Article(id=1322941579756970071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0062, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1769356800000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-26, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1774800000000, acceptedDateStr=2026-03-30, onlineDate=1793343451679, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343451679, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343451679, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343451679, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3647, endPage=3657, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941579954102360, articleId=1322941579756970071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=Construction and comparison of machine learning models for driving comfort assessment using multimodal physiological signals, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To achieve an objective assessment of driving comfort, this study developed and systematically compared multiple machine learning models based on multimodal physiological signals. 64 individuals had their electrocardiograms (ECGs), surface electromyograms (sEMGs), muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and arterial blood flow signals recorded while they drove. Using comfort scores as labels, six types of models, including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), were constructed and optimized with principal component analysis, synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE), and grid search. Results showed that multimodal signal fusion significantly improved classification performance. The SVM model achieved optimal performance with the feature set containing arterial blood flow parameters, reaching an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 and an accuracy of 0.90. RF models consistently exceeded 0.95 AUC with fused signals. Practical signal combinations for portable monitoring were identified: "sEMG + ECG" dual-signal combination (average AUC is 0.90) and "SmO2 + ECG + sEMG" triple-signal combination (average AUC is 0.92). This study offers empirical support for model selection and signal setup in objective driving comfort evaluation, providing insightful information for the development of in-car health monitoring systems.

, authors=Weisheng JIANG1, Qianxiang ZHOU1, *, Zhongqi LIU1, Yushuang LIU2, Jiatao WANG1, Mengmeng JIN1, authorsList=Weisheng JIANG, Qianxiang ZHOU, Zhongqi LIU, Yushuang LIU, Jiatao WANG, Mengmeng JIN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Qianxiang ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941580994289759, articleId=1322941579756970071, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=多模态生理信号驾驶舒适性机器学习模型构建与比较, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为实现驾驶舒适性的客观评估,基于多模态生理信号构建并系统比较了多种机器学习模型。采集64名受试者在模拟驾驶中的心电(ECG)、表面肌电(SEMG)、肌肉氧含量(SmO2)及下肢动脉血流信号,以舒适性评分为标签,建立支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)、自适应提升(AdaBoost)等6类模型,采用主成分分析、合成少数类过采样技术(SMOTE)及网格搜索进行优化。结果表明:多信号融合能够显著提升分类性能;支持向量机在包含动脉血流参数的特征组合中表现最优,平均曲线下面积(AUC)达0.97,准确率为0.90;随机森林在多信号融合中平均AUC超过0.95。研究明确了面向便携监测的有效信号组合:“表面肌电+心电”双信号组合(平均AUC为0.90)及“肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电”三信号组合(平均AUC为0.92)。研究成果可为驾驶舒适性的客观评估提供模型优选与信号组合的实证依据,也可为车载健康监测系统开发提供参考。

, authors=姜维胜1, 周前祥1, *, 柳忠起1, 刘宇双2, 王家涛1, 靳萌萌1, authorsList=姜维胜, 周前祥, 柳忠起, 刘宇双, 王家涛, 靳萌萌, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周前祥, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 北京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版)编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=6adzuZo+sPmHDss5vfup0A==, magXml=IaO2KthFa+RT7atI5fFBAA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=WEwuaK4zo4o16GokJhYykQ==, pdfFileSize=860048, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=2CXARWZoqGUdtlbYht6adw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=dYLSPjxlC+4CinX6u1YZ9w==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941581526966375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941579756970071, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941581627629673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941579756970071, 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信号组合机器学习模型平均AUC平均F1分数平均精确度平均特异性平均灵敏度平均准确率
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量随机森林0.940.900.880.870.910.89
下肢动脉血流+表面肌电自适应提升0.940.870.830.800.930.86
表面肌电+心电随机森林0.900.810.760.710.880.80
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电随机森林0.950.880.860.840.900.87
肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电支持向量机0.920.641.001.000.480.74
肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电随机森林0.920.810.800.780.830.80
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电支持向量机0.970.900.880.870.930.90
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电随机森林0.970.890.880.870.900.89
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电自适应提升0.960.890.850.840.940.89
), ArticleFig(id=1322941586497216663, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941579756970071, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

多生理信号组合机器学习模型评价指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
信号组合机器学习模型平均AUC平均F1分数平均精确度平均特异性平均灵敏度平均准确率
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量随机森林0.940.900.880.870.910.89
下肢动脉血流+表面肌电自适应提升0.940.870.830.800.930.86
表面肌电+心电随机森林0.900.810.760.710.880.80
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电随机森林0.950.880.860.840.900.87
肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电支持向量机0.920.641.001.000.480.74
肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电随机森林0.920.810.800.780.830.80
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电支持向量机0.970.900.880.870.930.90
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电随机森林0.970.890.880.870.900.89
下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电自适应提升0.960.890.850.840.940.89
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多模态生理信号驾驶舒适性机器学习模型构建与比较
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姜维胜 1 , 周前祥 1, * , 柳忠起 1 , 刘宇双 2 , 王家涛 1 , 靳萌萌 1
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3647-3657
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3647 -3657
多模态生理信号驾驶舒适性机器学习模型构建与比较
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姜维胜1, 周前祥1, * , 柳忠起1, 刘宇双2, 王家涛1, 靳萌萌1
作者信息
  • 1北京航空航天大学 生物与医学工程学院,北京 100191
  • 2中国康复研究中心(北京博爱医院) 超声科,北京 100068
通讯作者:
Construction and comparison of machine learning models for driving comfort assessment using multimodal physiological signals
Weisheng JIANG1, Qianxiang ZHOU1, * , Zhongqi LIU1, Yushuang LIU2, Jiatao WANG1, Mengmeng JIN1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
  • 2Department of Ultrasound,China Rehabilitation Research Center (Beijing Boai Hospital),Beijing 100068,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0062
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为实现驾驶舒适性的客观评估,基于多模态生理信号构建并系统比较了多种机器学习模型。采集64名受试者在模拟驾驶中的心电(ECG)、表面肌电(SEMG)、肌肉氧含量(SmO2)及下肢动脉血流信号,以舒适性评分为标签,建立支持向量机(SVM)、随机森林(RF)、自适应提升(AdaBoost)等6类模型,采用主成分分析、合成少数类过采样技术(SMOTE)及网格搜索进行优化。结果表明:多信号融合能够显著提升分类性能;支持向量机在包含动脉血流参数的特征组合中表现最优,平均曲线下面积(AUC)达0.97,准确率为0.90;随机森林在多信号融合中平均AUC超过0.95。研究明确了面向便携监测的有效信号组合:“表面肌电+心电”双信号组合(平均AUC为0.90)及“肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电”三信号组合(平均AUC为0.92)。研究成果可为驾驶舒适性的客观评估提供模型优选与信号组合的实证依据,也可为车载健康监测系统开发提供参考。

驾驶舒适性  /  生理信号  /  机器学习  /  分类模型  /  信号融合  /  健康监测

To achieve an objective assessment of driving comfort, this study developed and systematically compared multiple machine learning models based on multimodal physiological signals. 64 individuals had their electrocardiograms (ECGs), surface electromyograms (sEMGs), muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and arterial blood flow signals recorded while they drove. Using comfort scores as labels, six types of models, including support vector machine (SVM), random forest (RF), and adaptive Boosting (AdaBoost), were constructed and optimized with principal component analysis, synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE), and grid search. Results showed that multimodal signal fusion significantly improved classification performance. The SVM model achieved optimal performance with the feature set containing arterial blood flow parameters, reaching an average area under the curve (AUC) of 0.97 and an accuracy of 0.90. RF models consistently exceeded 0.95 AUC with fused signals. Practical signal combinations for portable monitoring were identified: "sEMG + ECG" dual-signal combination (average AUC is 0.90) and "SmO2 + ECG + sEMG" triple-signal combination (average AUC is 0.92). This study offers empirical support for model selection and signal setup in objective driving comfort evaluation, providing insightful information for the development of in-car health monitoring systems.

driving comfort  /  physiological signal  /  machine learning  /  classification models  /  signal fusion  /  health monitoring
姜维胜, 周前祥, 柳忠起, 刘宇双, 王家涛, 靳萌萌. 多模态生理信号驾驶舒适性机器学习模型构建与比较. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3647 -3657 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0062
Weisheng JIANG, Qianxiang ZHOU, Zhongqi LIU, Yushuang LIU, Jiatao WANG, Mengmeng JIN. Construction and comparison of machine learning models for driving comfort assessment using multimodal physiological signals[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3647 -3657 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0062
随着出租车、长途客货运、工程车辆等长时间或长距离驾驶场景日益普遍,驾乘人员持续暴露于车辆振动与固定坐姿构成的复合负荷环境中[1]。这种“振动-静态负荷-时间”的多因素耦合作用,不仅易引发驾驶员肌肉疲劳、血液循环受阻及注意力下降,也会直接影响乘客的舒适体验与身心健康,已成为关乎驾乘安全、职业健康与出行品质的突出人因工程问题[2]。汽车座椅作为连接人体与车辆的关键界面,其动态特性与人机工学设计直接影响振动传递与体压分布,是改善驾乘体验的核心部件[3]。然而,当前座椅舒适性评价高度依赖主观问卷,存在反馈滞后、个体差异大、难以量化内在生理机制等局限,制约了座椅设计的精准优化与个性化适配。
为弥补主观评价的不足,基于客观信号的驾驶状态监测与舒适性评估研究日益受到关注。主要技术路径包括基于视觉的行为分析、基于车辆动态的间接推断及基于生理信号的直接监测[4]。基于视觉的行为分析方法易于实施,但受环境条件干扰和驾驶行为的影响。基于心电(electrocardiogram,ECG)、肌电、脑电等生理信号的直接监测方法,因其能直接反映自主神经与肌肉骨骼系统的状态变化,被认为在客观性和前瞻性上更具潜力[5]。在利用客观信号构建舒适性预测模型方面,机器学习技术已成为主流技术[6]。已有研究成功应用线性回归、支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、神经网络等模型,建立了座椅物理参数(如压力分布、振动加速度)与主观舒适度评分之间的非线性映射关系[7]。支持向量机与神经网络模型在相关预测任务中均展现出优于传统线性模型的性能,证实了数据驱动方法在此领域具有适用性[8]。
尽管现有研究已取得显著进展,但面向实际驾驶场景的舒适性客观评估仍面临挑战。一方面,多数研究侧重于单一类型信号或少数物理参数,未能充分利用多模态生理信号所蕴含的互补信息,以全面捕捉复杂驾驶负荷下人体多系统的协同响应[9];另一方面,在模型构建中,缺乏针对多模态生理特征的系统性筛选与不同机器学习算法的比较研究,对于何种特征组合与何种分类模型在驾驶舒适性判别任务中具有最优性能,尚缺乏明确的实证结论。
为此,本文聚焦于普通车辆驾驶场景,旨在系统构建并比较基于多模态生理信号的驾驶舒适性机器学习模型。核心研究内容为:①探究多模态生理信号特征融合对提升驾驶舒适性状态分类性能的作用;②系统比较不同机器学习算法在该任务中的性能,确定最优模型;③评估在面向便携应用的精简信号组合下,模型的性能表现,以寻求精度与实用性的平衡。本文期望为建立一套客观、精准且易于部署的驾驶舒适性评估方法提供实证依据与算法基础,并为未来智能座舱的实时健康监测系统集成提供技术参考。
为实现对长时间驾驶负荷下人体生理响应的系统性评估,并确保所采集数据的可靠性,本文在受试者筛选、实验设计与平台搭建方面均严格遵循科学规范。
研究共招募64名健康青年男性受试者,平均年龄为(24.98±2.83)岁。所有受试者均持有C1或C2类驾驶证,具备常规驾驶经验(平均(3.39±0.92)年),且无心血管、肌肉骨骼及代谢性系统病史,以排除潜在疾病对生理信号的干扰。实验前一周,受试者被要求停用任何药物或补充剂,并在实验前24 h内避免摄入咖啡因、酒精及剧烈运动,以确保生理状态稳定。本文实验方案已获得伦理委员会批准(批准号:BM20240195),所有受试者在参加实验前均已签署知情同意书。
样本量通过G*Power 3.1软件,基于重复测量方差分析(repeated measures analysis of variance, ANOVA)进行估算[10]。以预实验数据为基础,设定效应量f = 0.25(中等效应),显著性水平α = 0.05,统计功效1 – β = 0.8,并考虑了实验设计的组数与重复测量次数。计算得出总样本量为64人,可满足统计推断的可靠性要求。
实验在高保真动态模拟驾驶平台上进行,该平台由六自由度Stewart运动平台、实车驾驶操控模块、视景仿真系统及中央控制系统构成[11]。该平台依据ISO 2631—1997等标准中定义的全身振动测试方法进行标定与验证,其产生的振动频谱和加速度幅值能够有效模拟真实车辆在典型路况下的动态输入[12]。
平台能够依据预设的车辆动力学模型与路面激励谱,精确复现车辆在不同路况(如平整铺装路面与颠簸非铺装路面)及车速(低速(50±5) km/h与高速(100±10 )km/h)条件下产生的多轴向振动与姿态变化,其输出的物理激励与相关国际标准中定义的全身振动暴露条件具有高度一致性。
为系统探究驾驶环境因素的影响,实验采用道路平顺性(高平顺性:城市道路或高速公路;低平顺性:山区道路或坑洼土路)和车速(低速(50±5) km/h与高速(100±10) km/h)的两因素两水平完全随机设计。64名受试者被随机并均匀分配至4个实验条件组合(高平顺性-高速、高平顺性-低速、低平顺性-高速、低平顺性-低速)。每位受试者需完成连续2 h的模拟驾驶任务。要求受试者在晴朗日间驾驶自动挡的轻型越野车,将车速维持在规定范围内,进行长时间巡航驾驶。实验在温湿度受控的实验室环境中进行(温度(23±0.5) ℃;湿度(50±5)%),以排除环境干扰。
实验准备阶段,让受试者充分了解实验目的与流程,知晓实验条件及量表填写方法,签署知情同意书和数据协议。对受试者测量信号点位的皮肤进行清理、标记,并粘贴传感器。实验开始后,受试者首先在静息仰卧位下完成5 min的基线生理数据采集。随后,受试者进入模拟驾驶器并调整至最舒适的驾驶坐姿。驾驶任务分为2个1 h阶段。在驾驶前(0 min)、驾驶中(60 min)及驾驶结束后(120 min)3个时间节点,受试者在静态坐姿下同步完成多通道生理信号的采集与主观量表的填写。信号监测过程中平台暂停运行,避免平台振动对信号产生干扰,确保数据的准确性。实验在受试者完成驾驶任务或在心理、生理上无法继续实验时结束。实验结束后,保存实验数据、关闭实验设备并移除电极贴和传感器等。
为实现对长时间驾驶负荷下人体多系统生理响应的综合量化评估,本文同步采集了多模态生理信号:心电、表面肌电(surface electromyogram,sEMG)、肌肉氧含量(muscle oxygen saturation,SmO2)、下肢动脉血流和浅层血流灌注参数。所有信号均严格按照标准化流程采集,并通过软件时标对齐方案保障多模态数据在时间轴上的一致性,为后续融合分析奠定基础。
1) 心电信号:心电信号反映了心脏的电活动节律,是评估自主神经系统功能状态的核心无创指标。本文采用美国BIOPAC MP150多通道生理记录系统及其ECG100C放大器模块进行采集,采样频率设置为1000 Hz。电极粘贴严格遵循标准肢体三导联位置[13]。基于连续心搏间期序列,可进一步计算心率变异性(heart rate variability, HRV)的各类时域、频域特征,用以分析驾驶任务中心血管系统的调节与适应机制。
2) 表面肌电信号:表面肌电信号直接表征了骨骼肌的神经肌肉活动,是量化肌肉激活强度、时序模式及疲劳状态的重要工具[14]。研究采用Delsys Trigno无线表面肌电系统,以2148 Hz的采样频率同步采集受试者双侧下肢主要肌群(包括右侧股直肌、胫骨前肌、腓肠肌、比目鱼肌和双侧的股外侧肌、股内侧肌)的电信号。电极放置位置均依据相关肌群的解剖学定位及国际表面肌电学会的推荐标准确定[15]。
3) 肌肉氧含量参数:局部肌肉组织的氧含量水平是评估其代谢状态与能量供需平衡的关键。本文使用中科搏锐WORTH型无线近红外光谱仪,以33 Hz的采样频率连续监测双侧腓肠肌肌腹处的氧合血红蛋白、脱氧血红蛋白及总血红蛋白浓度的相对变化,进而衍生出组织氧饱和度等关键参数,用于表征肌肉的氧代谢动力学[16]。
4) 下肢动脉血流参数:采用深圳华声Clover系列便携式彩色多普勒超声诊断仪进行测量,配备成人腹部探头C5-1(B)与下肢动脉专用探头L15-4(A)。在实验设定的静息与驾驶后间歇期,对受试者左侧髂外动脉及腘动脉进行测量,获取收缩期峰值流速、舒张末期流速、血管内径等关键参数,并计算阻力指数,用以量化下肢动脉的血流力学状态。
5) 浅层血流灌注参数:采用PeriFlux 6000激光多普勒血流仪,以100 Hz的采样频率连续监测左脚背体表区域微血管的浅层血流灌注,其读数以灌注单位表示。该参数可灵敏反映皮肤及皮下组织的微循环灌注变化[17]。
为确保所有采集自不同设备的生理信号在时间上的同步性,本文对于所有可连续记录并具备软件标记功能的设备,在每一个实验阶段(如静息开始、驾驶开始、驾驶结束)开始时,操作员均在对应的设备控制软件中手动插入精确的时间标记。对于需要在特定时刻进行测量的非连续采集设备(如超声多普勒),精确记录其测量操作的开始与结束时刻。在后续数据处理阶段,所有原始数据均以时间标记为基础,将各信号统一对齐至同一绝对时间轴,从而实现多模态数据在时间维度上的精确同步。
为构建数据驱动的驾驶舒适性分类模型,需要获取可靠的主观状态标签作为监督学习的真值。本文采用主观评价量表对驾驶过程中的整体舒适性感受进行量化,并以此为基础生成二分类标签。
舒适性评价采用10分制舒适度评分量表,评分范围从1分(极不舒适)到10分(极其舒适)[18]。在每次生理信号采集的同步时间点(即驾驶前、驾驶中(60 min)、驾驶结束后(120 min)),受试者在静态坐姿下,依据自身即刻的整体感受,独立完成一次评分。所有受试者在实验开始前均接受了统一的量表使用指导,以确保其对评分标准理解一致。
为将连续的舒适度评分转化为适用于二分类模型的离散标签,参照美国机动车工程师协会相关研究中使用10分制量表对可接受舒适性界限为6分的定义,本文设定明确的阈值,对舒适性状态进行明确划分。将评分大于6分的主观感受定义为“舒适”状态,并赋以标签“1”;将评分小于或等于6分的感受定义为“不舒适”状态,并赋以标签“0”[19]。该阈值划分能够区分积极与消极的舒适性体验,从而为后续机器学习模型提供清晰的分类目标。最终,每位受试者在3个时间点获得的评分均被转换为对应的二分类标签,与同期采集的多模态生理信号数据严格对应,构成模型训练与验证的数据样本。
为确保从多模态生理信号中提取有效、可比的特征,所有原始信号均需经过系统预处理,以消除噪声、统一尺度。首先进行时间对齐:对连续信号(心电、表面肌电、肌肉氧含量及浅层血流灌注),依据设备软件的时间标记进行截取;对离散的下肢动脉血流信号,则根据手动时间标记进行获取。该策略实现了秒级时间窗内的数据同步,能够满足评估持续性舒适状态的分析需求。数据处理均在MATLAB R2021b平台上完成,具体流程如下:
1) 心电信号:对心电信号进行预处理,获取高保真的R波位置,以进行精确的心率变异性分析[20]。首先,采用0.5 ~40 Hz的带通滤波器,有效抑制基线漂移和高频肌电噪声,并保留P波、QRS波群与T波等关键成分;同时,应用50 Hz陷波滤波器消除工频干扰。然后,将所有心电信号统一截取为300 s(5 min)的标准时长,以保证时间维度的一致性。最后,对信号幅度进行Z-score标准化,消除个体间的固有幅值差异。基于预处理后的信号,提取时域特征(如RR间期标准差、相邻RR间期差值的均方根)和频域特征(如低频功率、高频功率及其比值)。
2) 表面肌电信号:对表面肌电信号进行处理,以识别肌肉活动成分与各种噪声[21]。采用20 ~500 Hz的四阶巴特沃斯带通滤波器,在保留表面肌电信号主频成分的同时抑制低频运动伪迹和高频噪声,并辅以50 Hz陷波滤波器。处理后的信号同样被统一为300 s时长并进行Z-score标准化。从标准化信号中提取如下特征:①时域特征:计算积分肌电值(反映肌肉激活总量)和均方根值(反映平均收缩强度);②频域特征:通过快速傅里叶变换计算功率谱,提取平均功率频率,其下降趋势是肌肉疲劳的典型频域表征。
3) 肌肉氧含量信号:肌肉氧含量数据来源于近红外光谱设备直接输出的浓度时间序列。处理流程包括:依据实验时间标记进行数据分段;采用线性插值法填补可能的信号缺失;使用滑动平均滤波器平滑数据以降低随机波动。特征提取主要计算各关键生理参数在对应时间窗内的统计特征,包括氧饱和度、脱氧血红蛋白浓度、氧合血红蛋白浓度、总血红蛋白浓度及组织血红蛋白指数的均值与标准差。这些指标综合反映了局部肌肉的氧含量水平、代谢状态及血流容积变化[22]。
4) 下肢血流参数和动脉血流参数:下肢血流参数包括来自超声多普勒的动脉循环系统指标和来自激光多普勒的微循环指标[23]。动脉血流参数由超声多普勒设备在特定时刻(静息期、驾驶间歇)测得,包括收缩期峰值流速、舒张末期流速、平均流速、血管直径及计算所得的阻力指数等。这些参数作为瞬时测量值直接用作特征,不进行额外的连续滤波处理。
5) 浅层血流灌注参数:数据由设备直接输出为CSV格式,其中,已包含均值、标准差等基本统计量。处理时,将所有受试者的数据统一进行格式标准化与字段对齐处理。
由于从上述多源异构信号中提取的特征具有不同的量纲和数值范围(如时间、频率、浓度、流速、无量纲比值等),在输入机器学习模型前,对所有特征进行Z-score标准化处理。此步骤将每个特征转换为均值为0、标准差为1的分布。标准化处理至关重要,其消除了特征尺度差异对模型(特别是支持向量机、线性回归等基于距离或梯度优化的模型)训练的负面影响,确保所有特征在模型学习过程中具有可比的贡献度,从而提升模型的收敛速度、稳定性和最终分类性能。
最终,每位受试者在每个实验阶段(驾驶前、中、后)的所有生理信号,经过上述流程,生成一个统一的高维特征向量。该特征向量与对应时刻的主观舒适性二分类标签(舒适性为1/不舒适性为0)相关联,共同构成用于机器学习模型训练与验证的完备数据集。
在完成多模态生理信号的特征提取后,所获得的高维特征集内可能存在信息冗余与多重共线性问题。为提升后续机器学习模型的训练效率、稳定性与泛化能力,并增强特征集的判别力,本文采用了两阶段的特征优化策略:首先,针对信号内部进行特征筛选;随后,应用主成分分析对全局特征进行降维。
对表面肌电信号提取的积分肌电值、均方根值和平均功率频率3个特征进行相关性分析表明,均方根值与另外2个特征之间均具有高度相关性(相关系数均大于0.85),表明三者所承载的肌电活动信息存在显著重叠。在统计建模中,高度相关的特征会引入多重共线性,可能导致模型参数估计不稳定、方差增大及可解释性下降。为在保留核心信息的同时避免冗余,本文选择均方根值作为表面肌电信号的核心表征指标。其优势在于:计算过程包含平方、均值与开方运算,能有效平滑信号随机波动,抗噪性强;在物理意义上表征信号的有效振幅,能更直接地反映肌肉收缩的能量输出水平,且具有良好的时变响应特性,适用于动态功能评估[24]。
本文从5种信号中提取了37个特征。鉴于样本量相对有限,为应对高维特征可能引发的过拟合风险并消除多重共线性,采用主成分分析进行降维。具体步骤包括:对所有特征进行Z-score标准化,随后计算标准化数据的协方差矩阵并进行特征分解,依据特征值贡献率选取主成分,最终,保留累计方差贡献率达85%的前15个主成分作为模型输入。此处理在有效保留原始信息的同时,显著降低了特征维度与模型复杂度,旨在从源头缓解小样本下的过拟合风险,从而提升模型训练的稳定性与泛化能力[25]。
为系统比较不同算法范式在多模态生理信号分类任务中的性能,本文选取了6种具有代表性的机器学习模型[26]。这些模型涵盖了从线性基准到复杂非线性集成的不同思想,旨在全面评估其对高维、非线性生理数据的适应能力。所选模型包括:线性回归、支持向量机、决策树、随机森林(ramdom forest,RF)、自适应提升(adaptive Boosting,AdaBoost)和梯度提升。
线性回归作为一种广义线性模型,被选作性能比较的基线,其模型简单、计算高效,且系数具有良好可解释性[27]。然而,其核心的线性假设可能难以描述舒适性感知与复杂生理信号之间的非线性关系。
支持向量机通过核函数将数据映射到高维空间以寻找最优分类超平面,擅长处理非线性问题且泛化能力较强[28],但其性能对特征质量、核函数及惩罚参数的选择极为敏感,这使其成为检验不同特征组合判别力的理想模型。
决策树模型结构直观,无需复杂数据预处理这一步骤,但单棵决策树容易过拟合,泛化能力弱,常作为集成学习中弱学习器的基础[29]。
随机森林是一种基于Bagging的集成算法,通过构建大量决策树来汇总其结果,其引入的双重随机性能有效降低方差,提升模型的稳定性和抗过拟合能力,适合处理可能存在噪声和相关性的高维特征[30]。
自适应提升是一种基于Boosting的序列集成算法,其核心机制是迭代调整样本权重,使后续的弱学习器更关注先前被误分类的样本。凭借这一特性,其特别适用于描述复杂的分类边界,在数据类别不平衡时也具有潜在优势[31]。
梯度提升是另一种Boosting算法,其以迭代方式拟合当前模型的残差(负梯度),依托加法模型实现模型的不断优化。该算法具有较高的预测精度,但对参数设置和过拟合控制要求也较高。
综上,本节构建的6种模型在假设、复杂度与稳健性上形成梯度对比。通过系统比较其性能,旨在为驾驶舒适性分类这一具体任务提供模型选型的实证依据,并深入揭示不同算法在处理此类生物医学信号时的内在特性与局限。
为确保模型训练的稳健性与评估的可靠性,本文在训练流程中系统集成了3项关键策略。
1) 采用基于受试者的十折交叉验证。将全部64名受试者随机分为10折,在每一轮迭代中,使用其中9折的全部时间点数据进行训练,剩余1折受试者的全部数据进行测试。此过程重复10次,确保每位受试者仅被测试一次。该策略能够严格保证在受试者层面,训练集与测试集之间完全独立,从而实现对模型泛化能力的稳健估计[32]。
2) 为缓解数据中存在的类别不平衡(舒适与不舒适之比为2.69∶1),在每一折交叉验证的训练集内部应用合成少数类过采样技术(synthetic minority oversampling technique,SMOTE)。该技术可在特征空间内对少数类样本进行插值合成新样本,以平衡类别分布,从而提升模型对少数类(不舒适状态)的识别能力,避免模型因数据分布偏斜而产生分类偏差,从而提升模型在不舒适状态识别上的灵敏度[33]。
3) 为充分挖掘各模型的潜力并规避过拟合或欠拟合风险,本文采用网格搜索法进行超参数优化。针对每个模型设定关键超参数的搜索空间,通过遍历网格内所有参数组合并在验证集上评估性能,最终选取最优参数配置用于测试。具体包括支持向量机的正则化参数C(0.1~100)与径向基核系数γ(0.1~10)、随机森林的决策树数量(100~300)与最大深度(10~100)、自适应提升的弱学习器数量(100~300)与学习率(0.1~0.3)等。通过系统性的遍历,能够找到在给定搜索范围内性能最佳的超参数,从而充分挖掘每个模型的潜力。
本文利用分类问题常用的混淆矩阵对不同机器学习模型在驾驶舒适性分类任务上的性能进行全面、客观的评估和比较,包含对模型整体判别能力、对特定类别的识别能力以及在不同决策阈值下稳健性的多角度度量[34]。
本文采用的评估指标有准确率、精确度、召回率、F1分数和曲线下面积(area unden curve,AVC)。通过综合分析以上指标,可从模型的整体正确率、对“不舒适”状态判别的精准性、全面性以及模型的综合判别力等多个维度,对6种机器学习分类器的性能进行系统、深入的评估与比较,从而为模型优选提供坚实的数据支持。
本文系统评估了6种机器学习模型在5种不同生理信号组合场景下的性能。通过统计学方法对模型精度及信号贡献度进行了量化分析,主要结果如下。
基于融合全部生理信号构建的6种机器学习模型,其综合性能评估结果如图1所示。整体分析表明,在处理此类高维、非线性的多模态生理数据分类任务时,集成学习方法展现出显著且稳定的优势。
具体而言,自适应提升算法在绝大多数评价指标上取得了最优或接近最优的表现,其平均AUC值达到0.97,平均准确率与平均F1分数均为0.90。该算法的优异性能主要归功于其自适应权重调整机制,能有效应对类别不平衡,并精细捕捉复杂的非线性映射关系。随机森林同样表现卓越,其平均AUC值为0.96,平均特异性达0.89,在所有模型中最高,表明其在判断“舒适”状态时误报率低、可靠性强。支持向量机取得了具有竞争力的结果(平均AUC值为0.96),其平均灵敏度高达0.91,在所有模型中较优,意味着其在识别“不舒适”状态时漏报率低,适用于安全预警场景。
相比之下,线性回归模型呈现出高灵敏度(0.95)但低特异性(0.64)的明显类别判别偏差,揭示了其线性假设难以有效解决此类复杂非线性生理关联的根本局限。决策树作为单一模型表现最不理想(平均AUC值为0.82),直观暴露了其易过拟合、泛化能力弱的缺点。梯度提升算法在实验参数设置下的表现相对较弱(平均AUC值为0.85)。
为评估不同模型间性能差异的统计显著性,对十折交叉验证得到的平均AUC值进行了Friedman检验。结果如图2所示,不同模型的平均AUC值存在显著差异(χ2(5) = 32.45, P < 0.001)。为进一步明确具体差异,采用Bonferroni校正的Wilcoxon符号秩检验进行两两比较(校正后显著性水平α = 0.0033)。在全部15对比较中,有5对模型之间的差异达到了统计学显著水平(P < 0.0033),具体包括:自适应提升与决策树、自适应提升与梯度提升、决策树与随机森林、决策树与支持向量机及梯度提升与随机森林。性能同属最优梯队模型(如自适应提升、随机森林与支持向量机)之间的两两比较P值均大于校正后α水平,表明其之间的性能差异在统计上不显著。这一结果量化证实了集成学习模型(自适应提升、随机森林)及支持向量机的性能显著优于决策树等单一弱学习器,在达到高性能水平后,不同集成策略或算法之间可能不存在统计学上的本质性能差异。
综上,从实际车辆人因工程系统应用的角度,可根据不同需求进行模型选型:自适应提升适用于追求高精度、稳定综合评估的场景;随机森林更适用于对“舒适”状态判别的特异性(即降低误报警)有更高要求的场景;而支持向量机则更适合部署于以“不舒适”状态早期、灵敏检测为核心目标的安全预警模块中。统计检验表明,这3类模型构成了本次任务中高性能且彼此等效的优选集合。
为深入探究不同生理系统对驾驶舒适性状态的独立表征能力,评估各生理信号作为单一信息来源的判别潜力,本文系统分析了5种单一生理信号在多种机器学习模型上的分类性能,结果如图3所示。分析表明,不同生理信号所蕴含的舒适性判别信息存在显著差异,且同一信号在不同算法模型上的性能表现也各具特点,这为理解舒适性的多生理维度基础及后续的特征筛选提供了重要依据。
在5种信号中,下肢动脉血流信号展现出最强的独立判别能力,其最优模型(随机森林)的平均AUC达到0.93,平均准确率与平均F1分数分别为0.83和0.84,综合性能显著领先。这从数据层面直接印证了下肢血流动力学状态是评估长时间坐姿负荷下舒适性的一个核心生理维度。该信号在支持向量机模型上的平均特异性与平均精确度均达1.00,但平均灵敏度相对较低(0.61),表明其判别策略极为保守;而自适应提升算法则取得了更高的平均灵敏度(0.89),在识别不舒适状态上更为积极。这种差异体现了不同算法对同一生理特征的模式提取各有侧重。
表面肌电信号的独立判别效能次之,其最优模型(支持向量机)的平均AUC为0.89,平均精确度为0.82。该信号主要反映骨骼肌的神经肌肉活动与疲劳状态。自适应提升算法在该信号上获得了最高的平均灵敏度(0.81),再次显示了其在捕捉正类样本上的优势。肌肉氧含量信号的判别力处于中等水平(支持向量机的平均AUC为0.85最优),随机森林与自适应提升性能接近,表明该信号所反映的局部肌肉氧代谢与微循环信息对舒适性有一定贡献,但作为单一信息来源强度有限。
心电信号(随机森林的平均AUC为0.79最优)的独立判别能力相对较弱,可能是因为心电所表征的全身性自主神经调节是一个更为宏观、系统的指标,其对座椅界面局部负荷的特异性响应可能不如动脉血流等局部信号直接和敏感。
浅层血流灌注量信号的独立判别效能最弱,各模型平均AUC普遍偏低(最优自适应提升仅为0.62)。梯度提升模型虽获得了0.71的平均灵敏度,但平均特异性低至0.35,已失去了判别意义。这可能由于该信号表征的是皮肤及浅表组织的微循环,其波动易受环境温度、局部压力点变化等多种混杂因素影响,信噪比较低,导致其与整体舒适性状态间的稳定关联较弱。
因此,从独立判别效能的视角进行评估,下肢动脉血流信号是驾驶舒适性最敏感、最具鉴别力的单一生理指标,表面肌电信号次之,二者构成了舒适性客观评估的核心信息源。心电信号与肌肉氧含量信号可作为有效的辅助信息来源,而浅层血流灌注信号的独立应用价值有限。此结果量化了不同生理系统对驾驶不舒适的贡献度差异,明确了特征优选中的优先顺序。
为探究多模态生理信号融合对驾驶舒适性评估的协同增强作用,并识别其中的关键判别特征,本文系统比较了从双信号到五信号多种组合下的模型性能演变,结果如表1所示。分析表明,多源信号融合能产生显著的性能增益,且下肢动脉血流信号在各类组合中均被证实为不可或缺的核心判别特征。
信号融合的增益轨迹清晰可见:相较于单信号输入,双信号组合普遍带来性能的第一次跃升。其中,“下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量”的组合表现突出,随机森林模型在该组合上平均AUC达0.94,平均准确率达0.89,平均F1分数达0.90,显示出2类信号在表征循环与代谢状态上的良好互补性。同样,“下肢动脉血流+表面肌电”的组合在自适应提升模型上也取得了平均AUC为0.94的优异表现,印证了循环与肌骨系统负荷关联的有效性。当信号融合增至三路时,模型性能得到进一步巩固和提升。例如,“下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电”的三信号组合在随机森林模型上实现了平均AUC为0.95,较优的双信号组合又有提高,说明心电信号所贡献的自主神经调节信息提供了额外的判别维度。
在“肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电”组合中,支持向量机表现出平均AUC (0.92)与平均灵敏度(0.48)、平均准确率(0.74) 的显著分离。高AUC值表明,该模型能将大多数“不舒适”样本的预测概率排在“舒适”样本之前。但是,极低的灵敏度说明,当应用固定阈值进行分类时,模型倾向于做出保守预测,从而漏检。这可能是由于缺少动脉血流这一强判别特征后,特征空间的分离度下降,支持向量机为最大化间隔而找到了一个严重偏向某一方的分类超平面。相比之下,随机森林在同一特征组合上取得了更均衡的性能 (平均AUC为0.92,平均F1分数为0.81),体现了集成方法在不均衡或重叠特征空间中的稳健优势。此现象进一步说明,在评估模型时需综合考量多项指标,单一的高AUC值并不等同于可直接应用的良好分类器。
最终,在四信号全融合状态下,模型性能达到峰值。支持向量机在“下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电”组合上取得了本次研究的最优性能,平均AUC高达0.97,平均准确率与平均F1分数均为0.90。随机森林与自适应提升在该组合下同样表现卓越,平均AUC分别达到0.97和0.96。这标志着融合“循环-代谢-神经-肌骨”多系统信息的完备特征集,能够最全面、最稳定地表述驾驶负荷下的复杂生理状态。核心信号的不可替代性在对比中得到反复验证。在所有高性能组合中,下肢动脉血流信号均为共有元素。相反,未包含下肢动脉血流的信号组合,其模型性能仅停留在中等水平,提升有限。这从反面对比中确证了下肢动脉血流动力学参数是驾驶舒适性判别体系中具有基石性作用的特征。而浅层血流灌注量信号,尽管在融合中能提供微弱的信息补充,但其单独或作为核心的判别贡献始终有限。
基于前述系统的性能评估与对比,本文可进一步为不同工程应用场景提供明确、量化的模型与特征优化配置建议。对于追求极限判别精度、主要用于深入机理研究或作为标准验证的高精度实验室评估场景,推荐采用包含核心判别信息的完备特征集,即“下肢动脉血流+肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电”四信号组合,并配合高性能分类算法。其中,支持向量机能够利用该特征集达到最高的分类精度(平均AUC为0.97);若对模型的稳定性、抗过拟合能力及特征重要性分析有额外需求,随机森林是表现同样卓越(平均AUC为0.97)的理想备选。此方案能实现对驾驶舒适性状态最为精细化、高可信度的判别。
然而,考虑到在实际车辆环境中部署超声多普勒等设备监测下肢动脉血流的操作复杂性、成本与用户侵扰性,面向驾驶员实时健康管理或疲劳预警的便携式可穿戴监测系统,需寻求在性能与实用性之间取得平衡的精简方案。为此,本文验证了2种可行的技术路径:①双信号精简路径,即采用“表面肌电+心电”这一兼具良好判别力与易测性的组合,在随机森林模型上可保持平均AUC为0.90、平均F1分数为0.81的可靠性能,且传感器易于集成到穿戴设备中;②三信号优化路径,采用“肌肉氧含量+心电+表面肌电”组合,该组合在支持向量机或随机森林等模型上可实现平均AUC为0.92的性能,同时能够避免复杂的血管参数测量。这2种方案为开发高集成度的实用化车载监测系统提供了技术依据。
本文证实,多模态生理信号融合是实现高精度驾驶舒适性评估的有效途径。下肢动脉血流信号被验证为核心判别特征,这一发现与生物力学和生理学经典理论高度契合。早期研究已明确指出,长时间坐姿会因血管的几何弯曲与受压,导致下肢动脉血流动力学环境恶化,表现为壁面剪应力下降、血流速度减缓,影响血管内皮功能,并易引发局部不适乃至血管疾病风险升高[35-37]。本文证实了下肢动脉血流信号具有最强的独立判别力,从而将主观的“不舒适”与具体的生理指标建立关联,为循环系统引起主观不适提供了实证。
同时,本文融合表面肌电、心电信号的做法,顺应了舒适性评估从单一维度走向系统整合的思路。早期的相关研究,如Andersson等[38]关于坐姿下腰部负荷与肌电活动的工作,以及Lin等[39]对脑电、心电与驾驶表现关系的研究,均已揭示单一生理信号在表征特定负荷方面的价值与局限。De Looze等[40]的综述指出,体压分布、肌电等多源信号与主观感受间存在复杂关联,需综合考量。本文在此基础上,通过系统性融合循环系统和肌骨系统相关信号,构建了跨系统的生理响应模式。结果表明,多模态融合策略能够捕捉单一信号无法揭示的协同与代偿机制,如“下肢动脉血流+表面肌电”组合同时反映了循环障碍与肌肉的代偿性紧张,从而实现了对驾驶舒适性状态更全面的表述。这验证了集成多维度生理信息是深入理解并精准评估复杂人-机-环境系统中人体状态变化的必然方向。
不同模型的性能差异源于其算法原理。随机森林通过构建大量差异化的决策树并集成其结果,有效降低了方差,赋予了模型出色的稳定性和抗过拟合能力,使其在多信号融合时表现稳健。支持向量机则通过核函数将数据映射到高维空间寻找最优分类面,当输入如下肢动脉血流等判别力强的特征时,能实现极高的分类精度,这也导致其性能对特征选择异常敏感。自适应提升通过聚焦于被前序模型分错的样本,逐步提升整体性能,尤其擅长处理复杂的决策边界。而线性回归的线性假设与复杂生理现象间的非线性本质严重不符,导致其性能受限。
本文通过系统的实证分析,在驾驶舒适性客观评估领域取得了以下3方面启示:
1) 确立了下肢动脉血流信号的核心判别地位,深化了生理机制认知。研究通过数据驱动对比证实,下肢动脉血流动力学是表征驾驶舒适性最敏感的单一生理指标。
2) 针对高精度评估与便携监测的不同需求,本文提供了经过性能量化的具体方案,为工程开发中的传感器配置与算法选型提供了清晰的决策依据。
3) 实证了线性模型的根本局限,强化了非线性方法的必要性。 线性回归模型在本文复杂数据上表现出的严重性能失衡,实证了驾驶舒适性与其生理信号之间存在高度非线性的映射关系。在类似涉及多系统耦合的生物医学信号分析中,应优先采用非线性模型,以避免因方法选择不当导致结论失效。
本文在识别了核心生理特征的同时,得出了能够落地的具体技术方案,为构建实用性的驾驶舒适性智能监测系统奠定了基础。
本文构建的模型,特别是基于下肢动脉血流信号与支持向量机或随机森林的组合,其性能指标(如平均AUC > 0.95,平均F1分数 > 0.85)超过了文献中广泛报告的线性回归模型(R2 = 0.76)[6];同时超过了部分支持向量机模型(平均准确率约为0.75)[41];与当前先进的神经网络模型(R2 = 0.92)达到了可比水平[8]。本文主要创新在于通过模型和信号组合的网格化比较,量化揭示了下肢动脉血流信号在驾驶舒适性判别中的核心地位,明确了集成学习方法在处理此类多模态生理数据上的稳定优势。同时,提出了便携式信号组合方案,为研究成果向可穿戴设备转化提供了关键的指导。
本文的局限性一方面是数据源于模拟驾驶环境,另一方面是受试者均为健康青年男性。这虽然有利于控制混杂因素,但其限制了结论的外部效度与泛化能力。未来工作可围绕以下方向实施:开展实车实验进行模型验证;纳入更多样化的受试者样本,增加受试者数量,以降低模型的过拟合风险,建立更具普适性和稳健的评估模型;通过更精细的舒适性评分分段或采用回归模型来避免对单一阈值的依赖;以及探索更精确的多源数据的时间窗对齐(如硬件级同步)和更优的特征提取方法,尝试融合更多维度的生理或行为信号,以构建更优的舒适性状态识别算法;推动监测模型产品化,向智能座舱健康监测系统迈进。
本文通过构建与系统比较基于多模态生理信号的机器学习模型,得出以下结论:
1) 模型优选方面:集成学习方法(随机森林、自适应提升)在处理多模态生理信号时综合性能更优、更稳定;支持向量机能达到最高分类精度,但对特征输入敏感。
2) 信号贡献方面:下肢动脉血流信号是驾驶舒适性判别的核心生理指标,其与表面肌电、心电信号的融合能显著提升模型性能,印证了多系统生理响应耦合机制。
3) 应用方案方面:研究验证了便携式精简信号组合(如“表面肌电+心电+肌肉氧含量”)的可行性,为开发兼顾精度与实用性的车载实时监测系统提供了明确的特征选择与模型配置依据。
本文通过详实的实验数据与系统分析,为驾驶舒适性的客观智能评估提供了从理论机制、算法选型到工程化路径的完整方案支持。

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2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0062
  • 接收时间:2026-01-26
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-26
  • 录用日期:2026-03-30
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    1北京航空航天大学 生物与医学工程学院,北京 100191
    2中国康复研究中心(北京博爱医院) 超声科,北京 100068

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