Article(id=1251535837930926927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-182, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726329600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776318996174, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776318996174, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776318996174, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776318996174, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251535833375912679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, year='2025', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='172', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776318995087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776389324200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=48, endPage=54, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251535838220333920, articleId=1251535837930926927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, language=EN, title=Multi-Layer Time Delays Based Hybrid Precoding Design for Terahertz Sub-Array, columnId=1251535834252522218, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, columnName=PAPERS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To overcome the influence of beam split in terahertz communication, for the problems of a large number of large-range delay devices, high hardware complexity and high power consumption in traditional fully connected antenna structure schemes based on single-layer and double-layer delay devices, a multi-user hybrid analog/digital precoding scheme based on multi-layer delayers was considered. In this scheme, the time delays were divided into multi-layer arrangement at the base station, and hybrid precoding design was carried out based on the multi-layer delayers. Specifically, firstly the bit number of time delays and the set of discrete time delay based on the number of time delays in each layer and antennas were deduced. Secondly according to the array response vector at the center frequency, the phase shift of phase shifter was designed. Then the propagation delay of antenna array aperture corresponding to the subarray where the delayer is located was used as the delay of time delays, and the delayer delay was discretized based on the discrete delay set. Afterwards, analog precoding was designed based on the phase shift of phase shifter and the delay of time delays. Finally, low complexity zero forcing precoding technology was used to design digital precoding. Simulation and analysis results show that compared to traditional scheme, the proposed scheme can greatly reduce the number of large range delay devices and hardware complexity while sacrificing a small amount of rate performance.

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为克服太赫兹通信中的波束色散影响,针对传统基于单层和双层时延器的天线结构方案中大延迟范围时延器数量多、硬件复杂度高、功耗大的问题,提出了一种基于多层时延器的多用户混合模拟/数字预编码方案。该方案在基站处将时延器划分为多层进行排列,并且在多层时延器基础上进行混合预编码设计。具体来说,首先根据每层时延器和天线数目推导出时延器位数及离散时延集合;然后根据中心频率处阵列响应向量设计移相器相移,应用时延器所在子阵列对应天线阵列孔径传播延迟作为时延器延迟,并基于离散时延集合对时延器延迟进行离散化处理,之后基于移相器相移和时延器延迟设计模拟预编码;最后采用低复杂度迫零预编码技术设计数字预编码。仿真和分析结果表明,相较于传统方案,所提方案在牺牲少许和速率情况下,可极大降低大范围时延器数目和硬件复杂度。

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黄崇文(1988—),男,教授,博士生导师,邮箱:
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郝万明(1988—),男,副教授,博士生导师。

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参数数值
天线数量N256
子载波数量M128
射频链数量NRF2
用户数量K2
带宽B/GHz30
中心频率fc/GHz300
用户方位角θkπ/6,π/4
), ArticleFig(id=1251535854322266930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837930926927, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数数值
天线数量N256
子载波数量M128
射频链数量NRF2
用户数量K2
带宽B/GHz30
中心频率fc/GHz300
用户方位角θkπ/6,π/4
), ArticleFig(id=1251535854418735923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837930926927, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时延器层数1层2层3层4层
时延器结构U=32H=16,L=2O1=8,O2=2,O3=2V1=4,V1=2,V3=2,V4=2
每层时延器单元位数bU=8bH=8,bL=3bO1=8,bO2=3,bO3=2bV1=8,bV2=3,bV3=3,bV4=2
时延器总位数64×8=512(16×8+32×3)×2=448(8×8+16×3+32×2×2)×2=352(4×8+8×3+16×3+32×2×2)×2=336
每层时延器时延范围τu=[0,62Tc]τh=[0,60Tc]
τl=[0,2Tc]
τo1=[0,56Tc],τo2=[0,4Tc]
τo3=[0,2Tc]
τv1=[0,48Tc],τv2=[0,8Tc]
τv3=[0,4Tc],τv4=[0,2Tc]
大范围延迟时延器数目6432168
), ArticleFig(id=1251535854544565045, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837930926927, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同时延器方案的复杂度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时延器层数1层2层3层4层
时延器结构U=32H=16,L=2O1=8,O2=2,O3=2V1=4,V1=2,V3=2,V4=2
每层时延器单元位数bU=8bH=8,bL=3bO1=8,bO2=3,bO3=2bV1=8,bV2=3,bV3=3,bV4=2
时延器总位数64×8=512(16×8+32×3)×2=448(8×8+16×3+32×2×2)×2=352(4×8+8×3+16×3+32×2×2)×2=336
每层时延器时延范围τu=[0,62Tc]τh=[0,60Tc]
τl=[0,2Tc]
τo1=[0,56Tc],τo2=[0,4Tc]
τo3=[0,2Tc]
τv1=[0,48Tc],τv2=[0,8Tc]
τv3=[0,4Tc],τv4=[0,2Tc]
大范围延迟时延器数目6432168
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基于多层时延器的太赫兹子连接混合预编码设计
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郝万明 1 , 赵笑洁 1 , 王芳 1 , 黄崇文 2
北京邮电大学学报 | 论文 2025,48(5): 48-54
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北京邮电大学学报 | 论文 2025, 48(5): 48-54
基于多层时延器的太赫兹子连接混合预编码设计
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郝万明1, 赵笑洁1, 王芳1, 黄崇文2
作者信息
  • 1.郑州大学 电气与信息工程学院,郑州 450001
  • 2.浙江大学 信息与电子工程学院,杭州 310027
  • 郝万明(1988—),男,副教授,博士生导师。

通讯作者:

黄崇文(1988—),男,教授,博士生导师,邮箱:
Multi-Layer Time Delays Based Hybrid Precoding Design for Terahertz Sub-Array
Wanming HAO1, Xiaojie ZHAO1, Fang WANG1, Chongwen HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1.School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
  • 2.School of Information Science and Electronic Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-182
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为克服太赫兹通信中的波束色散影响,针对传统基于单层和双层时延器的天线结构方案中大延迟范围时延器数量多、硬件复杂度高、功耗大的问题,提出了一种基于多层时延器的多用户混合模拟/数字预编码方案。该方案在基站处将时延器划分为多层进行排列,并且在多层时延器基础上进行混合预编码设计。具体来说,首先根据每层时延器和天线数目推导出时延器位数及离散时延集合;然后根据中心频率处阵列响应向量设计移相器相移,应用时延器所在子阵列对应天线阵列孔径传播延迟作为时延器延迟,并基于离散时延集合对时延器延迟进行离散化处理,之后基于移相器相移和时延器延迟设计模拟预编码;最后采用低复杂度迫零预编码技术设计数字预编码。仿真和分析结果表明,相较于传统方案,所提方案在牺牲少许和速率情况下,可极大降低大范围时延器数目和硬件复杂度。

太赫兹  /  波束色散  /  子连接  /  混合预编码

To overcome the influence of beam split in terahertz communication, for the problems of a large number of large-range delay devices, high hardware complexity and high power consumption in traditional fully connected antenna structure schemes based on single-layer and double-layer delay devices, a multi-user hybrid analog/digital precoding scheme based on multi-layer delayers was considered. In this scheme, the time delays were divided into multi-layer arrangement at the base station, and hybrid precoding design was carried out based on the multi-layer delayers. Specifically, firstly the bit number of time delays and the set of discrete time delay based on the number of time delays in each layer and antennas were deduced. Secondly according to the array response vector at the center frequency, the phase shift of phase shifter was designed. Then the propagation delay of antenna array aperture corresponding to the subarray where the delayer is located was used as the delay of time delays, and the delayer delay was discretized based on the discrete delay set. Afterwards, analog precoding was designed based on the phase shift of phase shifter and the delay of time delays. Finally, low complexity zero forcing precoding technology was used to design digital precoding. Simulation and analysis results show that compared to traditional scheme, the proposed scheme can greatly reduce the number of large range delay devices and hardware complexity while sacrificing a small amount of rate performance.

terahertz  /  beam split  /  sub-connected  /  hybrid precoding
郝万明, 赵笑洁, 王芳, 黄崇文. 基于多层时延器的太赫兹子连接混合预编码设计. 北京邮电大学学报, 2025 , 48 (5) : 48 -54 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-182
Wanming HAO, Xiaojie ZHAO, Fang WANG, Chongwen HUANG. Multi-Layer Time Delays Based Hybrid Precoding Design for Terahertz Sub-Array[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2025 , 48 (5) : 48 -54 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-182
太赫兹(0.1~10.0THz)通信由于其超宽带宽和超高传输速率等优点,是未来第6代移动通信系统发展的必然趋势[1-4]。太赫兹信号较短的波长使基站(BS,base station)可以在有限物理尺寸内部署大量天线,形成高增益方向性波束,有效提高了接收信号强度。但是,传统全数字波束形成技术需要每根天线连接1条射频(RF,radio frequency)链,大阵列天线部署将导致巨大能耗和硬件成本[5-6]。为此,研究者提出基于模拟预编码和数字预编码的混合预编码技术[7-8],它通过移相器(PS,phase shifter)使大阵列天线连接到少量射频链,有效降低了射频链数目和硬件成本。在宽带太赫兹系统中,由于移相器的频率无关特性,大阵列天线产生的多载波波束将会在载波频率不同时朝向不同方向,被称为波束色散效应,将导致整个带宽出现严重的增益损失[9-10]
目前,已有工作研究了如何克服宽带太赫兹通信中波束色散问题。最直接方法是采用频率相关的时延器取代所有移相器[11],但这需要大量时延器,将导致较大功耗和硬件成本。因此,研究者提出在射频链和移相器之间插入有限数量的时延器[12-13],通过联合控制移相器相移和时延器延时使多载波波束指向目标。Tan等[12]提出了基于并行时延器的延迟相位预编码(DPP,delay-phase precoding)技术,通过设计时延网络的时延,使得在整个带宽上产生与目标方向对齐的多载波波束。Gao等[13]提出基于虚拟子阵列和基于时延器的低复杂度混合波束形成方案,前者将整个天线阵列划分为几个虚拟子阵列形成波束,后者在传统架构中引入时延器形成指向目标方向的波束。然而,以上方案中的时延器采用并行级联结构,需要对每个时延器单独配置,而且时延器必须支持大延迟范围[14]。为此,Boljanovic等[15]提出一种基于模拟/数字时延器的混合时延器架构,减少了所需的时延范围。而后,Yan等[16]提出一种基于固定时延器的动态子阵列(DS-FTTD,dynamic subarray with fixed true time delay)结构,与现有复杂可调的时延器相比,DS-FTTD结构具有更低的功耗和硬件复杂度。然而,上述所有工作均假设时延器可以提供无限分辨率的时延,而实际时延器一般仅可设置有限个离散延迟。
当前已有研究提出基于单层时延器的稀疏射频链天线结构,克服了波束色散带来的问题,但是所设计的天线结构中大延迟范围时延器数目和硬件复杂度较高,导致较大的硬件成本和功耗。基于此,笔者研究了一种基于多层时延器的稀疏射频链天线结构,该结构将时延器分为多层进行排列,而后根据每层放置的时延器数目和天线数目来设计时延器位数和离散时延集合。所提结构在有效克服波束色散前提下,降低了大延迟范围时延器数目和硬件复杂度。同时,在笔者所设计天线结构的基础上进行多用户混合模拟/数字预编码,其中通过设计移相器相移和时延器延迟来实现模拟预编码。具体而言,根据中心频率处的阵列响应向量设计移相器相移,用时延器连接的对应天线阵列孔径传播延迟作为时延器延迟,之后根据离散时延集合对时延器延迟进行离散化处理。而后,在模拟预编码方案基础上使用低复杂度迫零(ZF,zero-forcing)预编码[717]技术设计数字预编码。与其他数字预编码技术相比,迫零预编码的计算复杂度较低,更容易实现,并且可以通过线性迫零有效消除各路独立信号之间的干扰。仿真结果表明,笔者所提方案的和速率相较于传统方案有所下降,但硬件复杂度也大大降低。
基于多层时延器方案的子连接天线结构如图1所示,包括NT根天线和NRF个射频链,每个子阵列含有N根天线,其中N =NT/NRF。假设基站服务K个单天线用户,其中K =NRF。相邻2根天线间距为d = c/2fc =λc/2,其中c表示光速,fcλc分别表示中心载波频率和波长。为克服频率选择性衰落,系统采用正交频分复用(OFDM,orthogonal frequency division multiplexing)技术[18],则第mm = 1,2,…,M)个子载波处的频率fm可写为[19]
其中:B表示带宽,M表示子载波数目。
在如图1所示系统中,数据流从基带数字预编码器再经过RF链和PS组成模拟预编码器后向用户发射信号[20]。第kk = 1,2,…,K)个用户在第m个子载波上收到的信号可以表示为
其中:ρm,k是基站为第k个用户第m个子载波发射的功率,hm,k是基站与第k个用户间的信道向量,F是恒模移相器产生的模拟预编码矩阵,dm,k是第k个用户第m个子载波的基带数字预编码向量,Dm= [dm,1dm,2,…,dm,K]∈是第m个子载波处的数字预编码矩阵,sm,k是基站向第k个用户发送的信号,nm,k~CN(0,)是加性高斯白噪声(AWGN,additive white Gaussian noise)。
由于太赫兹信号的非直射路径损耗远大于直射路径,因此笔者仅考虑直射路径[21],则信道向量为
其中:α是信道增益,θk∈[-π/2,π/2]是第k个用户的方位角,afmθk)∈是基站处的阵列响应向量,表达式为
其中Td =d/c是相邻2根天线间的时间延迟。
传统时延器方案虽然可以有效克服波束色散,但是其硬件复成本较高,为进一步减少大延迟范围的时延器数量和硬件复杂度,更大程度地降低系统整体硬件成本,笔者提出了多层时延器方案,如图2所示,其中以3层和4层时延器方案为例,假设基站只有1个射频链。
3层时延器天线结构方案如图2(a)所示,其中射频链连接O1个时延器,第1层每个时延器连接O2个时延器,第2层每个时延器连接O3个时延器,第3层每个时延器连接Q =N/O1O2O3根天线。3层时延器方案中天线单元的相移
其中:o1 = 1,2,…,O1o2 = 1,2,…,O2o3 = 1,2,…,O3
4层时延器天线结构方案如图2(b)所示,其中射频链连接V1个时延器,第1层每个时延器连接V2个时延器,第2层每个时延器连接V3个时延器,第3层每个时延器连接V4个时延器,第4层每个时延器连接W =N/V1V2V3V4根天线。4层时延器方案中天线单元的相位可以表示为
在实际硬件条件和性能允许情况下,假设有n层时延器,第1层有M1个时延器,之后每层分别有M2,…,Mn个时延器与上1层的每个时延器相连,最后1层每个时延器连接P = N/M1Mn根天线,则可以求得n层时延器方案中天线单元的相移为
考虑到实际硬件限制,时延器只能实现有限离散时间延迟[22],因此需要对传输时延进行离散化处理。假设n层时延器方案中第i层时延器的位数为,则第i层时延器的离散时延集合表示为
其中D表示时延步长。
不失一般性,设置D =1/fc = Tc,为保证每个阵元都能获得所需的最佳时延量,第i层时延器的选择应该满足以下条件[23]
因此,第i层时延器位数满足以下条件:
本节主要介绍多层时延器方案下混合预编码设计过程及系统的频谱效率。
为补偿波束色散导致的阵列增益损失,波束赋形应在所有子载波上产生与目标物理方向对齐的波束。时延器方案下整个天线阵列的模拟预编码包括移相器产生的与频率无关的模拟预编码和时延器产生的与频率相关的模拟预编码。基于时延器的硬件结构,考虑有限分辨率时延,在进行模拟预编码设计时需要对时延器进行离散化处理。
根据中心频率处的阵列响应矢量可得,n层时延器方案下移相器单元产生的与频率无关的相移为
其中:nRF =1,2,…,NRFθk =
n层时延器方案中第i层时延器单元产生的与频率相关的时延
进行离散化处理,可得离散时延
故时延器产生的与频率相关的相移
天线单元总相移的表达式为
则单个射频链的模拟预编码
n层时延器方案的模拟预编码矩阵F的表达式为
在得到模拟预编码矩阵F后,可以求得第k个用户的等效信道向量
因此,等效信道矩阵可表示为
采用ZF方案可求得数字预编码矩阵
数字预编码矩阵又可写为
进行归一化可得第k个用户的数字预编码为
当载波频率为fm时,定义γm,k为第k个用户接收到的信干噪比(SINR,signal to interference plus noise ratio),表达式为
则和速率表达式为
采用和速率作为系统的性能指标,Matlab平台进行仿真实验。为了仿真过程更简便,选择了至少2个用户来模拟多用户场景。用户角度是随机的,但为了计算方便,选择2个常用角度作为用户方位角。参考文献[9]和文献[22]表1中的其余参数进行设置。
每个时延器由级联延迟单元、参考单元和输入输出单极双掷开关组成,故时延器的功耗和硬件复杂度是延迟单元和开关的功耗以及硬件复杂度的总和[22]。另外在太赫兹频段,时延器位数的降低可以进一步降低功耗和硬件复杂度。因此,时延器的硬件复杂度主要取决于单个时延器位数和时延器总数。将不同时延器方案的复杂度进行比较,如表1所示。定义位数比ηn来衡量n层时延器方案相对于1层时延器方案在硬件成本上的降低程度,位数比的值是n层时延器方案总比特数与单层时延器方案总比特数的比值,由表1中数据可求得,η2= 87.5%,η3=68.8%,η4=65.6%。可以发现,硬件成本的降低程度随着时延器层数的增加而增加。此外,随着时延器层数的增加,大延迟范围时延器数目减少,但是引入了额外小延迟范围时延器,由于其延迟范围比大延迟范围时延器要小得多,故依旧可以有效地降低硬件成本。
图3展示了不同方案下和速率与信噪比(SNR,signal to noise ratio)的关系,其中信噪比定义为ρm,k/。设置时延步长D =0.4/fc,时延器方案的参数依照表2。从图3中可以发现,和速率随着信噪比的增加而增加。此外,不同时延器方案下和速率随着时延器层数的增加而下降。在信噪比为20dB时,与理想情况相比,移相器方案下和速率下降了约62.5%,而不同层数时延器方案下和速率分别降低了约19.4%,22.9%,24.8%,34.9%,因此可观察到在传统混合预编码结构中插入时延器可以有效缓解波束色散效应。在信噪比为20dB时,相较于传统时延器方案,2层、3层、4层时延器方案和速率分别下降了约4.3%,6.6%,19.0%。另外,由表2可得,不同时延器方案的总位数和大延迟范围时延器数目随着时延器层数的增加而减少。
图4展示了不同时延步长下和速率与信噪比的关系,这里仅考虑了移相器、1层和3层时延器方案。其中,1层时延器方案设置为U =32,3层时延器方案设置为O1=8,O2=2,O3=2,位数分别设置为bU=8,=8,=4,=2。时延步长D包括理想情况(时延器连续),0.45/fc,0.55/fc3种情况。可以发现,1层和3层时延器方案的可实现和速率随着时延步长的增加而减小,其原因是由于时延步长变大会导致时延器精度变差,从而导致波束错位,影响系统性能[24]。此外,当时延步长较小时,相较于1层时延器方案,3层时延器方案性能略微下降,但其大延迟范围的时延器数目和总位数也大大减少。
图5展示了3层时延器方案下不同时延器结构和速率与信噪比的关系。假设D =0.4/fc,同时设置U =32的单时延器方案作为性能上界,移相器方案作为基准。在3层时延器方案中,设置4种情况,分别为O1= 4,O2= 4,O3= 2;O1= 8,O2= 2,O3= 2;O1=4,O2=2,O3=2;O1=2,O2=2,O3=2。这4种情况下,最外层子阵列天线数量P分别为4,4,8,16。从图5中可以观察到,可实现和速率随着子阵列天线数量P的增加而减少。此外,在子阵列天线数量P不变的情况下,可实现和速率基本相同,但是O1=4,O2=4,O3=2情况比O1=8,O2=2,O3=2情况的大延迟范围时延器数目少。因此,综合性能与硬件复杂度,多层时延器方案结构应该适当减少第1层时延器的数目。
在宽带太赫兹通信中,移相器的频率无关性导致了波束色散效应,传统1层时延器方案虽可以克服波束色散,但大量的大延迟范围时延器导致硬件成本较高。为此,笔者提出了一种基于多层时延器的子连接天线结构,该结构在传统1层时延器的基础上将时延器分为多层排列。同时,笔者在所提天线结构的基础上进行混合模拟/数字预编码设计。仿真结果表明,与1层时延器方案相比,尽管多层时延器方案的和速率有所下降,但大延迟范围时延器数量和位数也有效降低,使得整体硬件成本减少。
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doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-182
  • 接收时间:2024-09-15
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-15
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    1.郑州大学 电气与信息工程学院,郑州 450001
    2.浙江大学 信息与电子工程学院,杭州 310027

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黄崇文(1988—),男,教授,博士生导师,邮箱:
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