Article(id=1251535836345479950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-186, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726329600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-15, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776318995796, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776318995796, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776318995796, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776318995796, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251535833375912679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, year='2025', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='172', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776318995087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776389324200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=112, endPage=120, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251535836689412889, articleId=1251535836345479950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, language=EN, title=Research on Enhanced Encoding Technology for Cellular Passive Internet of Things Systems, columnId=1251535834252522218, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, columnName=PAPERS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A low complexity cyclic redundancy check (CRC)-headbiting convolutional code (HBCC)-Miller cascaded encoding scheme has been proposed to combat interference in long-distance wireless transmission environments and greatly improve the communication quality of cellular passive Internet of things systems. This scheme can utilize the combination of CRC and HBCC for encoding and decoding. Compared with convolutional CC encoding, theminimum number of registers can be reduced to 1/3 of the number of long term evolution (LTE) tail-biting CC (TBCC) registers, significantly reducing the computational cost of encoding and further reducing label encoding power consumption. The simulation results show that the proposed low complexity cascaded encoding scheme has a performance improvement of 4.2dB compared to Miller8 encoding, further enhancing anti-interference performance, expanding single station communication distance, and retaining rich clock information between codewords, which can better adapt to the label encoding requirements of ultra-low power cellular IoT systems.

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提出了一种低复杂度循环冗余校验码-咬头卷积码-米勒码(CRC-HBCC-Miller)级联编码方案,对抗远距离无线传输环境下的干扰,极大提升蜂窝无源物联网系统的通信质量。该方案利用CRC与HBCC相结合的编译码方式,与传统卷积编码相比,实现寄存器数量最低可降低至长期演进技术(LTE)咬尾卷积码(TBCC)寄存器数量的1/3,大幅度降低编码计算量,显著降低标签编码功耗。仿真结果表明,所提出的低复杂度级联编码方案相比Miller8编码,性能提升4.2dB,提升了抗干扰性能,拓展了单站通信距离,同时保留了码字间丰富的时钟信息,能更好地适配超低功耗蜂窝物联网系统的标签编码需求。

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金奕丹(1977—),女,高级工程师,邮箱:

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测试项HBCC编码标签不带HBCC编码标签
最大激励功率配置-20dBm最小激励功率配置-40dBm最大激励功率配置-20dBm最小激励功率配置-40dBm
测试序号阻塞功率BLER≤50%灵敏度BLER≤50%灵敏度BLER≤50%灵敏度BLER≤50%灵敏度
1-50-121-120-107-113
2-40-121-117-107-112
3-30-113-106-106-111
), ArticleFig(id=1251535844247548199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535836345479950, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

CRC-HBCC 测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测试项HBCC编码标签不带HBCC编码标签
最大激励功率配置-20dBm最小激励功率配置-40dBm最大激励功率配置-20dBm最小激励功率配置-40dBm
测试序号阻塞功率BLER≤50%灵敏度BLER≤50%灵敏度BLER≤50%灵敏度BLER≤50%灵敏度
1-50-121-120-107-113
2-40-121-117-107-112
3-30-113-106-106-111
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面向蜂窝无源物联网系统的增强编码技术研究
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金奕丹 , 马帅 , 李源 , 杨博涵 , 肖善鹏
北京邮电大学学报 | 论文 2025,48(5): 112-120
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北京邮电大学学报 | 论文 2025, 48(5): 112-120
面向蜂窝无源物联网系统的增强编码技术研究
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金奕丹 , 马帅, 李源, 杨博涵, 肖善鹏
作者信息
  • 中国移动通信有限公司研究院 物联网技术与应用研究所,北京 100053
  • 金奕丹(1977—),女,高级工程师,邮箱:

Research on Enhanced Encoding Technology for Cellular Passive Internet of Things Systems
Yidan JIN , Shuai MA, Yuan LI, Bohan YANG, Shanpeng XIAO
Affiliations
  • Institute of Internet of Things Technology and Applications, China Mobile Communications Corporation Research Institute, Beijing 100053, China
doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-186
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提出了一种低复杂度循环冗余校验码-咬头卷积码-米勒码(CRC-HBCC-Miller)级联编码方案,对抗远距离无线传输环境下的干扰,极大提升蜂窝无源物联网系统的通信质量。该方案利用CRC与HBCC相结合的编译码方式,与传统卷积编码相比,实现寄存器数量最低可降低至长期演进技术(LTE)咬尾卷积码(TBCC)寄存器数量的1/3,大幅度降低编码计算量,显著降低标签编码功耗。仿真结果表明,所提出的低复杂度级联编码方案相比Miller8编码,性能提升4.2dB,提升了抗干扰性能,拓展了单站通信距离,同时保留了码字间丰富的时钟信息,能更好地适配超低功耗蜂窝物联网系统的标签编码需求。

蜂窝无源物联网  /  咬头卷积编码  /  循环冗余校验码  /  抗干扰

A low complexity cyclic redundancy check (CRC)-headbiting convolutional code (HBCC)-Miller cascaded encoding scheme has been proposed to combat interference in long-distance wireless transmission environments and greatly improve the communication quality of cellular passive Internet of things systems. This scheme can utilize the combination of CRC and HBCC for encoding and decoding. Compared with convolutional CC encoding, theminimum number of registers can be reduced to 1/3 of the number of long term evolution (LTE) tail-biting CC (TBCC) registers, significantly reducing the computational cost of encoding and further reducing label encoding power consumption. The simulation results show that the proposed low complexity cascaded encoding scheme has a performance improvement of 4.2dB compared to Miller8 encoding, further enhancing anti-interference performance, expanding single station communication distance, and retaining rich clock information between codewords, which can better adapt to the label encoding requirements of ultra-low power cellular IoT systems.

cellular passive Internet of things  /  head biting convolutional code  /  cyclic redundancy check  /  anti-interference
金奕丹, 马帅, 李源, 杨博涵, 肖善鹏. 面向蜂窝无源物联网系统的增强编码技术研究. 北京邮电大学学报, 2025 , 48 (5) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-186
Yidan JIN, Shuai MA, Yuan LI, Bohan YANG, Shanpeng XIAO. Research on Enhanced Encoding Technology for Cellular Passive Internet of Things Systems[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2025 , 48 (5) : 112 -120 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-186
为满足物联网海量连接需求,低速、超低速物联网成为发展趋势,射频识别(RFID,radio frequency identification)技术[1-5]作为满足物物连接的轻量级解决方案,一直被产业广泛使用,但由于本身的设计局限,导致目前使用仅限于局域网范围,读写器和标签的有效通信距离仅为十几米,大大限制了RFID的使用场景。基于蜂窝网络的无源RFID系统,借助基站的强通信能力,将读写距离拉远至百米级别,极大扩展RFID使用场景,如图1所示。
为满足远距离覆盖的应用需求,需要重点面向反向散射通信距离拓展,有效结合无源物联和蜂窝通信2种通信技术优势,开展低冗余高性能编码方案关键技术攻关,推进无源物联和蜂窝通信的融合创新,助力新型物联技术全面升级。
RFID系统通常使用线性编码方式,读写器至标签(R2D,reader to device)采用脉冲宽度编码(PIE,pulse interval encoding)[16],标签至读写器(D2R,device to reader)采用双相间隔码(FM0,bi-phase space code)或米勒(Miller)编码[6-7]。如图2所示,Miller编码使用符号周期的中间跳变对二进制“1”进行编码,中间不跳变对二进制“0”进行编码。若出现连续的“0”位,会在符号时间周期开始处增加1个跳变,确保至少在2个符号时间周期之后有1个逻辑电平的变化,但即便采用编码码率为1/16的Miller8(1个符号周期对应8个子载波周期)编码方式,仍无法对抗远距离无线传输环境下的噪声干扰,对上行链路传输距离提升有限。
1948年Shannon提出有噪信道编码定理[8]:当信道实际信息传输速率R不超过信道容量C时,一定存在某种信道编码方法,当码长充分大时通过差错控制编码可实现任意高可靠性传输,并给出构造随机长码和最大似然译码思路,为信道编码的发展和研究奠定信息理论基础。1957年Prange提出循环冗余校验码(CRC,cyclic redundancy check),也称循环码,因其码字具有循环移位特性,任意码组循环移位后仍然是该编码中的1个码组,简化了硬件实现的编译码结构,常用于检查在列表L中的码字是否正确,任何1个序列通过CRC校验即可。1955年Elias提出的卷积码(CC,convolutional code)[9]是一种有记忆纠错码,在编码过程中引入寄存器,增加了码元之间的相关性,可获得更高的编码增益。如图3所示,编码规则是将k个信息比特编成n个比特,kn通常很小,可连续编译码,不必保证接收到全部码字即可开始译码,译码时延相对较低,特别适合信息比特小、时延小的串行传输场景。1967年Viterbi提出卷积码的最大似然译码Viterbi算法[10],不必保证收到全部码字即可译码,有效降低译码时延。2009年Arikan提出的极化码[11]是学者从信息论角度设计的首个构造性编码方案,基于“信道极化”理论证明极化码能达到信道容量极限,问世不到10年就被选为第5代移动通信技术(5G,5th generation mobile networks)控制信道的编码方案[12],实现了短包(大连接物联网)场景中稳定的性能增益[13],有望满足未来10年物联网设备数量以指数趋势增长的大规模市场需求[14]
传统蜂窝系统通过前向纠错(FEC,forward error correction)编码技术提升信息比特冗余度,以此增强抗干扰性,实现远距离通信传输。但鉴于海量部署的低成本无源标签具有电路结构极简的特点,标签从功耗和计算能力等各方面都属于1类轻量级终端,无法简单复用现有通信终端的编译码方式,因此在实际部署环境中既要考虑如何提升标签上下行链路的信道适应能力,还需兼顾标签本身的电路在编码过程中尽可能实现极低功耗的设计原则,亟须研究低复杂度的信道编译码技术,在能确保抗干扰性能的前提下,尽可能对编码进行简化设计,以此降低标签功耗,满足超低功耗蜂窝物联网系统的轻量级通信需求。
基于蜂窝的新型无源物联网通信系统的2类主要架构:1)蜂窝直连式,即基站和标签直接通信,基站同时支持下行信号激励和上行数据接收的功能;2)中继用户设备(UE,user equipment)式,即通过UE中继来实现激励信号的发送与反向散射信号的接收。标签贴附在被管理的物品上,读写设备向标签发送指令,标签接收信号能量并解调指令,并将自身编码等信息通过天线发送到读写设备;读写设备接收标签反馈信号,进行命令交互并解调编码信息。上行帧结构包括前导Preamble、数据物理设备到读写器信道(PDRCH,physical device to reader channel)、用于标签维持同步的Midamble、用于指示上行传输结束的Postamble。
针对当前超低功耗物联系统回传链路标签采用线性编码方式的抗噪性能不足的问题,引入编码复杂度低且短码性能优异的FEC编译码方法,考虑到极化码功耗无法满足第3代合作伙伴计划研究项目(3GPP SI,3rd generation partnership project study item)阶段总体目标要求标签侧uw级功耗需求[15],鉴于CC编码在蜂窝系统的短码低码率条件下(通常为信息比特长度短于256bit)译码性能优异,且编码复杂度较低,有必要研究更为符合无源标签功耗需求的CC信道编码技术[15-16],有效利用CC编码的纠错能力,提升上行链路抗干扰性能,进一步提高通信系统可靠性,满足3GPP定义的基于蜂窝的新型无源物联网系统室内30~50m,室外200m的通信传输距离需求。
在超低功耗蜂窝物联网系统中,无源标签采用短码传输,而在短码下性能优异的极化码编码功耗无法满足蜂窝无源系统中标签侧uw级极低功耗需求,卷积码0.1uw量级的编码功耗引起业界广泛关注[15-16],亟须研究咬尾卷积码(TBCC,tail-biting CC)编码码率、约束长度和多项式等的优化设计,通过降低标签编码复杂度来降低能耗,满足标签的低功耗设计需求,并以此提升天线发射功率,从而提高系统整体接收性能。
由于TBCC编码复杂度与寄存器数量成正相关,考虑引入更低的编码速率来减少编码寄存器数量,降低标签侧编码复杂度,实现无源标签编码的低功耗设计。理论上,TBCC译码性能会随着寄存器数的减少而降低,因此在信源后级联CRC[17],接收端(读写器)译码侧采用变化输出最优序列数量的并行列表维特比算法(LVA,list Viterbi algorithm)译码+CRC校验结合的译码方式,保留LVA算法产生的L个最有希望的序列估计的列表搜索[18-19],能更有效地恢复错误解码。仿真表明,通过级联CRC能极大提高TBCC译码性能。
CRC-TBCC级联编码是信源进行CRC编码后才能将尾比特输入寄存器进行卷积编码,需要缓存所有码字。考虑到编码时效性和标签资源受限,要尽可能减少标签所需的响应时间,而TBCC状态图具有循环特性,通过咬头卷积码(HBCC,head-biting CC)编码方式,将寄存器数量的头比特输入寄存器,初始化寄存器状态,再对CRC输出的码字顺序进行CC编码,无须缓存整个序列,待所有码字编码结束后,再将头比特接入到码字尾部,可大大减少缓存并提高处理速度,进一步降低整体编码时延。HBCC编码性能完全等效于TBCC编码,仅输出的编码比特顺序不同,HBCC仅需寄存器个数的比特即可启动编码,进一步提高处理速度,降低整体编码时延。
RFID系统上行常用的Miller编码方式含有丰富的上升沿和下降沿,能充分保留码字间的时钟信息,利用Miller线性码丰富的时钟同步信息有利于上行同步,提升蜂窝无源物联网回传链路的抗干扰能力,拓展单站通信距离。因此,通过HBCC编码级联Miller既具有较好的抗干扰能力,又保留了丰富的时钟信息,是蜂窝物联网系统上行链路数据通信的优选码型,能更好地适配无源标签编码需求。
仿真表明,对信源联合进行CRC-HBCC-Miller编码,收端根据CRC对译码路径进行校验,成功将标签侧编码寄存器个数降低至长期演进技术(LTE,long term evolution)卷积码寄存器数量的1/3,显著降低编码复杂度和功耗,并且充分利用卷积码的抗噪性能和线性码的自同步能力,满足了标签的低功耗、时效性和标签资源受限等设计需求,实现低速率传输下uw级的极低功耗限制下蜂窝无源物联系统的远距离传输。
发送端设计新的适配超低功耗物联系统无源标签的CRC-HBCC-Miller级联编码方法,通过对信息比特进行CRC校验编码后,添加冗余比特,对CRC编码后的比特序列在Miller编码前进行HBCC编码,通过减少HBCC编码寄存器个数进一步进行低功耗设计,并利用Miller编码丰富的上升沿和下降沿,充分保留码字时钟信息。
图5所示,对信源添加CRC校验后,采用HBCC与Miller级联编码,再进行开关键控(OOK,on-off keying)或二进制相移键控(BPSK,binary phase shift keying)调制。考虑到CRC编码长度越大,译码复杂度越高,且CC约束长度N+CRC长度m所达到的效果,和约束长度N+m的CC码(无CRC编码)性能接近,后者复杂度大很多。针对不同终端能力,设计HBCC生成多项式g和CRC生成多项式的最优组合方式,以满足实际系统需求。对应不同HBCC生成多项式,根据原始信息序列的比特长度,选择合适的CRC编码长度和CRC生成多项式。在实际应用中,考虑CRC编码长度m为5,6或16,若HBCC生成多项式为g = [5,7]或g= [1317],当CRC长度m = 6,则CRC多项式为[110111];当CRC长度m = 16,则CRC多项式为[100010001111]。
针对HBCC编译码复杂度与寄存器个数相关,寄存器个数越多,编译码复杂度越高,结合CC编码特点,通过与CRC级联编码,提出一种有效的低复杂度编码方法,减少了寄存器数量,最低可降低至LTE卷积码寄存器数量的1/3,从而实现无源标签编码能耗的降低。所提出的适配无源短距的增强编码方案,它能实现无源标签编码能耗的降低,提升了抗干扰性能,拓展了单站通信距离,发送端的具体步骤如下。
步骤1 CRC编码,通过附加校验码到数据序列末尾,接收方在接收到数据后进行同样计算,若计算结果与发送方校验码匹配,则数据传输正确;否则,说明数据在传输过程中出现错误。
步骤2 HBCC编码,在编码时对寄存器初始状态进行预编码,即在编码前将信息序列的头部v比特存入v个移位寄存器中,使编码结束后寄存器又回到初始状态,省略尾部附加的归零比特,减小码率损失,提高通信效率,而对码率损失的改善具有和截断同样的效果,但相比于截断,接收端能够接收到全部的相关信息,译码准确度较高。
步骤3 Miller编码,一种特殊的数字双相码,当信息中的数据为“1”时,使用01或10表示;当数据为“0”时,使用00与11交替表示。
步骤4 调制,输出调制信号,结合无源标签低功耗特性,可采用OOK或BPSK调制方式。
算法1:HBCC编码
输入:信息比特长度information_bit_len,编码结构设置trellis,寄存器数v,卷积码程序convencoder
输出:HBCC编码输出encoder_output
1.information_bit = randi([01],information_bit_len,1);∥信息比特
2.encoder_input = crcgenerator(information_bit);∥CRC校验编码
3.encoder_output = headbiting_encoder(trellis,encoder_input,convencoder);∥HBCC编码
子函数:function encoder_output = headbiting_encoder(trellis,encoder_input,convencoder)v =lb(trellis. numStates);∥寄存器数
Initialstate = bin2dec(num2str(encoder_input(v:-1:1)′));%设定初始状态
encoder_input = [encoder_input(v +1:end);encoder_input(1:v)];%调整编码顺序
encoder_ output = convencoder(encoder _ input,initialstate);% HBCC编码输出
接收端(读写器)进行Miller-HBCC译码,利用CRC的检错能力将LVA译码算法和HBCC本身的Trellis结构结合,充分挖掘译码结果中的潜在路径,对HBCC译码输出结果进行校验,修剪不正确的译码路径,输出最优序列数量自适应调整的并行LVA译码+CRC校验的HBCC译码优化方法,在实现快速收敛的同时,显著降低误帧率(FER,frame error rate),全面提升译码性能,以此降低减少标签侧编码寄存器个数所带来的抗干扰性能损失,提升蜂窝无源物联网回传链路的抗噪性能,又没有额外增加译码复杂度,具体步骤如图6所示。
步骤1 解调,读写器从通道接收OOK或BPSK调制波形,此调制波形受到噪声信号的影响,在解调电路之后借助低通滤波器消除噪声。
步骤2 软信息合并计算,对解调器的输出经过软值更新计算后,输入HBCC译码器,进行不指定初始状态的维特比译码,对于每个寄存器状态得到1条以该状态结束的最佳路径,并记录相应的累积状态度量,该算法采用对数似然比(LLR,longlikelihood ratio)累加值。通常维特比译码累积状态度量采用欧氏距离累加,此处采用LLR与解调器对接。
由于Miller译码规则是在每个反向散射链路频率(BLF,backscatter-link frequency)中无相位极性变化,则译码为“0”,有相位极性变化,则译码为“1”。考虑到HBCC-Miller级联编码后,接收端在进行Miller译码时,码字的幅度和极性发生变化,不能对应到维特比译码,无法输出给HBCC译码模块进行比特判决,因此设计新的软信息计算规则,对软信息计算进行联合优化更新,具体实现方式如图7所示。
软值更新的门限值按照统计获取,假设Miller8(N =8),首先分别计算每个bit的一半时间周期内的软值信息,A =NMB =NMC = -NMD =NM,通过N1=A-B =0,N2= C-D = -2NM,计算第N1个bit(码字0)和第N2个bit(码字1)软值初始信息,以此类推获得第i个比特的软值初始信息。
假设总共MM =3)个待译码0/1bit信息统计的初始软值取绝对值后获得该bit初始软值信息为
abs(N1),abs(N2),abs(N3),…,abs(NM
采用峰值平均法更新软值修正门限值为
Th =(max(abs(N1),abs(N2),abs(N3),…,abs(NM))+ min(abs(N1),abs(N2),abs(N3),…,abs(NM)))/2
则第i个bit(i =1,2,…,M)的HBCC修正软值计算表示为[Th -abs(Ni)],以此获知N1= NMN2=-NM,计算第N1个bit(码字0)和第N2个bit(码字1)更新后的软值信息,以此类推获得第i个比特的软值信息,输出给HBCC译码模块进行比特判决。
步骤3 HBCC维特比译码,以累积状态度量从大到小(即可靠性从大到小)排序,找所有路径中累积状态度量最大的并且符合HBCC编码结构的路径(即该路径初始状态与结束状态相同),若存在符合HBCC编码结构的路径,设该路径为最佳传输路径(BT,best transmission path),接着判断路径BT是否是所有路径中累积状态度量最大的路径,若是,执行步骤4;若否,执行步骤5;若不存在,则将所有状态放入状态列表S中。
步骤4 将路径BT进行CRC校验,若校验通过,则将该路径输出,译码结束;若不通过,则将步骤1中累积状态度量最大的I条路径的结束状态写入状态列表S,执行步骤6。
步骤5 记录步骤2所有路径中累积状态度量大于路径BT的所有路径的结束状态,并将其与路径BT的结束状态同时记录到状态列表S中。如果此时状态列表中状态数小于I,则将步骤2所有路径中累积状态度量最大的前I条路径的结束状态写入状态列表S
步骤6 对于状态列表S中的每个状态依次进行指定初始状态和结束状态的并行Viterbi译码,每个状态保留P条路径,从所有译码路径中选择累计状态度量最大的L条路径,执行步骤7。
如果步骤6中输出的路径无法通过CRC校验,则该算法会通过步骤7一直扩大搜索范围,直到通过CRC校验为止。一般低信噪比条件下会出现算法结束时L值较高的情况,高信噪比条件下算法结束时L值一般较低。
HBCC译码算法中参数IPL的初始值设定为可配,根据具体仿真结果进行记录和优化。另外,PL的增大方法采用翻倍处理,也可进一步研究优化,加快译码速度。
步骤7 对步骤6中得到的L条路径依次进行CRC校验,如果校验通过,则算法停止,并输出该路径;如果L条路径全部校验不通过,则增大PL,执行步骤6。
针对实际应用,结合重传机制,将步骤6改进为:对步骤6中得到的L条路径依次进行CRC校验,如果校验通过,则算法停止,并输出该路径;如果L条路径全部校验不通过,则将PL设置为最大值PmaxLmax,然后执行步骤8。
步骤8 对于状态列表S中的每个状态依次进行指定初始状态和结束状态的并行列表维特比译码(PLVA,paralle list Viterbi algorithm),每个状态保留Pmax条路径,然后从所有译码路径中选择累计状态度量最大的Lmax条路径,并依次进行CRC校验。如果校验通过,则算法停止,并输出该路径;如果全部校验不通过,则要求发端重传,算法结束。
算法2 HBCC译码
输入:解调器输入的LLR序列input_LLR,编码结构设置trellis,初始化List长度L_t
输出:HBCC译码输出bit_output
1.demodulation_output = bpskDemodulator(receive_signals);%解调
while(1)
2.bit_output = PLVA_decoder(demodulation_output,trellis,L_t);%并行维特比译码算法,从所有状态所有路径中选取最优L_t条路径
 for x =1:L_t
  [decoder_ouput,err] = crcdetector(bit_output(x,:)′);%CRC校验
  if(err==0)%若CRC校验通过,则译码循环结束
   break
 end
 end
  if(err==1)
   ∥若CRC校验不通过,则提高译码列表长度L_t
  else
   break
 end
end
子函数:function bit_output = PLVA_decoder(input_LLR,trellis,L_t
for i =2:output_len +1 %output_len为译码输出比特数
 for j =1:trellis. numStates %状态数
  ∥分支度量计算、更新节点状态度量、更新路径度量
 end
end
∥判断最优路径是否是该码字,采用LLR累加计算状态度量,累加LLR越大,该路径与码字越相似
∥若最优路径不是该码字,找到最高存储相应的状态度量,high_order存储对应的排序数
v = lb(trellis. numStates);
for S =1:high_order
 currstates = search_states(S);
 ∥初始化路径存储矩阵road_matrix,存储到每个节点的最佳路径
 ∥初始化矩阵cost_matrix,存储当前状态的状态度量
 for i =2:v +1
  ∥从开始节点到各节点的路径,计算cost_matrix,road_matrix
 end
 for i =v +2:v +2 +delaynum
 ∥从当前状态开始,通过推算上一个状态计算cost_matrix,road_matrix
 end
 for v +3 +delaynum:output_len-v +1
 ∥根据当前状态直接计算cost_matrix,road_matrix,给出所有到达当前状态的节点
 end
 for i =output_len-v +2:output_len +1
 %根据当前状态直接计算cost_matrix,road_matrix,给出所有达到当前状态的节点
 end
 %经维特比译码,将最佳L条路径保存并记录相应的累计状态度量
 for y =1:saved_path_num
  path_matrix(path_num,1)=
  cost_matrix(search_states(S),output_len + 1,y);
  path_matrix(path_num,2:end)= road_matrix(search_states(S),:,y)-1;
  path_num = path_num+1;
 end
end
path_matrix = sortrows(path_matrix,‘descend');%对各行整体进行升序排列
bit_output = path_matrix(1:L,2:end);%HBCC译码输出
在Matlab仿真中,加性高斯白噪声信道环境,单发单收,假设发射机、接收机均确知信道状态信息。产品电子代码(EPC,electronic product code)含传感信息和16位随机或伪随机数(RN16,16-bit random or pseudo-random number)均采用HBCC-Miller编码,其中EPC带CRC校验信息,RN16不带CRC校验信息。通过对HBCC与CRC级联来减少寄存器个数的仿真参数设置:信息比特长度为112,CRC长度m =6/8/10,总码率为1/2,HBCC寄存器个数v =3/6。
图9为HBCC编码与CRC-HBCC编码的仿真结果,无CRC的HBCC使用2步Viterbi算法(TSVA,two step Viterbi algorithm),CRC-HBCC编码使用LVA +CRC校验的译码算法,在译码复杂度上后者在低信噪比(SNR,signal-to-noise ratio)条件下比前者要高很多,但在高SNR下译码复杂度两者接近。
图9的译码结果看出,加入CRC极大提高HBCC误块率(BLER,block error rate)性能。移位寄存器级数v =3加入6位以上的CRC校验位之后,在相同码率情况下HBCC译码性能要高于不级联CRC的6位寄存器。在BLER为10 -3时,v =3,m =10的CRC-HBCC码要比v =6的HBCC性能提高0.7dB,即使是v =3,m =6的CRC-HBCC码也要比v =6的HBCC译码性能提高0.2dB。
图10仿真分析了BPSK调制下分别采用Miller码、HBCC编码、LTE TBCC编码、Polar编码的上行链路性能,并通过对HBCC与CRC级联来减少卷积编码寄存器个数,进一步降低无源标签发射端编码复杂度,具体仿真参数设置如下:信息比特长度为112,CRC长度为6,生成多项式为[110111],总码率为1/2。LTE TBCC码率为1/3,约束长度为7(移位寄存器级数v =6),生成多项式为[133,171,165]。BPSK调制下,HBCC采用约束长度为3(移位寄存器级数v =2),生成多项式为[5,7],HBCC编码方案相比Miller8编码有2.7dB性能增益;HBCC采用约束长度为4(移位寄存器级数v =3),生成多项式为[1317],HBCC编码方案相比Miller8(码率为1/16)编码有3dB性能增益。
图11不同调制编码性能对比可见,在OOK调制下,HBCC采用约束长度为3(移位寄存器级数v =2),生成多项式为[5,7],CRC-HBCC-Miller8编码方案优于Miller8方案4.2dB性能增益,显著提升抗干扰性能,并能满足超低功耗蜂窝物联网系统的标签编码需求。
实测如表1所示,带CRC-HBCC编码标签最优灵敏度为-121dBm(阻塞功率≤-40dBm)。
阻塞功率≤-30dBm情况下,获得HBCC编码性能增益,对比无HBCC编码标签灵敏度增益最大约为14dB。
如何降低海量标签的信道编码复杂度,是超低功耗蜂窝物联网系统回传链路设计的关键挑战之一。在蜂窝无源RFID系统回传链路中,标签采用短码传输,考虑到覆盖距离和标签的低功耗设计需求,引入HBCC编码技术,以提升蜂窝无源系统回传链路的抗噪性能,但需降低标签编码复杂度,以降低能耗,提高天线发射功率,从而提高系统整体接收性能。通过研究与CRC相结合的HBCC,以提升蜂窝无源物联网回传链路的抗噪性能,并进行低功耗设计,通过在信源后级联CRC的方法,在降低标签侧最少编码寄存器个数,减低编码复杂度,从而实现无源标签编码能耗的降低,提升了抗干扰性能,拓展了单站通信距离,并通过级联时钟沿丰富的Miller码,既保持良好的译码性能的同时,又保留了码字之间丰富的时钟信息,能更好地适配超低功耗物联系统的标签编码需求。
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doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-186
  • 接收时间:2024-09-15
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-15
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    中国移动通信有限公司研究院 物联网技术与应用研究所,北京 100053
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