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To address the challenges of excessive resource demands and difficulty in meeting low-power requirements in the embedded domain when field programmable gate array (FPGA) are utilized to accelerate convolution operations, a resource-efficient FPGA-based convolution acceleration method for binary neural networks (BNN) is proposed. First, the computational characteristics and resource consumption patterns of various parallelization schemes during the forward inference process of the convolution layer are systematically analyzed. Leveraging the lowbit-width feature of BNN, a high dimensional data splicing and dimensionality reduction storage scheme is introduced. Subsequently, a channel dimension reduction rotation cache (CDR) structure tailored for BNN is proposed, aiming to achieve the combined benefits of intra-convolution kernel parallelism and inter-feature map parallelism with moderate cache bandwidth expansion. Furthermore, to fully exploit the performance advantages of the CDR structure, a specialized CDR processing unit is designed, and the adder tree structure is optimized. The processing unit supports flexible adjustment of different pipeline levels and can achieve higher-level parallel computing capabilities through a repeated invocation mechanism, adapting to diverse system requirements. Experimental results demonstrate that the BNN accelerator based on the CDR architecture achieves significantly superior computational density and storage density compared to existing state-of-the-art solutions when deployed on the Xilinx XC7Z020 chip. It also exhibits low-power characteristics and enables faster inference speed,making it well-suited for resource-and power constrained embedded platforms.
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针对现场可编程逻辑门阵列(FPGA)在加速卷积运算时,面临的资源需求过高、难以满足嵌入式领域低功耗要求的问题,提出了一种适用于二值神经网络(BNN)的资源高效型FPGA卷积加速方法。首先系统分析了卷积层在前向推理过程中,不同并行方案的计算特性及其资源消耗规律,并利用BNN特有的低位宽优势提出了高维数据拼接降维存储方案。进而提出了一种针对BNN的通道降维旋转缓存(CDR)结构,旨在适度扩展缓存带宽的条件下,实现BNN中卷积核内并行和特征图间并行2个并行方案的乘积效应。此外,为发挥CDR结构的性能优势,设计了专用的CDR处理单元,并对加法树结构进行优化。处理单元支持不同流水级别的灵活调整,并可通过重复调用机制实现更高等级的并行计算能力,适应多样化的系统需要。实验结果表明,基于CDR结构的BNN加速器在Xilinx的XC7Z020芯片上,可实现显著优于现有同类解决方案的计算密度和存储密度,具备低功耗特性,且推理速度更快,适用于资源、功耗受限的嵌入式平台。
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11(4): 663-673., articleTitle=Implementation of binarized neural networks in all-programmable system-on-chip platforms, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1251535840216822748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251535840225211357, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, companyId=1251535840216822748, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Electronics and Information Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing 100044, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1251535840237794271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, companyId=1251535840216822748, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=北京交通大学 电子信息工程学院,北京 100044)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1251535842129424531, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=BonpZ7EFE9xgzR/fWcSjIA==, figureFileBig=uTXx4DnNqiqcQPxr9+OdMQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251535842213310620, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
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通道降维旋转缓存加速结构, figureFileSmall=OehkKdtae3aWOhUb1lywlg==, figureFileBig=gAMqVVymK0NWUrYVRGMClQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251535842922148042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=kkCeagYps6UV22cB/ktr3g==, figureFileBig=tzvtyyc7rUX0MASjgkUIRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251535842993451216, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
通道降维旋转缓存计算单元, figureFileSmall=kkCeagYps6UV22cB/ktr3g==, figureFileBig=tzvtyyc7rUX0MASjgkUIRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251535843077337303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=Sy+byuFFaBrnL31mS4AkcQ==, figureFileBig=gab2oFqFKeONU0We9sqKWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1251535843186389219, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
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| 缓存带宽需求 | 卷积核内并行PKin | 卷积核间并行PKbtw | 特征图内并行PFin | 特征图间并行PFbtw |
|---|
| 特征缓存 | p | 1 | p | p |
| 权重缓存 | p | p | p | p |
| 结果缓存 | n | np | np | n |
| 总需求 | 2p+n | np+p+1 | (n+2)p | 2p+n |
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BNN不同类型计算并行性的缓存带宽需求比较
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| 缓存带宽需求 | 卷积核内并行PKin | 卷积核间并行PKbtw | 特征图内并行PFin | 特征图间并行PFbtw |
|---|
| 特征缓存 | p | 1 | p | p |
| 权重缓存 | p | p | p | p |
| 结果缓存 | n | np | np | n |
| 总需求 | 2p+n | np+p+1 | (n+2)p | 2p+n |
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| 结构 | 加法器 | 寄存器 | 时钟数 |
|---|
| 经典树 | 15(K=3,N=2) | 31(K=3,N=2) | 4(K=3,N=2) |
| 63(K=7,N=3) | 127(K=7,N=3) | 6(K=7,N=3) |
| 改进树 | 8(K=3,N=2) | 4(K=3,N=2) | 2(K=3,N=2) |
| 48(K=7,N=3) | 16(K=7,N=3) | 3(K=7,N=3) |
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加法树对比
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| 结构 | 加法器 | 寄存器 | 时钟数 |
|---|
| 经典树 | 15(K=3,N=2) | 31(K=3,N=2) | 4(K=3,N=2) |
| 63(K=7,N=3) | 127(K=7,N=3) | 6(K=7,N=3) |
| 改进树 | 8(K=3,N=2) | 4(K=3,N=2) | 2(K=3,N=2) |
| 48(K=7,N=3) | 16(K=7,N=3) | 3(K=7,N=3) |
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| 层名称 | 层结构 |
|---|
| 卷积层1 | 卷积核大小5×5,个数30,步长1 |
| 池化层1 | 池化大小2×2,步长2 |
| 批归一化层1 | 输出二值化 |
| 卷积层2 | 卷积核大小5×5,个数20,步长1 |
| 池化层2 | 池化大小2×2,步长2 |
| 批归一化层2 | 输出二值化 |
| 全连接层1 | 输出神经元个数100 |
| 批归一化层3 | 输出二值化 |
| 全连接层2 | 输出神经元个数10 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251535843832312078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
Lenet-B5神经网络模型
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| 层名称 | 层结构 |
|---|
| 卷积层1 | 卷积核大小5×5,个数30,步长1 |
| 池化层1 | 池化大小2×2,步长2 |
| 批归一化层1 | 输出二值化 |
| 卷积层2 | 卷积核大小5×5,个数20,步长1 |
| 池化层2 | 池化大小2×2,步长2 |
| 批归一化层2 | 输出二值化 |
| 全连接层1 | 输出神经元个数100 |
| 批归一化层3 | 输出二值化 |
| 全连接层2 | 输出神经元个数10 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251535843966529812, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 平台 | 准确率/% | 加速层1时间/ms | 加速层2时间/ms |
|---|
| CPU | 96.99 | 0.95 | 4.49 |
| FPGA | 96.99 | 0.20 | 0.03 |
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不同平台性能对比
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| 平台 | 准确率/% | 加速层1时间/ms | 加速层2时间/ms |
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| CPU | 96.99 | 0.95 | 4.49 |
| FPGA | 96.99 | 0.20 | 0.03 |
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| 加速层 | LUT | BRAM | FF |
|---|
| 开发板 | 53200 | 140 | 106400 |
| 加速层1 | 355(0.7%) | 3(2.1%) | 507(0.5%) |
| 加速层2 | 1890(3.6%) | 6(4.3%) | 3154(3.0%) |
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FPGA资源使用情况
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| 加速层 | LUT | BRAM | FF |
|---|
| 开发板 | 53200 | 140 | 106400 |
| 加速层1 | 355(0.7%) | 3(2.1%) | 507(0.5%) |
| 加速层2 | 1890(3.6%) | 6(4.3%) | 3154(3.0%) |
), ArticleFig(id=1251535844402737458, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=EN, label=null, caption=null, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 加速方法 | 量化精度/bit | LUT消耗/kLUTs | LUT占用率/% | BRAM消耗 | BRAM占用率/% | 功耗/W | 性能/GOPS | 计算密度/(GOPS·kLUTs-1) | 存储密度/(GOPS·BRAM-1) | 能耗比/(GOPS·W-1) |
|---|
| 文献[5] | 1~2 | 46.9 | 88.2 | 94.0 | 67.1 | 4.7 | 318.9 | 6.8 | 3.4 | 67.9 |
| 文献[12] | 1 | 14.5 | 27.3 | 32.0 | 22.9 | 2.3 | 329.5 | 22.7 | 10.3 | 143.3 |
| 文献[13] | 1 | 29.6 | 55.6 | 103.0 | 73.6 | 3.3 | 722.0 | 24.4 | 7.0 | 218.8 |
| 文献[14] | 1 | 38.9 | 73.1 | 123.0 | 87.9 | — | 378.0 | 9.7 | 3.1 | — |
| 文献[15] | 1 | 37.3 | 70.1 | 130.0 | 92.9 | 4.4 | 193.8 | 5.2 | 1.5 | 44.0 |
| 笔者方法 | 1 | 8.7 | 16.4 | 17.5 | 12.5 | 1.8 | 128.6 | 55.9 | 14.3 | 71.4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1251535844499206457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1251233871195320423, articleId=1251535837536662336, language=CN, label=表6, caption=
与其他文献FPGA硬件卷积加速方法对比
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| 加速方法 | 量化精度/bit | LUT消耗/kLUTs | LUT占用率/% | BRAM消耗 | BRAM占用率/% | 功耗/W | 性能/GOPS | 计算密度/(GOPS·kLUTs-1) | 存储密度/(GOPS·BRAM-1) | 能耗比/(GOPS·W-1) |
|---|
| 文献[5] | 1~2 | 46.9 | 88.2 | 94.0 | 67.1 | 4.7 | 318.9 | 6.8 | 3.4 | 67.9 |
| 文献[12] | 1 | 14.5 | 27.3 | 32.0 | 22.9 | 2.3 | 329.5 | 22.7 | 10.3 | 143.3 |
| 文献[13] | 1 | 29.6 | 55.6 | 103.0 | 73.6 | 3.3 | 722.0 | 24.4 | 7.0 | 218.8 |
| 文献[14] | 1 | 38.9 | 73.1 | 123.0 | 87.9 | — | 378.0 | 9.7 | 3.1 | — |
| 文献[15] | 1 | 37.3 | 70.1 | 130.0 | 92.9 | 4.4 | 193.8 | 5.2 | 1.5 | 44.0 |
| 笔者方法 | 1 | 8.7 | 16.4 | 17.5 | 12.5 | 1.8 | 128.6 | 55.9 | 14.3 | 71.4 |
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