Article(id=1322941370549285151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0584, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1755705600000, receivedDateStr=2025-08-21, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1760025600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-10-10, onlineDate=1793343401801, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343401801, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343401801, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343401801, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3329, endPage=3349, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941370926772512, articleId=1322941370549285151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=Research progress in semi-solid thixomolding technology of magnesium alloys, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Because of their low density, magnesium alloys are strategically valuable for lightweight transportation equipment. Nevertheless, conventional casting processes encounter technical challenges, including shrinkage porosity, gas porosity, and oxidation. Thixomolding—an innovative forming process based on semi-solid processing principles-provides a viable approach to overcome these limitations. This work systematically elucidates the fundamental mechanisms of thixomolding, reveals the formation principles of non-dendritic microstructures and preparation methodologies for semi-solid slurries, and comprehensively analyzes the technology’s enhancement effects on the comprehensive properties of AZ-series and AM-series magnesium alloys. Currently, this technology has achieved industrial-scale implementation in consumer electronics and transportation equipment sectors. Supported by next-generation higher-tonnage forming systems, its applications are progressively expanding to large-scale structural component manufacturing, demonstrating exceptional development potential within the new energy vehicle industry. Among other crucial areas, future research should focus on defect control mechanisms for large-scale components, multi-physics coupled modeling of the forming process, and composition design of innovative thixomolded magnesium alloys.

, authors=Jufu JIANG1, 2, *, Jinze ZHANG1, 2, Jingbo CUI1, 2, Ying WANG3, Xiaodong ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Jufu JIANG, Jinze ZHANG, Jingbo CUI, Ying WANG, Xiaodong ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jufu JIANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941380091326797, articleId=1322941370549285151, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=镁合金半固态触变射铸技术研究进展, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

镁合金因其低密度特性,在交通设施轻量化领域具有重要的战略意义,但传统铸造工艺面临缩孔、气孔及氧化等技术瓶颈,基于半固态加工原理的创新成形工艺——触变射铸技术,为有效突破上述瓶颈提供了可行途径。为此,系统阐述了触变射铸技术的基本原理,揭示了非枝晶结构的形成机制与半固态浆料的制备方法,并重点分析了该技术对AZ系及AM系镁合金综合性能的提升作用。目前,该技术已在消费电子及交通运输载具领域实现规模化应用。依托新一代大吨位成形设备,其应用领域逐步拓展至大型结构件制造领域,在新能源汽车产业中展现出突出的发展潜力。未来研究需重点关注新型半固态触变射铸镁合金的成分设计、成形过程的多物理场耦合模拟及大型构件缺陷控制机制等方面。

, authors=姜巨福1, 2, *, 张金泽1, 2, 崔竞波1, 2, 王迎3, 张晓东1, 2, authorsList=姜巨福, 张金泽, 崔竞波, 王迎, 张晓东, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姜巨福, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 北京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版)编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=ErPudgiL3Sqtyo+zKUKuNg==, magXml=w0X0BbGY0zmIQMhC5QS34w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=uaXIPVbKybCrhT9TqB1Thg==, pdfFileSize=14694347, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Bk0JrYO07RJjWIX3PE794A==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=8WA2U3VzN/jbHOdE/a4Wqg==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941383362883928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=jiangjufu@hit.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941383484518748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, authorId=1322941383362883928, language=EN, stringName=Jufu JIANG, firstName=Jufu, middleName=null, lastName=JIANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1School of Materials Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,China
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Application of magnesium alloy semi-solid injection molding in notebook computer industry[J]. Die & Mould Manufacture, 2022, 22(2): 48-51(in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941420113375850, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=147, rfOrder=178, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=伊之密. 内饰件[EB/OL]. [2025-08-02]. https://www.yizumi.com/tms/interior-parts., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941420188873323, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=147, rfOrder=179, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=YIZUMI. Interior parts[EB/OL]. [2025-08-02]. https://www.yizumi.com/tms/interior-parts(in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941420272759404, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=148, rfOrder=180, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=伯乐智能. 伯乐智能携手产学研联盟全球首例20寸镁合金半固态轮毂, 引领新能源汽车轻量化革命[EB/OL]. (2025-04-03) [2025-08-02]. https://www.bole-machinery.com/contents/17/56.html., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941420331479661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=148, rfOrder=181, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=BOLE. Bole Intelligent and industry-university-research alliance jointly developed the world’s first 20-inch magnesium alloy semi-solid wheel hub, leading the lightweight revolution of new energy vehicles[EB/OL]. (2025-04-03) [2025-08-02]. https://www.bole-machinery.com/contents/17/56.html(in Chinese)., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941420444725870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=149, rfOrder=182, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=压铸周刊. <styled-content style-type="number"> 4000 </styled-content> t超大型镁合金半固态注射成型机[EB/OL]. (2024-05-23) [2025-08-02]. https://www.yzweekly.com/cd2016/9144.htm., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1322941420511834736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=null, volume=null, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=149, rfOrder=183, authorNames=null, journalName=null, refType=null, unstructuredReference=Yzweekly. <styled-content style-type="number"> 4000 </styled-content>-ton ultra-large-scale magnesium alloy semi-solid injection molding machine[EB/OL]. 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figureFileSmall=52jFG5i8teDvY7Fa1gzE+g==, figureFileBig=zHBYHqaVaHSrWSpiXZoGzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941394104496550, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=CN, label=图18, caption=大型镁合金触变射铸成形设备[70,136,140-142], figureFileSmall=52jFG5i8teDvY7Fa1gzE+g==, figureFileBig=zHBYHqaVaHSrWSpiXZoGzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941394184188327, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=EN, label=Fig. 19, caption=Structural components and housings for consumer electronics[145,147], figureFileSmall=M0xeLwyPHRc/sWKnfCgiSw==, figureFileBig=fPhsu6y3J6oIL3Q/PG2lyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941394247102888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=CN, label=图19, caption=消费电子结构件、外壳件[145,147], figureFileSmall=M0xeLwyPHRc/sWKnfCgiSw==, figureFileBig=fPhsu6y3J6oIL3Q/PG2lyw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941394322600361, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=EN, label=Fig. 20, caption=Structural components and housings for outdoor sports products[145], figureFileSmall=Xca4zIu9N3gXtTOvxBggfg==, figureFileBig=MxZrf8dW7F354oWZ4dnl4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941394385514922, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=CN, label=图20, caption=户外运动产品结构件、外壳件[145], figureFileSmall=Xca4zIu9N3gXtTOvxBggfg==, figureFileBig=MxZrf8dW7F354oWZ4dnl4A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941394448429483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=EN, label=Fig. 21, caption=Structural components for automobiles[68,145,147], figureFileSmall=BDQC2YL/V39sSM20a3tgOQ==, figureFileBig=3OEspjomv/Bn4SV2UpX/kA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941394532315564, 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language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Major hypotheses on formation mechanism of semi-solid slurries microstructure, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假说特点及适用范围主导因素对实际生产的指导
枝晶臂破碎与枝晶臂根部
重熔理论
应用广泛,解释了晶核增殖过程的机制,对实际生产有重要指导意义,但尚无法解释枝晶到蔷薇状晶、近球状晶的转变路径破碎枝晶机械搅拌法、电磁搅拌法等成熟制浆工艺
生长控制理论解释了枝晶在剪切作用下,向蔷薇状晶、近球状晶的转变机制剪切速率双螺杆挤出机等
有效持续形核机制半固态浆料微观结构主要依赖于湍流而不是剪切速率,湍流的作用提高了浆料的形核速率形核速率双螺杆剪切制浆、流变压铸等工艺
自由晶核生成机制利用临界密度的游离晶核在凝固过程中直接诱导近球状晶形核游离晶核液相线铸造、剪切低温浇注法等新型工艺
), ArticleFig(id=1322941396444918192, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

半固态浆料组织形成机制的主要假说

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假说特点及适用范围主导因素对实际生产的指导
枝晶臂破碎与枝晶臂根部
重熔理论
应用广泛,解释了晶核增殖过程的机制,对实际生产有重要指导意义,但尚无法解释枝晶到蔷薇状晶、近球状晶的转变路径破碎枝晶机械搅拌法、电磁搅拌法等成熟制浆工艺
生长控制理论解释了枝晶在剪切作用下,向蔷薇状晶、近球状晶的转变机制剪切速率双螺杆挤出机等
有效持续形核机制半固态浆料微观结构主要依赖于湍流而不是剪切速率,湍流的作用提高了浆料的形核速率形核速率双螺杆剪切制浆、流变压铸等工艺
自由晶核生成机制利用临界密度的游离晶核在凝固过程中直接诱导近球状晶形核游离晶核液相线铸造、剪切低温浇注法等新型工艺
), ArticleFig(id=1322941396541387185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of microstructural parameters between domestic and international magnesium alloy thixomolding and traditional semi-solid slurry processing methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
镁合金成分固相晶粒尺寸/μm形状因子工艺参考文献
AZ91D32.00.72触变射铸[67]
AM6050.0触变射铸[77]
AZ91D66.6触变射铸[78]
AZ91D30.0触变射铸[79]
AZ9110.5触变射铸[80]
AZ9150.0触变射铸[81]
AZ91D70.0触变射铸[82]
AZ91D45.30.65触变射铸[83]
AZ6160.00.70半固态等温处理[53]
AM60B200.60.71半固态等温处理[63]
AZ8062.00.71半固态等温处理[84]
Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr90.00.70半固态等温处理[85]
Mg-3Nd-0.2Zn-0.4Zr46.00.59电磁搅拌[86]
AZ91D77.20.59气泡诱导法[87]
AZ91-2Ca50.00.70气泡诱导法[88]
Mg-2.5Gd-1Zn180.00.29低频电磁搅拌[37]
Mg-Gd-Zn501.00.30低频电磁搅拌[89]
Mg-6Zn-1.4Y32.00.76超声振动法[90]
Mg-11Gd-3Y-1Zn-0.2Zr63.0旋转热焓平衡装置法[91]
AZ9150.00.81剪切低温浇注法[92]
AZ91D45.30.85内部快速冷却搅拌工艺[93]
AM6065.0自孕育法[94]
AM60100.00.70再结晶重熔[53]
Mg-8.20Gd-4.48Y-3.34Zn-0.36Zr62.0SIMA法[95]
AZ8012.50.89新SIMA法[62]
AM60B15.10.88新SIMA法[63]
AZ8015.60.87新SIMA法[96]
), ArticleFig(id=1322941396608496050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内外镁合金触变射铸与传统半固态制浆法的组织参数对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
镁合金成分固相晶粒尺寸/μm形状因子工艺参考文献
AZ91D32.00.72触变射铸[67]
AM6050.0触变射铸[77]
AZ91D66.6触变射铸[78]
AZ91D30.0触变射铸[79]
AZ9110.5触变射铸[80]
AZ9150.0触变射铸[81]
AZ91D70.0触变射铸[82]
AZ91D45.30.65触变射铸[83]
AZ6160.00.70半固态等温处理[53]
AM60B200.60.71半固态等温处理[63]
AZ8062.00.71半固态等温处理[84]
Mg-10Gd-3Y-0.5Zr90.00.70半固态等温处理[85]
Mg-3Nd-0.2Zn-0.4Zr46.00.59电磁搅拌[86]
AZ91D77.20.59气泡诱导法[87]
AZ91-2Ca50.00.70气泡诱导法[88]
Mg-2.5Gd-1Zn180.00.29低频电磁搅拌[37]
Mg-Gd-Zn501.00.30低频电磁搅拌[89]
Mg-6Zn-1.4Y32.00.76超声振动法[90]
Mg-11Gd-3Y-1Zn-0.2Zr63.0旋转热焓平衡装置法[91]
AZ9150.00.81剪切低温浇注法[92]
AZ91D45.30.85内部快速冷却搅拌工艺[93]
AM6065.0自孕育法[94]
AM60100.00.70再结晶重熔[53]
Mg-8.20Gd-4.48Y-3.34Zn-0.36Zr62.0SIMA法[95]
AZ8012.50.89新SIMA法[62]
AM60B15.10.88新SIMA法[63]
AZ8015.60.87新SIMA法[96]
), ArticleFig(id=1322941396683993523, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Analysis of mechanical properties of domestic and foreign semi-solid thixomolding Mg-Al series magnesium alloys, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
镁合金成分屈服强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%成形方法参考文献
AZ91D1692998.0触变射铸[15]
AZ91D19227910.0触变射铸[20]
AZ91D2404.5触变射铸[67]
AZ91D1802304.4触变射铸[77]
AZ91D2453.9触变射铸[110]
AZ91D2857.6触变射铸[111]
AZ91D2534.3触变射铸[112]
AZ91D1703.0触变射铸[113]
AZ91D1702737.2触变射铸[71]
AZ91D1582566.0触变射铸[114]
AZ91D1452487.4流变射铸[34]
AZ91D1382254.5流变压铸[115]
AZ91D1442002.5高压压铸[115]
AM601271925.0触变射铸[15]
AM50A13826820.0触变射铸[22]
AM60B14727818.8触变射铸[22]
AM60B1602407.2触变射铸[77]
AM601402105.4触变射铸[116]
AM60B14626911.0触变射铸[117]
AM50A1402697.8触变射铸[118]
AM60B1021558.0~9.0高压压铸[103]
AM60B1415.3高压压铸[119]
AM50A1035.5高压压铸[120]
), ArticleFig(id=1322941396767879604, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

国内外半固态触变射铸Mg-Al系镁合金力学性能分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
镁合金成分屈服强度/MPa抗拉强度/MPa延伸率/%成形方法参考文献
AZ91D1692998.0触变射铸[15]
AZ91D19227910.0触变射铸[20]
AZ91D2404.5触变射铸[67]
AZ91D1802304.4触变射铸[77]
AZ91D2453.9触变射铸[110]
AZ91D2857.6触变射铸[111]
AZ91D2534.3触变射铸[112]
AZ91D1703.0触变射铸[113]
AZ91D1702737.2触变射铸[71]
AZ91D1582566.0触变射铸[114]
AZ91D1452487.4流变射铸[34]
AZ91D1382254.5流变压铸[115]
AZ91D1442002.5高压压铸[115]
AM601271925.0触变射铸[15]
AM50A13826820.0触变射铸[22]
AM60B14727818.8触变射铸[22]
AM60B1602407.2触变射铸[77]
AM601402105.4触变射铸[116]
AM60B14626911.0触变射铸[117]
AM50A1402697.8触变射铸[118]
AM60B1021558.0~9.0高压压铸[103]
AM60B1415.3高压压铸[119]
AM50A1035.5高压压铸[120]
), ArticleFig(id=1322941396855959989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Parameters of 3000−4000 t thixomolding machines from selected domestic and international equipment manufacturers[70,136,139-143], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备厂家型号设备吨位/t锁模机构螺杆直径/mm最大理论注射量/kg已公布下一代设备吨位/t
日本制钢所JLM3000-MGIIeL3000三板式1308
海天金属HMG30003000三板式150105000
伊之密UN3200MGII3200三板式160116600
伯乐智能MTX4000D4000二板式17017
), ArticleFig(id=1322941396944040374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941370549285151, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

国内外部分设备制造商旗下3000~4000 t级镁合金触变射铸成形机参数[70,136,139-143]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设备厂家型号设备吨位/t锁模机构螺杆直径/mm最大理论注射量/kg已公布下一代设备吨位/t
日本制钢所JLM3000-MGIIeL3000三板式1308
海天金属HMG30003000三板式150105000
伊之密UN3200MGII3200三板式160116600
伯乐智能MTX4000D4000二板式17017
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镁合金半固态触变射铸技术研究进展
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姜巨福 1, 2, * , 张金泽 1, 2 , 崔竞波 1, 2 , 王迎 3 , 张晓东 1, 2
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3329-3349
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3329 -3349
镁合金半固态触变射铸技术研究进展
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姜巨福1, 2, * , 张金泽1, 2, 崔竞波1, 2, 王迎3, 张晓东1, 2
作者信息
  • 1哈尔滨工业大学 材料科学与工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
  • 2哈尔滨工业大学 精密热成形全国重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
  • 3哈尔滨工业大学 机电工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
通讯作者:
Research progress in semi-solid thixomolding technology of magnesium alloys
Jufu JIANG1, 2, * , Jinze ZHANG1, 2, Jingbo CUI1, 2, Ying WANG3, Xiaodong ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Precision Hot Forming,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,China
  • 3School of Mechatronics Engineering,Harbin Institute of Technology,Harbin 150001,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0584
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镁合金因其低密度特性,在交通设施轻量化领域具有重要的战略意义,但传统铸造工艺面临缩孔、气孔及氧化等技术瓶颈,基于半固态加工原理的创新成形工艺——触变射铸技术,为有效突破上述瓶颈提供了可行途径。为此,系统阐述了触变射铸技术的基本原理,揭示了非枝晶结构的形成机制与半固态浆料的制备方法,并重点分析了该技术对AZ系及AM系镁合金综合性能的提升作用。目前,该技术已在消费电子及交通运输载具领域实现规模化应用。依托新一代大吨位成形设备,其应用领域逐步拓展至大型结构件制造领域,在新能源汽车产业中展现出突出的发展潜力。未来研究需重点关注新型半固态触变射铸镁合金的成分设计、成形过程的多物理场耦合模拟及大型构件缺陷控制机制等方面。

镁合金  /  半固态成形  /  触变射铸  /  力学性能  /  轻量化

Because of their low density, magnesium alloys are strategically valuable for lightweight transportation equipment. Nevertheless, conventional casting processes encounter technical challenges, including shrinkage porosity, gas porosity, and oxidation. Thixomolding—an innovative forming process based on semi-solid processing principles-provides a viable approach to overcome these limitations. This work systematically elucidates the fundamental mechanisms of thixomolding, reveals the formation principles of non-dendritic microstructures and preparation methodologies for semi-solid slurries, and comprehensively analyzes the technology’s enhancement effects on the comprehensive properties of AZ-series and AM-series magnesium alloys. Currently, this technology has achieved industrial-scale implementation in consumer electronics and transportation equipment sectors. Supported by next-generation higher-tonnage forming systems, its applications are progressively expanding to large-scale structural component manufacturing, demonstrating exceptional development potential within the new energy vehicle industry. Among other crucial areas, future research should focus on defect control mechanisms for large-scale components, multi-physics coupled modeling of the forming process, and composition design of innovative thixomolded magnesium alloys.

magnesium alloy  /  semi-solid forming  /  thixomolding  /  mechanical properties  /  lightweight
姜巨福, 张金泽, 崔竞波, 王迎, 张晓东. 镁合金半固态触变射铸技术研究进展. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3329 -3349 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0584
Jufu JIANG, Jinze ZHANG, Jingbo CUI, Ying WANG, Xiaodong ZHANG. Research progress in semi-solid thixomolding technology of magnesium alloys[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3329 -3349 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0584
镁及其合金作为轻质结构金属,具有低密度、高比强度、优异的减震特性及良好的铸造性能[1-2],是汽车工业、航空航天、消费电子行业、运动设施及手持器械等领域理想的轻质结构解决方案[3-4]。然而,市场对高性能轻量化制件需求的持续增长,凸显了当前商用镁合金在力学性能与成形性能方面存在的瓶颈。突破这一瓶颈需同步优化合金成分并革新制备工艺[5-6]。现有材料热加工技术主要包括固态塑性成形(如锻造)和熔融凝固成形(如高压压铸)[7-8]。其中,前者因工艺流程复杂、生产周期较长,导致生产效率偏低,应用受到一定限制;后者作为当前的主流工艺,虽适用性广泛,但仍存在缩孔、缩松、充型过程中湍流导致气孔聚集、热应力升高及断裂敏感性增加等问题,制约了镁合金力学性能的进一步提升[9-12]。
半固态加工技术由Flemings教授[13]于20世纪70年代首次提出,其核心在于利用合金在固液相线之间的温度区间,形成固-液两相共存的半固态浆料,浆料中的固相呈现球状或退化枝晶形态,该独特形貌赋予材料触变性,其黏度在剪切力作用下显著降低,从而使得混合物能够高速压射进入模腔并保持层流状态。该技术有效突破了传统镁合金加工工艺的技术瓶颈。经过数十年的发展,已实现从实验室研究向产业化应用的跨越。该技术的优势包括:层流充型模式(雷诺数Re<100[11])可有效抑制气体卷入,显著降低气孔与缩孔缺陷的倾向;特有的触变行为有助于获得晶粒细小、组织致密的微观结构,从而显著提升材料的力学性能[14];半固态成形构件可进行后续热处理(如固溶处理和时效强化),以进一步优化强度、硬度及断裂韧性等关键力学指标[15]。
基于浆料制备与成形过程的不同,半固态加工技术按成形方式可分为流变成形与触变成形2类[4,16-17]。流变成形通过将液态金属冷却至半固态温度区间,并结合机械搅拌、电磁搅拌等调控手段,制备具有非枝晶组织的半固态浆料并直接成形。该工艺虽具有流程短、能耗低的优势,但其工业化应用受到限制,主要由于镁合金浆料在转运过程中易发生氧化,导致夹杂缺陷产生,从而降低制件成品率,难以满足规模化生产对稳定性的需求。触变成形通过精确控制半固态浆料的制备与二次加热过程,以维持其非枝晶近球状组织的稳定性。其标准工艺流程包含以下关键步骤:首先,将半固态浆料快速冷却后分割;然后,对预制浆料重新加热至固-液两相区,并实施等温保温处理;最后,利用触变效应实现低应力充型[18-19]。在工业化应用上,触变成形更适合高固相率浆料的加工成形,以及对力学性能要求较高的结构件、厚壁件的精密成形。
本文聚焦于镁合金触变射铸技术,系统探讨其非枝晶结构形成机制、浆料制备方法、材料性能及产业应用现状。该技术融合了注塑成型的密封环境控制原理与触变成形的快速填充特性[8,20]。浆料在高压下被注射进入精密模具完成成形。工艺全过程严格维持半固态相稳定,既避免了材料完全液化,又规避了传统镁合金熔炼所需的SF6保护气氛(其温室效应为CO2的24000倍[20]),从而在源头上解决了氧化缺陷与环境危害的双重问题[18]。相较于常规半固态加工技术,触变射铸在继承其成形温度低、模具服役周期长、尺寸稳定性优异等共性优势的基础上,创新性地实现了工艺流程的密闭化与连续化,从而显著降低了能耗,并有效抑制了镁合金熔体氧化。
若按浆料制备与充型方式的差异划分,上述半固态加工可分为流变成形与触变成形2类,其工艺原理如图1所示。半固态浆料是由熔融液态金属与均匀分布的近球形固相颗粒组成的混合物,在特定温度区间内呈现触变特性与固态特征并存的物相状态[21]。高质量半固态浆料的制备是触变射铸工艺的关键基础,而非枝晶组织的形成与演变机制构成半固态成形技术的核心理论内容。根据现有研究,浆料中固体颗粒的形态可分为3类典型特征[22-23]:树枝状型、蔷薇状型及近球状型,如图2所示。这些形态差异反映了热力学因素(如冷却速率)与动力学因素(如剪切强度)的协同作用机制。值得关注的是,显微组织从枝晶形态向球形非枝晶结构的转变,能够显著减少铸造缺陷(如偏析、气孔等)的产生。因此,制备具有细小、球形非枝晶组织的浆料,对提升镁合金触变射铸构件的质量具有重要意义[24]。
半固态区域内存在5类相互耦合的动态机制:晶体形核与生长、溶质扩散、Ostwald熟化、熔体流动及固相迁移。其中,熔体对流强度与冷却速率的协同作用主导着组织的演化过程;强对流(如电磁搅拌)与低速冷却相结合,可有效促进晶粒球形化,并赋予浆料显著的触变行为。这种特性在经历凝固-部分重熔循环后仍能维持球化组织的“记忆效应”,为半固态金属成形提供了重要的理论依据[23-24]。
目前普遍认为,浆料非枝晶结构的形成机制主要包括枝晶臂破碎[26]、枝晶臂根部重熔[27]及生长控制理论[28]等假说。本节将对这些机制进行综述,并介绍其在实际半固态工艺中的指导作用。
在早期研究中,Vogel等[26]提出枝晶臂机械破碎机制,认为搅拌过程通过剪切力导致枝晶臂发生塑性弯曲并最终破裂。随着原位表征、多尺度模拟等新型研究技术的普及,半固态成形领域的诸多研究者采用多尺度分析方法追踪非枝晶组织的动态演变规律,为揭示浆料微观结构演化机制提供了新证据。Ruvalcaba等[29]利用同步辐射X射线显微镜对Al-Cu合金(Cu的质量分数为0.2)定向凝固过程中的枝晶臂破碎现象进行了定量表征,其观测结果(见图3)表明,溶质富集液膜导致三级枝晶尖端局部热过冷梯度降低,从而促进枝晶生长,同时,溶质的聚集打破平衡状态诱发局部重熔,最终导致枝晶结构分裂。Hellawell等[30]提出,在缺乏晶粒细化剂的情况下,等轴晶形成依赖于初生枝晶破碎机制,该机制源于局部重熔,且熔体流动特性对扩散过程起决定性作用[31]。此外,机械剪切效应亦被证实可促进结构解构[29,32]。
当前,基于枝晶臂破碎及根部重熔机制的理论模型,尚无法完整阐明熔体搅拌过程中断裂枝晶向蔷薇状或近球状形貌转变的具体路径。尽管如此,基于上述假说,已发展出多种可制备具有优良微观结构半固态浆料的工艺方法,其中,机械搅拌法和电磁搅拌法(electromagnetic stirring, EMS)等已成为当前镁合金半固态浆料工业化制备中的成熟技术。
机械搅拌法通过强制对流效应实现浆料热力学场与成分场的均质化分布,导致枝晶发生剪切、变形或熔断,最终生长形成球形颗粒[33]。该技术现已发展形成单螺杆与双螺杆两大工艺体系(见图4)。凭借操作简便性与经济优势,机械搅拌法已应用于镁合金半固态浆料的工业化制备。
电磁搅拌法是一种基于电磁感应原理的非接触式金属液流控技术(见图5),通过在熔融金属内部施加交变电磁场,诱导产生感应电流与洛伦兹力的耦合作用,从而实现对熔体的定向驱动[35]。该工艺体系具有2方面的核心优势:①可有效维持熔体无氧化加工环境,降低外源性杂质污染;②独特的搅拌机制能够维持镁合金表面氧化膜的完整性,抑制氧化物向熔体内部扩散迁移[36]。作为半固态浆料制备领域的成熟工艺,电磁搅拌技术兼具工艺可靠性与工程适用性优势,在规避机械搅拌法固有缺陷(如熔体污染、设备磨损等)的同时,具有设备结构紧凑且工艺效率高的特点[37]。
随着研究的持续深入,有学者提出球形颗粒源于强制对流条件下液相析出的原生固相颗粒生长,而非机械破碎等机制,即生长控制理论。Ji等[38]基于双螺杆剪切浆料的研究表明,高剪切速率与强湍流条件促使Sn-Pb合金(Pb的质量分数为0.15)的晶体形貌由蔷薇状向等轴状转变,在低剪切速率下,层流中悬浮的颗粒发生旋转且枝晶臂产生弯曲,从而形成玫瑰花状颗粒并持续生长,而当剪切速率增至足够高时,固液界面不断更新,有助于球形颗粒的形成,这一现象与溶质过饱和度的降低相关。Das等[39]利用蒙特卡罗法模拟界面演化机制显示,在低剪切速率下,蔷薇状生长由层流和界面失稳共同驱动,而在高剪切速率下,湍流引发的渗透性流动消除了边界层的溶质富集,提高了界面稳定性,从而促进了球形颗粒的形成。其他学者[31,39-41]的研究也表明,浆料中的固体颗粒形态(见图6)经历了从枝晶结构经蔷薇状中间态向球形结构的转变图中:fi为晶粒形状因子。
除主流理论外,一些学者还提出了其他解释非枝晶组织形成机制的假说。Fan等[42]通过实验提出了“有效持续形核”机制,强对流使晶核球状扩展,该现象源于对流场对温度场与溶质成分场的均匀化调控,进而触发周期性循环,在凝固初期,组织演变则遵循Ostwald熟化机制驱动的粗化规律。张景新团队[43]证实了电磁搅拌条件下“晶粒迁移-混合抑制”耦合机理的存在,该机理通过电磁场引发的熔体剧烈扰动与强制对流,有效提高了异质形核效率,并促进了晶粒多向均衡生长。另有研究者[44-45]提出自由晶核生成机制,认为临界密度的游离晶核通过浓度场叠加可增强固液界面稳定性,从而诱导各向同性生长。基于该自由晶核生成机制,研究者开发了液相线铸造、剪切低温浇注法等新型工艺[46-47],这些方法可在凝固过程中直接诱导近球状晶的形成,无需依赖后续冷却中的枝晶熔断或晶粒增殖机制来生成非枝晶组织。
目前,学术界尚未建立关于半固态浆料非枝晶组织形成机制的统一理论框架。尽管枝晶臂断裂假说难以充分解释枝晶碎片向蔷薇状晶、近球状晶的转变行为,但其在工程应用层面展现出显著价值:该假说表述直观且易于工程转化,可有效指导流变浆料制备工艺的开发。关于塑性弯曲机制的学术争议,其核心焦点在于枝晶臂是否能够发生永久塑性形变。综合本节所引研究成果(见表1)可以看出,各类机制假说并非相互排斥,而是分别从不同角度解释了半固态浆料制备过程中微观组织演变的2个密切联系阶段:晶核的增殖过程与其后续的受限枝晶生长[48]。基于该观点分析相关假说可见,枝晶臂破碎与根部重熔理论有效阐释了形核强化机制,而生长受限机制和其他假说则为后续组织演变提供了更合理的理论支撑。
在金属材料中,镁合金因加工过程中显著的氧化敏感性,其半固态浆料制备面临特殊挑战。触变射铸成形工艺创新性地融合了塑料注射成型与金属半固态加工技术优势,在单一工序中连续完成浆料制备与构件成形,有效解决镁合金氧化问题并显著缩短工艺流程,为大规模工业化生产提供创新解决方案。因此,该工艺不仅可在最终构件力学性能层面与流变压铸、高压压铸等方法进行对比,也可在浆料制备层面,与传统方法就浆料的微观组织参数(如晶粒尺寸及形状因子)进行比对。本节从传统触变成形制浆方法出发,引入触变射铸工艺的基本特性,系统阐述该工艺对传统方法在制浆方面的继承与创新,并重点从晶粒尺寸、形状因子等微观组织特征角度进行对比分析。
应变诱发熔化活化(strain-induced melt activation, SIMA) 技术由Young等[49]首次提出,该技术利用机械储能调控相变以实现显微组织重构,可在显著降低设备成本的同时优化合金组织(见图7)。与其他制浆工艺相比,SIMA法在高固相分数半固态浆料制备中具有优势,是触变成形工艺常用的成熟制浆工艺。
SIMA工艺主要包括2个阶段:第1阶段对铸态合金进行预变形处理,破碎铸态粗大枝晶结构,并在合金内部储存变形应变能;第2阶段为后续的半固态等温处理环节,依托预变形储存的应变能驱动动态再结晶,促使晶粒球化,最终制备得到具备良好触变性的半固态浆料[49]。在动力学层面,释放的应变储能驱动再结晶过程,而界面能主导晶粒球化过程,最终获得组织均匀、晶粒细小的球状显微结构[51]。SIMA工艺具有工艺纯净度高(不会污染浆料、无需添加晶粒细化剂)、设备兼容性强(可利用常规热机械加工设备)、固相分数可控性优异(可通过温度参数调节)及经济性优越等优势,是一种可自动化的半固态制浆工艺。
SIMA工艺的核心机理在于通过引入临界应变能实现铸态组织重构。该机理使得工艺路径得以简化:省略冷变形环节,仅需在再结晶温度以上实施大应变热加工变形,随后进行半固态重熔即可获得球状组织。后续发展的再结晶重熔(recrystallisation and partial melting, RAP)法及新SIMA法等,本质上均属于SIMA法体系的工艺改良。
RAP法由谢菲尔德大学Kirkwood团队[52]提出。该方法借鉴了SIMA法的基本原理,但通过在亚再结晶温度以下实施预先温变形,利用回复再结晶过程引入应变能;同时,通过协同调控等温参数(如温度与保温时间),优化了组织球化效率,降低了能耗,并简化了工艺流程[53]。Jiang等[54]对比了RAP与SIMA法处理7075铝合金的效果,发现2种方法均涉及晶粒合并生长与Ostwald熟化的协同作用,但RAP的起始球化温度更低(仅为590℃,SIMA法需达到600℃),球化效果更显著,所得晶粒也相对更粗大。
然而,由于镁合金的密排六方结构塑性变形能力较差,传统SIMA法应用于镁合金时常导致晶粒细化不足和球化效果欠佳[5]。针对此问题,哈尔滨工业大学罗守靖、姜巨福[55-57]等提出了改进型SIMA法,即新SIMA法,其核心创新在于将剧烈塑性变形技术与传统SIMA方案相整合[58-59]。图8展示了该方法制备的浆料显微组织。镁合金经过等径角挤压(equal channel angular pressing, ECAE)预变形,局部重熔后可获得理想的半固态浆料。新SIMA工艺中,随着等温温度提高,浆料固相分数降低,固相颗粒粗化和球化速率提高;随着等温时间延长,浆料固相分数逐渐降低,固相颗粒尺寸增大。该工艺有效实现了微观组织的细化与球化程度的提升[60-61]。
与传统SIMA法制备的浆料相比,新SIMA法制备的浆料中,固相颗粒显著细化。随着保温时间的延长,组织遵循Ostwald熟化机制发生粗化,晶粒尺寸呈现先增大后减小的变化趋势,形状因子趋近于1[63-64]。然而,新SIMA法仍面临一定局限性,如ECAE、多向锻造等预变形工艺存在成本高、效率低的问题,限制了该技术在大规模工业化生产中的应用。综上所述,新SIMA法可被视为一种有潜力的优化工艺,用于制备高性能镁合金半固态浆料[55]。
触变射铸作为半固态金属加工领域的革新性工艺,其创新性在于将浆料制备与成形工艺进行全流程集成化设计,显著提升了工艺兼容性与过程稳定性[65]。该工艺采用经机械破碎或快速凝固工艺预处理的专用镁合金颗粒作为原材料,依托精密温度场调控系统,在模具浇口区精确维持半固态浆料的流变状态,使其固相分数可在较宽范围内灵活调控。
相较于传统半固态加工中浆料制备与成形工序分离的模式,触变射铸工艺的原位浆料制备与同步成形一体化协同机制,不仅有效避免了浆料转移环节可能引发的热力学不稳定性和氧化污染风险,还赋予最终制件极低的孔隙率特征,并通过优化微观组织均匀性显著提升了镁合金压铸件的综合力学性能[2,66-67]。
如图9所示,镁合金触变射铸设备的运行流程如下:常温镁合金颗粒或加工碎料经计量装置输送至温控料筒后端。料筒采用多区段温度控制,通常通过安装于料筒外侧的红外加热装置实现。金属碎屑在料筒中受热并经历超耐热高强材质螺杆剪切处理,达到精确控制的半固态相。初始阶段,金属浆料中的固相组分呈不规则几何形态;在螺杆旋转产生的机械剪切力作用下,这些组分经历连续的颗粒间相互作用,最终形成几何形态均匀的球形颗粒。这种颗粒形态的优化显著改善了浆料的流变特性,尤其是流动性能。最终,经处理的浆料经过自密封喷嘴加压注射进入模具型腔,实现零件的近净成形[8,18,68]。
Zhang等[48]研究了AZ91D镁合金触变射铸过程中的微观结构与工艺参数之间的关联机制。触变注射成形工艺的关键参数包括料筒温度、螺杆转速、注射速度及模具温度,这些参数显著影响半固态浆料的充型行为与凝固过程,并直接决定最终制件的质量与力学性能,实验结果表明,随着料筒温度的升高,固相颗粒尺寸呈现减小趋势,但其形态特征基本保持不变,这种颗粒尺寸的细化效应与形态均匀性的提升均与螺杆转速呈正相关,该现象主要源于溶质传输动力学的增强效应,研究进一步证实,较低的注射速度和模具温度通过促进快速散热过程主导微观结构的细化。
值得注意的是,不合理的工艺参数组合也会导致触变注射成形制件出现缩孔、气孔、撕裂等缺陷[71-73]。具体而言,高固相分数浆料在较低温度下注射时易产生更多缩孔;而在较高注射速度下成形时,固相分数较高的浆料会出现更多气孔,固相分数较低的浆料则容易出现撕裂缺陷。
以AZ91D镁合金在机械加工切削处理前后为例(见图10),在切削过程中,合金因刀面的挤压和摩擦作用而发生显著变形。随着应力的增加,变形孪晶的数量上升;在合金的显微组织中,晶界因切削力作用而发生断裂,导致Mg17Al12相在晶界区域被挤压并破碎,触变射铸工艺通过此过程向切削镁合金中引入了变形能。该工艺在制浆层面与传统的触变加工工艺存在一定的继承性,但其创新性地在同一工序中完成浆料制备与构件成形,使其能够获得组织更均匀、晶粒更细小的球状显微结构。
要实现组织与性能的精准关联,必须对微观组织的几何特征进行系统解析与量化表征。在半固态构件显微分析中,区别于传统铸件的枝晶臂间距测量方法,其关键评价指标[75]包含表征固相晶粒尺寸的等效直径d、反映形貌复杂度的形状因子Fs,公式为
$ d=\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \sqrt{\frac{4 A_{i}}{{\text{π}}}} $
$ F_{\mathrm{s}}=\frac{1}{N} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \frac{P_{i}^{2}}{4 {\text{π}} A_{i}} $
式中: $ {A}_{i} $为颗粒i的面积;N为颗粒数量;$ {P}_{i} $为颗粒i的周长。
固相的形态及尺寸等参数对浆料质量具有决定性影响,当平均晶粒尺寸优化至100 μm以下时,半固态浆料可获得满足流变成形要求的优异流变特性[76]。表2对比了触变射铸与传统半固态制浆法的固相晶粒尺寸及形状因子的指标。
相较于多数工程材料,镁合金具有较高的Hall-Petch系数值,表明其力学性能对晶粒尺寸的变化更为敏感;因此,开展镁合金晶粒细化工艺研究具有重要的应用价值[97-98]。表2所示数据表明,触变射铸工艺制备的构件具有晶粒尺寸细小且球化程度高(形状因子趋近于1)的微观组织,这一显微特性是该技术能够成功制备具有复杂几何结构及薄壁特征的高性能铸件的关键因素。
基于触变射铸工艺所诱发的独特微观组织演变,通过该工艺制备的镁合金在晶粒尺寸上相较于传统铸造产品显著细化,综合性能也得到明显提升。这种改善不仅体现在显微组织和力学性能方面,还在耐腐蚀性能、疲劳寿命及蠕变性能等多个维度指标上均有显著表现[20]。在当前的工业领域应用中,镁铝系商业镁合金仍占据主导地位。该类合金具备较宽的半固态温度区间、良好的充型能力、适中的强度及可接受的耐腐蚀性能[87]。其中,AZ91D和AM60B是目前应用最为成熟的2种半固态成形镁合金材料。
如前文所述,与当前成熟的镁合金高压压铸相比,触变射铸镁合金凭借其抑制卷气的层流充型模式和优良的充型能力,形成了致密均匀的微观组织结构,有效消除了皮下气孔和密集缩孔缩松等缺陷。这一特点使得该工艺所制备的构件能够通过固溶时效热处理进一步显著提升力学性能[15]。近年来,为克服传统压铸工艺的局限性,发展出了如真空压铸、充氧压铸等特殊工艺,但这些方法仍普遍存在设备投入高、过程控制复杂和生产效率偏低等问题[99-100]。本节以AZ系和AM系镁合金为主要研究对象,以成熟的高压压铸工艺为主要参考对象,系统分析触变射铸工艺对镁合金组织与性能的影响及其内在机制,并对当前适用于该工艺的新型镁合金体系的学术研究进展进行综述。
基于触变射铸工艺的独特属性,该工艺能够获得比传统铸造工艺更细小的晶粒尺寸,同时相较于高压压铸具有更低的孔隙率。此外,触变射铸成形件不会出现类似挤压或锻造成形件中常见的晶体学织构[101]。在触变射铸工艺的商业应用中,AZ系镁合金应用最为广泛。其中,AZ91D作为典型代表,凭借其卓越的铸造性能、力学特性、可以接受的耐蚀性,以及高达171℃的凝固范围和显著较低的液相线,展现出优异的半固态成形性能[87,102]。
Okayasu和Fukui[20]分析了触变射铸技术制备的AZ91合金的力学性能与断裂机制,并与冷室压铸(cold-chamber die-casting, CD)及热室压铸(hot-chamber die-casting, HD)试样进行对比。显微组织表征如图11所示,3类铸造试样的相组成均以α-Mg基体相和共晶Mg17Al12相为主。然而,触变射铸试样展现出显著不同的晶粒形貌:其α-Mg晶粒呈现均匀分布的细小球状特征,平均晶粒尺寸约为10.5 μm;相比之下,热室压铸和冷室压铸试样的晶粒尺寸分别较触变射铸试样增大了70%和20%以上。背向散射电子衍射技术(electron back scatter diffraction, EBSD)反极图分析表明,晶格呈随机取向,但局部区域显示晶体学排列的一致性,即多晶粒聚集成大晶团。力学结果表明,触变射铸试样获得了279 MPa的极限抗拉强度和192 MPa的屈服强度,较冷室压铸试样分别提升约10%,展现出显著的力学性能优势。
在结构应用方面,当铝元素质量分数处于0.05~0.06范围时,AM系镁合金的强度与延展性实现最佳平衡。因此,相较于AZ系镁合金,AM系镁合金具有更优异的塑性变形能力[103-104]。Song等[105]通过拉伸试验系统研究了高压压铸制备的AM50合金的断裂机制,发现裂纹主要萌生于显微组织内部存在的缩松缺陷及微孔隙富集区域。基于Jiang等[63]对铸态AM60镁合金的微观组织表征结果显示,其由平均晶粒尺寸达320 μm的粗大枝晶组成;类似的组织特征在AM50A合金中同样存在(见图12(a))[106]。作为对比,Anthony等[107]利用扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscope, SEM)背散射电子(back scattered electron, BSE)成像技术研究了触变射铸AM60的微观结构特征(见图12(b))。在BSE图像中,α-Mg基体呈现最暗的灰度强度,而晶界附近可清晰分辨的富铝区域则表现为较亮区域,灰度强度最高的颗粒对应于富锰金属间化合物。
由于采用触变射铸成形的镁合金可通过固溶时效热处理进一步显著提升力学性能,目前已有大量研究致力于解析镁铝合金在不同热处理条件下的相变机制。固溶处理时,β-Mg17Al12金属间化合物在α-Mg基体中发生固溶溶解,形成过饱和固溶体,随后的时效处理则促使亚稳态β相粒子从过饱和基体中析出[108]。太原理工大学的Yang等[79]对比了触变射铸和高压压铸2种成形方式对AZ91D合金中Mg17Al12析出动力学的影响,发现触变射铸成形样品的时效动力学明显快于高压压铸样品,在216℃时效时,峰时效时间由12 h显著缩短至5 h。
Czerwinski等[67]研究了采用触变射铸工艺制备的AZ91D镁合金,其中,未熔化的固相比例在5%~60%之间,随着初生固相含量从5%增加至43%,共晶区α-Mg晶粒尺寸由10 μm细化至5 μm,拉伸性能测试表明,当初生固相含量低于20%时,合金抗拉强度和延伸率分别稳定在240 MPa和4.5%的水平,当初生固相含量超过20%后,力学性能呈现持续下降趋势。透射电子显微镜(transmission electron microscopy, TEM)图像表征(见图13)显示,当初生固相分数由5%增加至43%时,显微组织的位错密度明显提升,共晶组织相比低固相分数条件下更为细密,部分α-Mg晶粒尺寸仅1 μm。该研究指出,在高初生固相含量条件下,初生固相颗粒与共晶基体间的界面特性是决定触变射铸AZ91D合金力学性能的关键因素。值得注意的是,大尺寸Mg17Al12相也是镁铝系合金主要的裂纹源和重要的裂纹扩展路径。因此,Mg17Al12化合物的尺寸、分布和含量将显著影响材料的力学性能[109]。
表3系统对比分析了国内外采用触变射铸技术制备的镁铝系镁合金的性能参数,并与传统高压压铸及其他半固态成形工艺进行了性能对比。由于AZ91D合金中铝元素质量分数较高(约0.09),其Mg17Al12相含量较多,因而表现出更高的屈服强度,但延伸率略低于AM60B合金,后者含有更多初生α-Mg相和较少的硬脆金属间化合物Mg17Al12相。实验结果表明,与传统铸造技术及其他半固态成形工艺相比,触变射铸镁合金在综合力学性能方面具备显著优势。
镁合金的腐蚀行为显著受其显微组织的影响,当基体中的合金元素分布较为均匀时,耐蚀性能得以提升。此外,晶粒尺寸的差异同样对腐蚀速率产生重要影响。研究针对AZ91合金的不同晶粒尺寸表明,腐蚀速率随着晶粒尺寸的减小而降低[121]。触变射铸工艺获得的致密、偏析较少且更细小的微观结构,有利于提升镁合金的耐腐蚀性。
Zander等[122]将高压压铸、双辊铸造(twin-roll casting, TRC)与触变射铸制备的AZ91D镁合金样品在5×10−4 mol/L NaCl溶液中浸泡约4.5天,以测试不同工艺下镁合金的耐腐蚀性能,结果如图14所示,与双辊铸造试样表面整体因腐蚀显著变色及高压压铸试样发生丝状腐蚀不同,触变射铸试样仅呈现轻微局部腐蚀特征,腐蚀试样横截面的SEM腐蚀形貌分析结果显示,双辊铸造材料发生平均深度约为10 μm的均匀腐蚀,高压压铸材料表现为平均渗透深度达30 μm的高度局部化腐蚀,相比之下,触变射铸材料仅显示可忽略的腐蚀损伤,平均渗透深度约为2 μm。该结果表明,触变射铸工艺可有效提升镁合金的耐腐蚀性能。
在实际工程应用中,由疲劳引起的损伤累积及其引发的金属材料灾难性破坏是导致构件失效的主要机制之一。据统计,在安全关键型工程结构中,超过90%的构件失效可归因于疲劳行为。因此,疲劳抗力已成为衡量材料力学性能的一个关键指标[123]。触变射铸镁合金具有独特的微观组织和极低的孔隙率,因而其疲劳性能优于传统铸造工艺制备的镁合金。
Patel等[124]对触变射铸工艺制备的AM60B镁合金进行研究发现,在应变速率为1×10−2 s−1下进行测试,其极限抗拉强度为234 MPa,屈服强度为141 MPa,并且延伸率为9.1%,同时还评估了触变射铸AM60B镁合金的疲劳性能,如图15所示,相较于因存在强织构而导致滞回曲线高度不对称的挤压镁合金,触变射铸镁合金呈现几乎对称的滞回曲线,这一特征使得触变射铸AM60B在较低应变幅(0.2%~0.4%)下表现出更优的疲劳性能,此外,触变射铸合金的低气孔率,显著减小了实验数据的离散性。该研究者还在其他研究中指出[125],在低应变幅条件下,半固态成形的AZ91D和AM60B合金的疲劳寿命明显高于高压压铸制备的对应合金,这主要归因于其气孔缺陷尺寸相对较小。
半固态镁合金体系的研究与应用目前主要集中于高Al元素含量的合金体系[66,101]。然而,此类合金存在若干瓶颈问题,难以满足工业界对轻量化金属日益增长的综合性能需求。其主要局限性体现在2方面:①时效硬化响应不足。镁合金中的刚性金属间化合物相通过直接强化机制及改善成形性能来提升其力学性能,其强化效果高度依赖于颗粒的形貌特征,包括尺寸、与基体晶粒的晶体学取向关系及空间分布规律。通常,细小弥散沉淀相主要提升材料强度,而粗大颗粒则更侧重于抑制变形过程中的织构演变。然而,高Al元素含量镁铝合金中的Mg17Al12析出相,因其与基体间的共格界面结构及其宏观尺寸特征(通常呈粗大晶粒形貌且相分布密度较低),显著制约了合金的时效硬化响应,导致其强度提升幅度普遍低于30 MPa[126]。②高温蠕变抗力低。研究指出,Mg17Al12相熔点较低,在高温下易发生粗化并促进晶界滑移,这一机制导致现有商用镁铝合金普遍存在蠕变抗力不足的问题[127]。为突破现有技术瓶颈并推动触变射铸工艺的更广泛应用,开发适用于该工艺且兼具优异综合性能的新型镁合金材料已成为本领域的重要研究方向。
在镁铝基合金体系中引入Ca元素,不仅显著增强了材料的抗氧化性、阻燃特性及耐腐蚀能力,还能有效抑制凝固过程中亚稳态Mg17Al12(A12)相的析出现象。尤为值得注意的是,该合金体系(见图16)在铸态及热处理状态下均呈现出独特的相结构演变特征,形成了包含Mg2Ca(C14)、(Mg,Al)2Ca(C36)及Al2Ca(C15)等含钙金属间化合物的新型显微组织。这些化合物具有高热稳定性和高熔点,可显著增强镁合金在高温环境下的抗拉强度与抗蠕变性能[128]。
Tsukeda等[129]通过系统研究揭示了Mg-Al-Ca合金在触变射铸过程中的组织演化规律及其力学性能特征,研究表明,该合金的典型微观结构由等轴状初生α-Mg固溶体晶粒构成,晶界处分布着由共晶α相与Mg17Al12、Al2Ca等金属间化合物共同组成的连续网状结构,这种独特的显微组织特征可显著增强合金的力学性能。但需要指出,过量钙添加会因脆性相数量增加导致延伸率呈现显著下降趋势。
除碱土金属钙外,稀土元素(rare-earth element, RE)也被证明是改善镁合金性能的有效途径。添加稀土元素可通过调控微观组织结构改善材料特性,从而有效提升镁合金综合性能[130]。Suzuki等[131]系统研究了稀土元素对触变成形Mg-Al-Ca合金的影响机制,发现稀土元素的引入可促进α-Mg基体中纳米级析出相的形成,且这些析出相的特征参数(数量密度与尺寸分布)受热处理工艺参数的影响。适量稀土元素既可保持晶界连续网状结构特征,又能显著增强材料在蠕变过程中的微观组织稳定性。但需注意的是,过量添加会导致蠕变强度出现显著劣化现象,该现象主要源于Al-RE金属间化合物粗化引起的晶界覆盖度下降。在另一项研究中,Cai等[132]研究了冷却速率和稀土元素(Ce、Y、Gd)对AZ91合金中Mg17Al12相的影响,实验结果如图17所示,冷却速率主要调控金属间化合物的形貌特征及其空间分布状态,但对第二相体积分数无明显调控作用,稀土元素的添加不仅能显著抑制β相形成,还可促进显微组织细化,其中,Ce元素对β相体积分数的抑制作用最为显著。
当前,针对适用于半固态触变射铸成形工艺的新型镁合金(如低合金化镁合金、镁稀土合金等)的公开研究报道还相对匮乏。随着材料基因工程的快速发展,基于高通量计算、高通量实验、材料数据库及机器学习辅助成分优化的集成研发模式,有望为开发适用于该工艺的新型镁合金提供新途径,推动此类新型镁合金在复杂结构部件制造中的规模化产业化应用[133]。
Thixomolding®技术由美国陶氏化学公司于20世纪80年代首次应用于工业生产。1991年,陶氏化学公司为此技术申请了美国专利并成立Thixomat公司,以“Thixomolding®”为商标名称,协同日本制钢所(Japan Steel Works, JSW) 推进该工艺的商业化应用,实现了镁合金半固态触变射铸成形技术较为成熟的工业化应用[8,15,134-135]。
半固态成形设备的核心技术突破主要于2000—2010年间在日本完成。期间,JSW公司相继推出第二代和第三代改进机型,确立了其在该领域的技术主导优势[136]。截至2016年,中国大陆地区配置的半固态成形设备总数约为170台套。从设备参数分布看,锁模力为650 t级的机型占据市场主导地位,在国内外市场均保持约80%的装机占比。
在21世纪20年代之前,中国国内的镁合金触变射铸设备主要应用于生产3C行业的具有薄壁结构的零部件,特别是笔记本外壳等零件[135]。自2020年以来,受碳中和战略推进、新能源汽车轻量化需求迫切及镁价阶段性回调等多重因素驱动,镁合金替代铝合金构件的研究已成为材料工程领域的重要课题。然而,彼时的镁合金半固态触变射铸设备仍存在锁模力吨位较低和熔体注射量有限等固有缺陷,在汽车结构件制造领域,特别是大型部件制造方面,远不能满足产业界的工艺要求。因此,高压压铸至今仍是制造车辆零部件的主流工艺[137]。为应对产业界的需求和工艺要求的挑战,一些国内外的触变射铸成形设备制造商着手研发大吨位的成形设备,陆续推出3000~4000 t级别锁模力的设备解决方案,其成形能力可满足长度达2 m的大型零件生产需求[138]。设备相关参数如表4及图18所示。
近年来,镁合金半固态触变射铸成形技术在大型化设备研发方面取得了显著进展。国内设备制造商通过持续攻克多项关键技术。例如,伊之密在料管组采用特殊的耐高温钢材和热处理工艺,使其能够耐受高达650℃的高温,使用寿命可达40万次;伯乐智能为成形设备配备了螺杆直径170 mm、长度超过4 m的超耐热高强材质螺杆,Co、Mo元素质量分数达0.14以上,能够在650℃以上的高温环境中长期稳定运行。这些关键技术的突破为大型设备的研发提供了支撑,目前多家公司已推出下一代5000 t级以上大型成形设备方案[70,140,143]。该技术体系为新能源汽车及消费电子领域大尺寸镁合金构件的制造提供了创新工艺路径,其典型应用场景涵盖车身轻量化组件(如多联屏背板、车内门板及仪表板骨架)及三电系统核心结构件(如驱动电机壳体、电池箱体及电控箱)[138]。此外,基于高压压铸设备的广泛应用背景,力劲公司开发了TPI镁合金半固态模组,该模组能够将传统压铸机改造为半固态触变铸造系统。这一创新使得镁合金压铸生产商能够在不更换现有设备的前提下,灵活切换高压压铸与半固态压铸工艺。具体而言,高压压铸与半固态压铸之间的转换可在8 h内完成,而不同镁合金(如从AZ91到AM60)的切换仅需1 h。通过这种低成本升级方式,原有压铸机可转型为高效的半固态触变铸造设备,从而优化资源利用并降低投资负担[144]。
总体而言,工艺设备的持续迭代升级,不仅有力推动了触变射铸技术在镁合金复杂薄壁构件批量化生产中的工程化应用,更为其未来拓展至大型车身结构件、车内结构件等应用领域奠定了坚实基础[136,140]。
与成熟且应用广泛的压铸工艺相比,触变射铸成形的镁合金在实际生产中的优势主要体现在以下3个方面:①触变射铸成形的零部件具有更低的孔隙率和更优异的综合性能;②在能耗方面,由于触变射铸工艺的热熔温度较压铸工艺低80℃,无需一次性熔炼几百公斤镁合金原料,也无需保温,能耗降低60%,同时减小了对模具的热冲击,使模具寿命可延长2~4倍;③工艺生产流程更为简化,得益于良好的充型性能,近净成形制件仅需简单少量的机械加工即可完成生产[145]。这些优势共同使得镁合金触变射铸技术在近年来展现出广阔的市场前景。
触变射铸工艺杰出的薄壁成形能力(0.5~1 mm),以及其固态加工特性带来的能效与安全性优势,使其在3C领域具有独特适用性[82]。对于笔记本电脑面板、盖板等对表面光洁度与尺寸精度具有严苛要求的外观组件,触变射铸技术已成为成熟的工业化解决方案;该技术不仅突破了传统工艺对镁合金壁厚的限制,更能通过精确的温控系统与流变学参数优化,稳定实现高良品率的生产目标[146]。值得注意的是,该技术的应用已扩展至功能性结构件制造领域(见图19)。在游戏机壳体、医疗显示设备防护罩、人机交互界面组件(如鼠标、键盘)等典型产品中,该技术成功实现了复杂曲面构型的精密成形与薄壁加强筋的一体化铸造,显著提升了结构效率和空间利用率,为移动终端设备的微型化与轻量化设计提供了重要的技术支撑。
除3C领域外,镁合金触变射铸技术的应用范围正逐步拓展至多元化民用消费品领域,为产品轻量化提供了创新解决方案。如图20所示,以户外运动设施为例,其服役环境复杂:一方面,需承受高强度机械载荷及严苛环境条件;另一方面,受限于其复杂薄壁构件的结构特点。传统镁合金加工工艺因难以兼顾高力学性能要求与复杂结构成形需求而面临应用瓶颈。相比之下,触变射铸技术不仅成功实现了构件的轻量化设计目标,更通过改善材料微观组织结构显著提升了关键部件的服役可靠性。此外,该技术特有的近净成形特性显著提高了材料利用率,在降低生产成本的同时契合绿色制造理念。
近年来,汽车工业正逐步成为镁合金半固态触变射铸技术的重要应用领域。在新能源汽车车体轻量化需求的驱动下,市场对镁合金构件在车辆轻量化解决方案中的需求呈现显著增长态势[5]。该工艺在制备具有复杂几何构型的部件方面展现出独特优势,尤其适用于薄壁件和高精度零部件的批量化生产。典型应用案例如图21所示,包括方向盘骨架、中控仪表盘支架等。当前,成形设备性能与工艺控制体系的持续优化正推动产业升级,国内主要结构件供应商正加速实施跨行业产能转移战略,逐步将其业务从消费电子领域延伸至汽车供应链体系。
基于大型成形设备的技术突破,镁合金半固态触变射铸技术显著突破了传统工艺的性能极限,其应用范围逐步拓展至汽车关键结构部件制造领域(部分产品如图22所示)。依托该技术革新,目前已成功制备出一系列创新构件,包括电驱系统外壳、大尺寸镁合金轮毂、一体式副车架、减震塔总成及仪表板横梁支架等[143]。
相较于传统压铸工艺,镁合金触变射铸成形技术能够实现近净成形结构件,显著提高材料利用率并延长模具寿命。尤为关键的是,该工艺制备的构件具有晶粒细小、孔隙率低、可靠性高的微观组织特征。这一显微组织特性使该技术能够成功制备具有复杂几何结构及薄壁特征的高性能铸件,进而在3C产品外壳、汽车显示背板等精密构件制造中形成差异化竞争优势,并逐步向汽车底盘结构件等关键安全部件领域拓展。
1) 在基础研究层面,学者们已系统揭示了镁合金半固态浆料中非枝晶微观结构的演变机制。研究表明,获得高质量浆料的关键在于精确控制合金熔体的冷却速率和流动状态。尽管关于枝晶破碎与球形颗粒形成的机理仍存在学术争议,现有理论框架为浆料制备工艺优化提供了重要指导。实验数据表明,触变射铸组织的形态均匀性(呈现球状或蔷薇状特征)与浆料流变性能及最终铸件力学性能呈显著正相关。以AZ/AM系合金为例,其室温拉伸性能持续优于传统加工工艺制备的制品。然而,针对含稀土镁合金等新型合金体系在触变射铸工艺下的浆料制备行为、晶粒细化机理及强化机制等方面的系统性研究数据仍显不足。
2) 从工业应用的技术经济性角度考量,触变射铸成形设备的开发需要统筹协调生产效率、质量稳定性与成本效益的动态平衡。当前,中国在大型化设备研制方面虽已取得阶段性突破,但产业化进程中仍面临着工艺标准化体系不完善、缺陷形成机制不明确及规模化成本控制等关键瓶颈问题。针对大注射量镁合金半固态触变射铸工艺的研究仍处于技术攻关阶段,其核心科学问题集中于以下方面的突破:如何构建固相体积分数的高精度动态调控机制;建立微观组织均匀性的多尺度工艺调控体系;揭示凝固缺陷的跨尺度形成与演化机制;系统研究成形过程中多物理场耦合作用机制并协同优化工艺参数。这些关键问题的解决亟须通过系统性理论探索与技术创新实现协同攻关。
随着全球轻量化需求的持续增长,半固态触变射铸成形技术因其独特的工艺优势,有望成为实现镁合金性能优化与成形缺陷控制的最佳工艺解决方案。未来研究的重点方向应围绕以下核心领域展开:新型镁合金体系开发(涵盖稀土元素合金化与低合金化镁合金);半固态浆料球状晶显微组织演化机理的系统阐释;突破传统机械粉碎制浆模式的创新工艺研发;基于材料基因工程的多物理场耦合数值模拟与人工智能预测模型的工艺优化体系构建。需特别指出,尽管新型半固态触变射铸镁合金的设计、制备及其成形相关基础研究尚处于起步阶段,但通过整合高通量计算模拟与机器学习驱动的合金成分优化策略,并结合我国在半固态触变射铸设备自主化研发与大型化制备方面的技术积累,可显著推进镁合金复杂构件近净成形工艺的产业化进程,从而为交通设施轻量化战略的实施提供有力的技术支撑。

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Yzweekly. <styled-content style-type="number"> 4000 </styled-content>-ton ultra-large-scale magnesium alloy semi-solid injection molding machine[EB/OL]. (2024-05-23) [2025-08-02]. https://www.yzweekly.com/cd2016/9144.htm(in Chinese).
2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0584
  • 接收时间:2025-08-21
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2025-08-21
  • 录用日期:2025-10-10
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    1哈尔滨工业大学 材料科学与工程学院,哈尔滨 150001
    2哈尔滨工业大学 精密热成形全国重点实验室,哈尔滨 150001
    3哈尔滨工业大学 机电工程学院,哈尔滨 150001

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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