Article(id=1251535835544371600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-148, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720108800000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-05, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1776318995605, onlineDateStr=2026-04-16, pubDate=null, pubDateStr=null, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1776318995605, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-04-16, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1776318995605, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776318995605, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1251535833375912679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, year='2025', volume='48', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='172', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1776318995087, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1776389324200, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1251830815148163526, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, issueId=1251535833375912679, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=62, endPage=68, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1251535835808612755, articleId=1251535835544371600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, language=EN, title=Hydrogels with Controlled Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties, columnId=1251535834252522218, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, columnName=PAPERS, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

High-performance electromagnetic shielding materials can effectively protect against the increasingly prominent electromagnetic interference and damage, in order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional rigid electromagnetic shielding materials such as poor flexibility and controllability in practical applications, a flexible, mouldable and conductive silver nanosheets composite hydrogel shielding material was developed, and its three-dimensional structure and effective component composition were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) , X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) . A vector network analyser was further used to confirm the excellent electromagnetic shielding performance of the hydrogel in the frequency band of 8.0~12.4GHz (consistently stabilized above 35dB). Based on the controllable water content of the hydrogel, a dehydration-induced spatial interconnection of silver nanolayers to form a macroscopic conductive pathway is designed and proposed, which greatly improves the electrical conductivity of the composite hydrogel and thus achieves a high level of electromagnetic shielding, and to a certain extent, provides a practical and effective solution for the controllable design and preparation of high-performance electromagnetic shielding materials.

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高性能的电磁屏蔽材料能够有效防护日益凸显的电磁干扰与损伤,为了克服传统的刚性电磁屏蔽材料在实际应用中存在的灵活性和可控性较差等缺陷,研制了一种灵活可塑、导电性强的银纳米片复合水凝胶屏蔽材料,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线分光计(XPS)确定其三维结构和有效组分构成。进一步采用矢量网络分析仪证实了该水凝胶在8.0~12.4GHz的频段内具备卓越的电磁屏蔽效能(始终稳定在35dB以上)。基于水凝胶含水量可控的特性,设计并提出了脱水诱导银纳米片层空间互联构成宏量导电通路的策略,极大提升了复合水凝胶的电导率,从而获得了高水平的电磁屏蔽效果,在一定程度上为高性能电磁屏蔽材料的可控设计与制备提供了切实有效的解决方案。

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黄凯(1988—),男,教授,博士生导师,邮箱:
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张政(2000—),男,硕士生。

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张政(2000—),男,硕士生。

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电磁屏蔽性能可控的水凝胶
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张政 , 吴宇峰 , 谢新煜 , 李云智 , 黄凯
北京邮电大学学报 | 论文 2025,48(5): 62-68
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北京邮电大学学报 | 论文 2025, 48(5): 62-68
电磁屏蔽性能可控的水凝胶
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张政, 吴宇峰, 谢新煜, 李云智, 黄凯
作者信息
  • 北京邮电大学 物理科学与技术学院,北京 100876
  • 张政(2000—),男,硕士生。

通讯作者:

黄凯(1988—),男,教授,博士生导师,邮箱:
Hydrogels with Controlled Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties
Zheng ZHANG, Yufeng WU, Xinyu XIE, Yunzhi LI, Kai HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Physical Science and Technology, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Beijing 100876, China
doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-148
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高性能的电磁屏蔽材料能够有效防护日益凸显的电磁干扰与损伤,为了克服传统的刚性电磁屏蔽材料在实际应用中存在的灵活性和可控性较差等缺陷,研制了一种灵活可塑、导电性强的银纳米片复合水凝胶屏蔽材料,并通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和X射线分光计(XPS)确定其三维结构和有效组分构成。进一步采用矢量网络分析仪证实了该水凝胶在8.0~12.4GHz的频段内具备卓越的电磁屏蔽效能(始终稳定在35dB以上)。基于水凝胶含水量可控的特性,设计并提出了脱水诱导银纳米片层空间互联构成宏量导电通路的策略,极大提升了复合水凝胶的电导率,从而获得了高水平的电磁屏蔽效果,在一定程度上为高性能电磁屏蔽材料的可控设计与制备提供了切实有效的解决方案。

导电水凝胶  /  银纳米片  /  电磁屏蔽  /  可控性

High-performance electromagnetic shielding materials can effectively protect against the increasingly prominent electromagnetic interference and damage, in order to overcome the shortcomings of traditional rigid electromagnetic shielding materials such as poor flexibility and controllability in practical applications, a flexible, mouldable and conductive silver nanosheets composite hydrogel shielding material was developed, and its three-dimensional structure and effective component composition were determined by scanning electron microscope (SEM) , X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) . A vector network analyser was further used to confirm the excellent electromagnetic shielding performance of the hydrogel in the frequency band of 8.0~12.4GHz (consistently stabilized above 35dB). Based on the controllable water content of the hydrogel, a dehydration-induced spatial interconnection of silver nanolayers to form a macroscopic conductive pathway is designed and proposed, which greatly improves the electrical conductivity of the composite hydrogel and thus achieves a high level of electromagnetic shielding, and to a certain extent, provides a practical and effective solution for the controllable design and preparation of high-performance electromagnetic shielding materials.

conductive hydrogel  /  silver nanosheets  /  electromagnetic shielding  /  controllability
张政, 吴宇峰, 谢新煜, 李云智, 黄凯. 电磁屏蔽性能可控的水凝胶. 北京邮电大学学报, 2025 , 48 (5) : 62 -68 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-148
Zheng ZHANG, Yufeng WU, Xinyu XIE, Yunzhi LI, Kai HUANG. Hydrogels with Controlled Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 2025 , 48 (5) : 62 -68 . DOI: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-148
随着科技的飞速发展,电子设备在日常生活中的普及和应用越来越广泛[1-3],但随之而来的电磁干扰问题也日益凸显,对人体健康、生态系统、通信系统和安全等多个方面产生了严重的危害,亟须有效的解决方案。高性能的电磁屏蔽材料能够有效抑制电磁波的干扰,是解决这一问题的有效途径之一。然而,传统的高性能电磁屏蔽材料多为刚性材料[4-5],在实际应用中因灵活性差和可塑性不足等受到诸多限制,如在弯曲、拉伸或变形的情况下容易破裂或失效,给电子设备的稳定性和安全性带来了隐患,难以满足复杂多变的应用需求。
水凝胶是一种由水包围的亲水性块交联网络组成的工程材料[6],其中包括各种高分子材料和天然材料[7],与人体组织在机械和电气上都兼容[8],可以作为生物和电子之间的桥梁[9]。它可以吸收大量的水分,同时具有优异的形状适应性、稳定性和生物相容性[10-12],使其广泛应用于柔性电子设备[13-14]。水凝胶的三维多孔结构具有高密度、均匀的结构特点,可以有效地吸收和屏蔽电磁波,阻隔电磁辐射的传播。然而,水凝胶通常是不导电的,其电磁干扰(EMI,electro magnetic interference)屏蔽能力较差。通常情况下,会通过添加导电填料提高水凝胶的导电性和电磁屏蔽性能,常见的导电填料包括碳纳米管、石墨烯、碳黑、导电纤维、金属粉末等。
笔者设计了一种电磁屏蔽性能优异的银纳米片-聚丙烯酰胺复合水凝胶。所制备的水凝胶表现出良好的导电性、高度形状适应性和强电磁屏蔽特性,在X波段内可以实现超过35dB的优异EMI屏蔽效果,屏蔽效率高达99.9%。并且,在对其进行脱水处理后,EMI屏蔽性能还能进一步提高至45dB,且具备一定的脱水-吸水循环稳定性,能够在一定范围内对EMI屏蔽性能进行调控。这项工作充分展现了水凝胶电磁屏蔽材料的潜在应用价值,为复杂湿度与盐雾环境下的高性能电磁屏蔽材料提供了设计思路。
丙烯酰胺(AAm,acrylamide)、过硫酸铵(APS,ammonium persulfate)、N,N′-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺(MBAA,N,N′-methylene diacrylamide)、四甲基乙二胺(TEMED,tetramethylethylenediamine)、十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS,sodium dodecyl sulfate)、氯化钠(NaCl,sodium chloride)购自上海阿拉丁生化科技股份有限公司,银纳米片(AgNSs,silver nanoflakes)购自江苏先丰纳米材料科技有限公司。
采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM,scanning electron microscope)(LEO-1530,Zeiss,Germany)观察水凝胶微观结构。使用配备Cu Ka辐射为1.541 78的X射线衍射仪(XRD,X-ray diffraction)(D/max 2500,Rigaku,Japan)和配备Al Ka辐射源(1 487.6eV)的X射线光电子能谱仪(Escalab 250Xi)来表征AgNSs/聚丙烯酰胺(PAM,polyacrylamide)水凝胶。电磁屏蔽性能通过N5224B矢量网络分析仪测量S11S12参数后转换得到。
首先将1.5g AAm添加到去离子水中充分搅拌,然后加入银纳米片和20mg分散剂(SDS),分散剂用于辅助银纳米片均匀分散,持续搅拌30min至银纳米片无明显沉降。随后将103.5mg APS、2.7mg MBAA混合到溶液中充分搅拌,最后再加入1.5 μL TEMED,并迅速转移到成型模具中。在室温下静置一段时间后,水凝胶发生交联,即制备得到水凝胶。
配置5.07mol/L的NaCl溶液,将AgNSs/PAM水凝胶浸入该溶液中5min作盐析脱水处理,通过盐析脱水处理的时间控制水凝胶的含水量。AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的制备及盐析脱水处理过程如图1所示。
笔者通过将导电的AgNSs掺入PAM水凝胶中,成功制备AgNSs/PAM水凝胶。AgNSs依附在PAM网络上的状态如图2(a)所示,可以看到,AgNS具有超薄的二维片状结构,在水凝胶内部形成连续的导电通路。同时由图2(b)可知,AgNSs具有高纵横比。
XRD图谱中典型的Ag峰表明,银纳米片成功与水凝胶复合,如图3(a)所示。X射线分光计(XPS,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy)图谱中特征性的氧和银元素进一步证实了AgNSs/PAM复合水凝胶的成功制备。C-O键来源于SDS,C═O键主要源于AAm和MBAA,NH-CO键来自于MBAA,而NH2-CO来自于AAm,如图3(b)~3(f)所示。
电磁屏蔽材料的屏蔽效能定义为入射功率与发射功率的比值的对数,根据Schelkunoff电磁屏蔽理论[15],电磁屏蔽效能(EMI SE,electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness)以dB为单位时表示为
其中:A为吸收损失,R为反射损失,M为多重反射损失,t为屏蔽体的厚度,δ为趋肤深度,T越大,衰减程度越高,电磁屏蔽效果越好[16]
反射损耗与材料的磁导率μ和电导率σ密切相关:在磁导率一定的情况下,电导率越高,反射损耗越显著。Ag作为一种优良的导电材料,其纳米级别的片状结构在水凝胶中形成了导电网络,使得整个水凝胶具有优异的导电性能。当电磁波接触到水凝胶表面时,AgNSs会反射和散射电磁波,从而减少电磁波的穿透和传播。而且,当电磁波进入水凝胶时,水分子中的氢键会发生振动和转动[17],与电磁波发生相互作用,从而将其转化为热能或其他形式的能量,实现电磁波的吸收和耗散。在实际应用中,一款合格的屏蔽材料至少需要做到屏蔽90%的电磁波,即EMI屏蔽材料的屏蔽效能应高于20dB。制备的AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的厚度为2.0mm。分别对不同AgNSs含量的AgNSs/PAM水凝胶进行了电阻率测试,如图4所示。AgNSs的引入极大降低了纯PAM水凝胶的电阻率,有利于提高其电磁屏蔽效能。
对AgNSs/PAM水凝胶在8.0~12.4GHz频率范围内的EMI性能进行了测量,如图5所示。与纯PAM水凝胶相比,随着AgNS含量从0wt%提高到15wt%,AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的电磁屏蔽效能从15dB提高到35dB,这是由于AgNS的引入在水凝胶中形成了大量的连续导电通路,并且AgNS的高纵横使其比与它具有相似体积浓度的其他导电颗粒网络具有更强的导电性,对电磁波产生了更高的导电损耗,提高了对电磁波的反射效率。同时,由于AgNS含量从10wt%提高到15wt%后,水凝胶的EMI SE没有明显的提升,而且过量的银会抑制水凝胶的交联,因此后续实验均以10wt% AgNS的水凝胶为样本。
图6(a)~6(c)所示,AgNS的引入显著提升了PAM水凝胶的复介电常数,无论是其实部还是虚部,均显示出明显的增长趋势。随着AgNS质量分数的增加,AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的复介电常数实部和虚部均逐步增强,这充分表明AgNS赋予了PAM水凝胶对电磁波的高效导电损耗能力。AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的ε′值随频率波动明显,这正是极化损耗的直观体现。这种波动源于复合材料异质界面处电子的捕获和累积,导致了界面极化现象,进而显著增强了对电磁波的损耗能力。
图6(d)~6(f)中,AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的磁导率实部μ′稳定在1附近,虚部μ″接近0,这清晰地表明AgNSs/PAM水凝胶并不具备磁性,也未能对电磁波产生磁损耗。在后续的研究中,可以考虑引入一些磁性材料,通过复合的方法赋予水凝胶磁性能,从而进一步提升其对电磁波的损耗能力。
导电性是决定水凝胶电磁屏蔽效能的关键因素,提高导电性有助于增强水凝胶的电磁屏蔽效能。然而,在图5中,当AgNS含量达到10wt%后,继续增加AgNS的质量分数,对于提升水凝胶的EMI屏蔽效能效果有限。因此,采用了盐析处理这一方法。通过将水凝胶浸入高浓度的盐溶液,使得水凝胶内部的水分从水凝胶中析出。这种部分脱水的过程降低了水凝胶中的水含量,促进了相邻银片和银片聚集体之间的紧密接触和黏附,增加了导电通路的数量,提高了导电通路的连续性和稳定性,从而增强了水凝胶的导电性。经过盐析处理后的AgNSs/PAM水凝胶在外观上呈现出明显的变化。如图7(a)~7(b)所示,处理前的水凝胶颜色呈灰色,而盐析处理后的水凝胶则转变为白色。这是因为高浓度的PAM溶液本身呈现白色,颜色的转变证实水凝胶内部水分析出。
图7(c)~7(e)中,可以清晰地看到盐析处理对AgNSs/PAM水凝胶EMI屏蔽效能的显著影响。相比于未处理的水凝胶,盐析处理后的水凝胶在相同频率下具有更高的EMI屏蔽效能,提升了约10dB。这一结果充分实现了实验预期,盐析处理通过降低水凝胶中的水含量,促进了更多导电通路的形成,显著提高了水凝胶的导电性和电磁屏蔽性能。值得关注的是,在吸水处理后,AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的EMI屏蔽效能随着频率的提高越来越接近盐析处理前的水平,在Ku波段范围内与盐析处理前一致。通过控制水凝胶内的水分含量,可以实现对EMI屏蔽效能的控制,使其能够适应更多样化、复杂化的应用环境。
为了评估AgNSs/PAM水凝胶在反复脱水吸水过程中的疲劳耐受性,另取一块AgNSs/PAM水凝胶进行了20次脱水吸水循环实验,并每隔5个循环在10.3GHz频率下观察AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的EMI性能变化,如图7(f)所示。随着循环次数提高,AgNSs/PAM水凝胶的EMI性能变化幅度逐渐降低,并在20次循环后稳定在25dB左右,失去对EMI性能的调控能力。记录了每次循环处理后水凝胶的质量变化,如图7(f)所示。可以观察到,随着实验次数的逐步增加,水凝胶的质量逐渐趋于一个稳定的动态平衡状态。在经历了15次循环实验后,每个循环周期内的失水量与吸水量,如图7(g)所示,均达到一个相对稳定的水平,这反映了水凝胶在多次脱水吸水过程中展现出较好的适应性。为了验证水凝胶在循环使用后的性能保持情况,对经过20次循环实验后的水凝胶进行了EMI屏蔽效能测试,如图7(h)所示。在经历了20次循环后,水凝胶的EMI屏蔽效能下降至20dB,通过含水量调控EMI SE的方法不再适用,表现出有限的耐疲劳特性。推测原因可能是,随着盐析次数的增加,水凝胶内盐的含量逐渐提高,使得盐析的效果越来越差,同时吸水量越来越多,水凝胶基质随之膨胀破坏了纳米银片的导电路径,电阻增加。但这一性能依然处于可应用的有效范围内,为后续的研究指明了方向,即通过优化水凝胶的制备工艺或改进结构,提高AgNSs/PAM水凝胶在脱水吸水过程中的循环稳定性,从而延长其使用寿命,确保其在更广泛的应用场景中发挥出稳定的电磁屏蔽效能。
AgNSs/PAM复合水凝胶表现出优异的电磁屏蔽效能,通过优化AgNSs的含量,能够实现8.0~12.4GHz频率范围内35dB以上的电磁屏蔽效果。同时,结合水凝胶含水量动态可控的特点,经过盐析脱水处理后,进一步提高电磁屏蔽效能达到45dB以上,在保有对电磁屏蔽效能可控能力的前提下,能够进行10次以上的吸水脱水循环,一定程度上体现了AgNSs/PAM复合水凝胶动态可调的电磁屏蔽能力,在未来智能型与耐湿耐盐雾型电磁干扰屏蔽方面具有巨大的应用潜力。同时,为了能够满足多次重复使用的现实需求,后续探索中将对AgNSs/PAM复合水凝胶持续改进,以期能够克服其对盐析次数的敏感问题。
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doi: 10.13190/j.jbupt.2024-148
  • 接收时间:2024-07-05
  • 首发时间:2026-04-16
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-05
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    北京邮电大学 物理科学与技术学院,北京 100876

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黄凯(1988—),男,教授,博士生导师,邮箱:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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