择向量。在人工蜂群算法的过程中,需要计算蜜源的适应值,蜜源是符合优化问题的可行解,蜜源的适应值是指BS选择该蜜源后,满足所选用户QoS约束的BS最小发射功率的倒数。当选择该蜜源后,BS的最小发射功率优化问题可以表示为
其中:Kopt为该蜜源选择的用户数。上述问题可以采用基于SOCP有效求解[11]。具体来说,优化问题P3中,目标函数(7)是凸函数,只需对QoS约束式(7a)进行变形为凸约束即可,由于SINR中需要取绝对值,因此wk加入相位旋转后对SINR没有影响,因此可以使用该技巧,将内积通过相位旋转为正实数,即,因此有
将QoS约束转化为1个2阶锥约束,问题P3可以用Matlab的凸优化工具箱(CVX,convex optimization toolbox)求解。对于每一个蜜源,都可以通过求解优化问题P3得到相应BS的发射功率,将功率的倒数作为该蜜源的适应值。另外,假设蜜源数量的总数为Ns,在得到蜜源的适应值集合{f1f2,…,}后,每个观察蜂阶段,需要以一定的概率选择1个蜜源。假设蜜源x∈{1,2,…,Ns}被选中的概率为
BS执行人工蜂群算法的步骤如下。
步骤1 对于BS,本算法随机生成蜜源矩阵nec_source∈。其中,J∈{0,1}表示蜜源矩阵中元素的定义域。当蜜源矩阵中的元素取0时,表示BS不选择该用户进行数据传输;当蜜源矩阵中的元素取1时,表示BS选择该用户进行数据传输。
步骤2 在初始化阶段,根据给定的IRSs相移Θl,∀l、信道矩阵和每个蜜源的用户选择情况,对初始化的蜜源进行计算,得到适应值的集合。根据每个蜜源的用户选择情况,对优化问题P3进行求解,得到满足当前用户信干噪比约束的波束赋形向量,并求得功率的倒数,即计算出蜜源的适应值,并找到最小适应值及其对应的蜜源位置。
步骤3 在雇佣蜂阶段,每只雇佣蜂都会随机产生1个新的蜜源。对优化问题P3进行求解,得到满足当前用户信干噪比的波束赋形向量,并求得功率的倒数,计算出新的蜜源的适应值。如果新蜜源的适应值大于原始蜜源适应值的最小值,那么用新蜜源替换原先适应值最小的蜜源。
步骤4 在观察蜂阶段,每只观察蜂根据式(9)计算的概率选择1个蜜源。在选定的蜜源中,随机选择1个值为1和1个值为0的元素进行改变,将值为1的元素改为0,将值为0的元素改为1。根据优化问题P3求解出新蜜源的适应值,并与原蜜源的适应值进行比较。如果新蜜源的适应值大于原蜜源的适应值,则用新蜜源替换原蜜源。如果新蜜源的适应值小于原蜜源的适应值,则不进行替换。如果某个蜜源经过Limit次选择后仍未被替换,那么将该蜜源丢弃,并随机生成1个新的蜜源。
步骤5 在所有过程完成后,将选择具有最大适应值的蜜源作为输出值。
,其中hr,k= ∈ℂ NLΘ= bd(Θ1Θ2,…,ΘL)∈ℂ NL×NL为对角分块矩阵。G= [,…,]H∈ℂ NL×M。对于给定的ckwk,优化问题可以表示为
wj = bk,jv = [θ1,1θ1,2,…,θL,N]H ∈ℂ NL×1ak,j = diag(Gwj∈ℂ NL×1,因此可以得到hr,kΘGwj = vHak,j,故优化问题可以转化为
上述问题可以看作要找1个满足约束条件的v就可以了。可以通过SDR技术求解,具体来讲,上述问题可以展开为
其中:t∈{1,-1},是1个常数标量。进一步地,引入辅助变量V=,将上述优化问题转换为
显然,除了式(13d)这个约束以外,整个问题是1个凸优化问题。因此,可以通过先松弛掉秩为1这个约束条件,然后通过凸优化工具箱CVX求解V,进一步通过高斯随机化的方法从V中得到原问题的可行解[12]
算法的总体复杂度主要是对子优化问题求解。对于wk的计算,迭代次数为,每次迭代的复杂度为OM4);根据文献[13],基于SDR更新Θl复杂度为ONL3.5;人工蜂群算法的复杂度主要取决于蜜源、雇佣蜂、侦察蜂的数量和循环的次数。因此,所提算法总体的复杂度为O((RNs+Nrb+NhbM3.5+(NL3.5I),其中NsNhbNrb分别为蜂群算法的蜜源、雇佣蜂和侦察蜂的数量,R为人工蜂群算法的循环次数,I表示交替优化的迭代次数。
仿真场景如图2所示,在仿真实例中包括1个BS、L个IRS和K个用户,对分布式IRS辅助MIMO系统中所有参数进行初始化。
仿真场景考虑1个3维坐标的单小区网络系统,其中BS位于网络的中心,坐标为(0m,0m,25m)。为了减少用户之间的干扰,每个IRS应当部署在相对于BS的不同方向上。第l个IRS的坐标为,10m ),d1为BS到IRS的水平距离。K个用户随机分布在半径为[R1R2]的环形区域内,所有用户的高度设为0m。除非特别声明,仿真初始化参数L =3,K =30,d1 =80m,R1 =60m,R2 =100m,IRSs反射单元个数N =30,BS端的天线数量M =8,用户的信干噪比约束γk =20dB,kK
考虑小尺度衰落,所有信道采用以下信道模型:
其中:β是Rician因子,控制视距分量和非视距(NLoS,non line of sight)分量的大小关系,其中BS到用户信道的Rician因子βBU =0dB,BS到IRSs信道的Rician因子βBI = 3dB,IRSs到用户信道的Rician因子βIU =3dB。GLoSGNLoS分别是确定性的LoS分量和NLoS分量。考虑路径损耗,设路径损耗模型为
其中:C0 = -30dB为参考距离D0 =1m时的路径损耗,d为链路距离,α为路径损耗因子。BS到IRSs路径损耗因子αBI =2.2,IRSs到用户路径损耗因子αIU =2.2,BS到用户路径损耗因子αAU = 3.5,噪声功率σ2 = -80dBm。
本算法的迭代次数和BS的发射功率之间的关系如图3所示。从仿真结果可以看出,随着迭代次数的增加,BS的发射功率逐渐降低并趋于稳定,证明了笔者所提算法具有较快的收敛性。
图4是本算法和无IRS情况下的用户选择情况。设置每个IRS的反射单元数量为N =30和N= 240,天线数量M =4,用户数量K =12,L =3。如图4(a)所示,在网络中没有部署IRSs时,BS更倾向于选择具有直接信道增益更大的用户;如图4(b)所示,在网络中部署少量IRSs的情况下,BS更倾向于选择直接信道增益或反射信道增益更大的用户;当网络中部署大量IRSs时,如图4(c)所示,BS更倾向于选择IRSs附近的用户,因为靠近IRS的用户更容易通过反射链路提高接收信号功率和降低用户间干扰。为了验证本算法的性能,在仿真结果中与以下几种算法进行对比。随机选择用户:从K个用户中随机选择M个用户,其中选中的用户的BS的波束赋形和IRSs相移仍采用上述SOCP和SDR联合优化。集中式IRS:保持单个IRS的总反射单元数和多个IRS的总反射单元数量相同,其他条件不变。无IRS:在没有IRS的情况下,用户选择BS和波束赋形进行优化。随机相移:将每个IRS的相移元素随机设置在(0,2π],用户选择和BS波束赋形仍是基于表1所提的算法进行优化。迫零(ZF,zeroforcing)预编码:BS采用ZF预编码,人工蜂群算法进行用户选择。
图5表示BS的发射功率和用户端信干噪比之间的关系。从仿真结果可以看出,随着用户端信干噪比的增大,BS的发射功率也有所增大。对比网络中无IRS的情况,在网络中部署集中式IRS,BS的发射功率能有效降低2~3dBm;采用分布式部署IRS,BS的发射功率能有效降低3~4dBm。这说明,在网络中加入IRS可以有效地提高系统性能,原因在于IRS实质上通过调整反射系数发挥被动波束赋形的作用,以此对于信道中分散能量进行集中。相对于集中式IRS系统,分布式IRS的优势更加明显,这是因为分布式IRS系统的覆盖范围更广,能更加灵活地优化信号传播路径、抑制干扰和优化资源利用。
图6表示BS的发射功率和选中的用户数量之间的关系。在所提算法中,假设最大选中的用户数量等于BS端天线的数量M。从图6中可以观察到,所提算法BS的发射功率随着选择人数的增多而增大。对比网络中无IRS的情况,在相同的条件下,当选择的用户数量较少时,用户之间的干扰并不明显,BS更倾向于选择信道增益更好的用户,本算法的BS发射功率要比无IRS情况下的BS发射功率低0.8~1.0dBm;当选择的用户数量较多时,本算法的BS发射功率要比无IRS情况下的BS发射功率低1.5~2.2dBm。这是因为用户较多时,用户间的干扰严重,在多个IRS的帮助下,可以有效地减小干扰,提升系统性能。
图7表示BS发射功率和IRS反射单元数量之间的关系。从图7中可以看出,除了随机相移、无IRS和采用ZF预编码的情况外,随着IRSs反射单元数量的增加,分布式IRS和集中式IRS的BS发射功率会下降。这是因为IRSs的反射单元数增加,反射链路增益增大,通过优化相移,使得发射波束形成较大的增益,从而降低BS的发射功率。相比较于集中式IRS系统,在网络中部署分布式IRS,BS的发射功率能降低0.2~1.0dBm。并且随着IRS的反射单元数量的增多,分布式IRS系统的优势愈发明显,主要是因为随着总的IRS反射单元数量的增加,分布式IRS的空间自由度变得更大,使得IRSs的相移优化变得更加灵活,从而获得了更高的增益。
图8表示BS发射功率和IRS到BS的水平距离d1之间的关系。保持BS到用户之间的距离为80m不变,IRSs到BS的水平距离d1从10m到70m之间变化。从仿真结果可以看到,由于随机相移、无IRS和采用ZF预编码这3种网络中无IRS,因此BS的发射功率保持不变。而在集中式IRS和分布式IRS的情况下,随着d1的增大,BS的发射功率先增大后减小。这是因为在BS或者用户附近部署IRS时,反射路径的路径损耗远低于在BS和用户之间部署IRS的路径损耗。因此,IRS应当部署在BS或者用户附近。在BS发射功率的需求方面,分布式IRS要比集中式IRS低0.3~0.5dBm,进一步说明了部署分布式IRS的优势。
笔者研究了基于分布式IRS辅助MIMO系统中用户选择策略和波束赋形设计。考虑绿色通信的原则,建立热点区域用户选择模型,在分布式IRS的辅助下,以最小化BS功率为目标,联合优化用户选择、BS主动波束赋形向量和分布式IRS相移矩阵。利用交替优化方法将该优化问题解耦成2个子问题,并利用人工蜂群算法求解最优用户选择策略、SOCP求解BS波束赋形向量和SDR方法优化IRSs的相移。仿真结果证明本算法的优越性,在满足用户QoS的约束下,笔者算法能有效降低BS的发射功率,提升系统性能。
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doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-129
  • 接收时间:2024-06-12
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-06-12
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    1.重庆邮电大学 通信与信息工程学院,重庆 400065
    2.重庆邮电大学 计算机科学与技术学院,重庆 400065
    3.陆军工程大学 通信士官学校,重庆 400035

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小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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