Article(id=1322941291016893213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0799, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1730908800000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-07, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1736438400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-01-10, onlineDate=1793343382838, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343382838, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343382838, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343382838, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3426, endPage=3436, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941291218219806, articleId=1322941291016893213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=On-orbit life re-evaluation technology and prospects for electromechanical products in response to demand for China Space Station lifespan extension, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

This paper systematically reviews an on-orbit life re-evaluation technology specifically designed for electromechanical products in response to the urgent need for quantitatively re-evaluating the on-orbit life of electromechanical products amid the lifespan extension of China Space Station. It does this by drawing on successful experiences from International Space Station lifetime evaluations and extensions as well as methods used during the development phase of China Space Station. Furthermore, we present technical development trends and offer pertinent recommendations. The suggested technology falls into two main categories: those that combine on-orbit and ground telemetry data and those that are mostly based on ground test data. It encompasses 9 specific techniques, among which are the traditional correction of lifetime evaluation outcomes, the re-evaluation of lifetime tests factoring in both integrated operations and degradation effects, complex dynamic profile re-design for lifetime tests, multi-level accelerated lifetime testing and evaluation, the re-evaluation of lifetime in integrated irradiation environments, the re-screening and re-evaluation of multi-source data stemming from both ground and space, intelligent fault diagnosis and degradation prediction, lifetime evaluation leveraging transfer learning between ground and on-orbit telemetry data, and the re-evaluation of lifetime based on on-orbit testing. This technology embodies innovative considerations and concepts for the re-evaluation of electromechanical product lifetimes as the China Space Station embarks on its protracted on-orbit operational phase. It stands poised to bolster the long-term and systematic endeavor aimed at extending the operational lifespan of the China Space Station.

, authors=Shouqing HUANG1, 2, Qiaoli XIA3, Shu XU1, 2, *, Yifang YU1, 2, Shouwen LIU1, 2, Zhaolin ZHANG1, 2, authorsList=Shouqing HUANG, Qiaoli XIA, Shu XU, Yifang YU, Shouwen LIU, Zhaolin ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shu XU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941294833709879, articleId=1322941291016893213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=中国空间站延寿需求下机电产品在轨寿命再评估技术与展望, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对中国空间站延寿对准确定量开展机电产品在轨寿命再评估的迫切需求,在借鉴国际空间站寿命评估与延寿成功经验和中国空间站研制阶段寿命评估技术的基础上,较为系统地综述了空间站延寿需求下机电产品在轨寿命再评估技术,并给出了技术发展趋势和建议。该技术包括以地面试验数据为主和综合天地数据两类,涵盖寿命评估结果常规修正、综合动作和退化效应的寿命试验再评估、寿命试验复杂动态剖面再设计、多层级加速寿命试验与评估、综合辐照环境下寿命再评估、天地多源数据再筛选和寿命再评估、智能故障诊断和退化预测、基于天地数据迁移学习的寿命评估、基于在轨试验的寿命再评估9项具体技术。研究体现了中国空间站进入长期在轨运营阶段后,对机电产品寿命再评估工作的新思考和新理念,将服务中国空间站延寿这一长期的系统工程。

, authors=黄首清1, 2, 夏侨丽3, 许庶1, 2, *, 余溢方1, 2, 刘守文1, 2, 张兆霖1, 2, authorsList=黄首清, 夏侨丽, 许庶, 余溢方, 刘守文, 张兆霖, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=许庶, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 北京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版)编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=egi9wYrJey++hHE+N01jMA==, magXml=J2y00VwSo13SMNXk2Q08zQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=TF0eHyYfpXISwmO/Zhfptw==, pdfFileSize=2924178, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=wKTJhmxNLaVv6xsgsWMTkw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=RCxIHusc6MYnyfT4g3yQVw==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941295488021316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941291016893213, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941295580296007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941291016893213, authorId=1322941295488021316, language=EN, stringName=Shouqing HUANG, firstName=Shouqing, middleName=null, lastName=HUANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering,Beijing 100094,China
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中国空间站延寿需求下机电产品在轨寿命再评估技术与展望
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黄首清 1, 2 , 夏侨丽 3 , 许庶 1, 2, * , 余溢方 1, 2 , 刘守文 1, 2 , 张兆霖 1, 2
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3426-3436
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3426 -3436
中国空间站延寿需求下机电产品在轨寿命再评估技术与展望
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黄首清1, 2, 夏侨丽3, 许庶1, 2, * , 余溢方1, 2, 刘守文1, 2, 张兆霖1, 2
作者信息
  • 1北京卫星环境工程研究所,北京 100094
  • 2可靠性与环境工程技术重点实验室,北京 100094
  • 3北京空间飞行器总体设计部,北京 100094
通讯作者:
On-orbit life re-evaluation technology and prospects for electromechanical products in response to demand for China Space Station lifespan extension
Shouqing HUANG1, 2, Qiaoli XIA3, Shu XU1, 2, * , Yifang YU1, 2, Shouwen LIU1, 2, Zhaolin ZHANG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1Beijing Institute of Spacecraft Environment Engineering,Beijing 100094,China
  • 2National Key Laboratory of Reliability and Environmental Engineering Technology,Beijing 100094,China
  • 3Beijing Institute of Spacecraft System Engineering,Beijng 100094,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0799
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针对中国空间站延寿对准确定量开展机电产品在轨寿命再评估的迫切需求,在借鉴国际空间站寿命评估与延寿成功经验和中国空间站研制阶段寿命评估技术的基础上,较为系统地综述了空间站延寿需求下机电产品在轨寿命再评估技术,并给出了技术发展趋势和建议。该技术包括以地面试验数据为主和综合天地数据两类,涵盖寿命评估结果常规修正、综合动作和退化效应的寿命试验再评估、寿命试验复杂动态剖面再设计、多层级加速寿命试验与评估、综合辐照环境下寿命再评估、天地多源数据再筛选和寿命再评估、智能故障诊断和退化预测、基于天地数据迁移学习的寿命评估、基于在轨试验的寿命再评估9项具体技术。研究体现了中国空间站进入长期在轨运营阶段后,对机电产品寿命再评估工作的新思考和新理念,将服务中国空间站延寿这一长期的系统工程。

中国空间站  /  机电产品  /  在轨寿命再评估  /  地面试验数据  /  在轨遥测数据

This paper systematically reviews an on-orbit life re-evaluation technology specifically designed for electromechanical products in response to the urgent need for quantitatively re-evaluating the on-orbit life of electromechanical products amid the lifespan extension of China Space Station. It does this by drawing on successful experiences from International Space Station lifetime evaluations and extensions as well as methods used during the development phase of China Space Station. Furthermore, we present technical development trends and offer pertinent recommendations. The suggested technology falls into two main categories: those that combine on-orbit and ground telemetry data and those that are mostly based on ground test data. It encompasses 9 specific techniques, among which are the traditional correction of lifetime evaluation outcomes, the re-evaluation of lifetime tests factoring in both integrated operations and degradation effects, complex dynamic profile re-design for lifetime tests, multi-level accelerated lifetime testing and evaluation, the re-evaluation of lifetime in integrated irradiation environments, the re-screening and re-evaluation of multi-source data stemming from both ground and space, intelligent fault diagnosis and degradation prediction, lifetime evaluation leveraging transfer learning between ground and on-orbit telemetry data, and the re-evaluation of lifetime based on on-orbit testing. This technology embodies innovative considerations and concepts for the re-evaluation of electromechanical product lifetimes as the China Space Station embarks on its protracted on-orbit operational phase. It stands poised to bolster the long-term and systematic endeavor aimed at extending the operational lifespan of the China Space Station.

China Space Station  /  electromechanical products  /  on-orbit life re-evaluation  /  ground test data  /  on-orbit telemetry data
黄首清, 夏侨丽, 许庶, 余溢方, 刘守文, 张兆霖. 中国空间站延寿需求下机电产品在轨寿命再评估技术与展望. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3426 -3436 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0799
Shouqing HUANG, Qiaoli XIA, Shu XU, Yifang YU, Shouwen LIU, Zhaolin ZHANG. On-orbit life re-evaluation technology and prospects for electromechanical products in response to demand for China Space Station lifespan extension[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3426 -3436 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0799
2022年底,中国空间站全面建成并进入长期在轨运营阶段[1],主要任务为支持航天员乘组长期在轨健康生活、顺利开展各项载荷试验与科学研究。保障空间站平台安全稳定运行并逐步延长使用寿命,是中国空间站发挥国家太空实验室长期效益的基本要求[2]。考虑到长期载人和在轨可维修的鲜明特点[3-4],空间站延寿比其他航天器需求更加突出、技术更加复杂、实施更加慎重[5-6]。 国际空间站自1998年发射首个舱段至今已超过25年,最初设计寿命为15年,历经3次延寿/延寿决策,分别延寿至2020年、2024年和2030年[7]。从国际空间站的运营经验看,准确定量的在轨寿命评估是决策和实施空间站延寿的关键技术和前提,对评估在轨剩余寿命、减少计划外维修、支撑维修决策、规划寿命保障物资意义重大,是空间站运营阶段一项必须长期坚持的系统性工作[8-9]。此外,在轨寿命评估是研制阶段寿命评估工作的延续和拓展,具有典型的“再评估”特点,如国际空间站针对泵、电源、控制力矩陀螺、二氧化碳去除装置、水处理装置等产品,在初始评估的基础上,采用贝叶斯方法常态化更新平均故障间隔时间(mean time between failure, MTBF)和可靠度结果,为国际空间站运维和延寿提供支撑[10]。
机电产品在轨寿命再评估是空间站寿命评估面临的核心问题之一,这也是由机电产品的特点决定的。典型的空间站机电产品包括控制力矩陀螺、机械臂关节、压气机、对日定向装置、驱动机构、热控流体回路泵、风机、尿旋转蒸馏装置、温控阀、舱外电动工具。很多机电产品具有技术复杂、运动工况多、寿命与可靠性要求高的特点[11],在轨长期工作发生老化[12]、疲劳[13]、磨损[14]、蠕变[15]等退化乃至失效的概率较高,还要承受特殊的空间辐射环境[16],直接影响空间站的安全可靠运行。此外,影响空间站机电产品寿命的因素很多,包括产品寿命特性、空间环境、使用条件,对寿命再评估提出重大挑战。考虑到实际工作特点并重点关注耗损型失效,本文不讨论空间站燃料耗尽和空间碎片对机电产品寿命的影响。
直接研究空间站机电产品在轨寿命再评估的文献较少。文献[17-18]聚焦国际空间站在轨失效控制力矩陀螺的事后分析,分析了失效前遥测数据的早期异常征兆,作为反面案例佐证了在轨寿命评估的重要性和可行性。Li等[19]提出基于蒙特卡罗仿真和充足数据支撑下的空间站寿命预测模型。余溢方等[20]基于4种神经网络模型和在轨遥测数据提出空间站流体回路泵智能故障诊断方法。刘凯等[21]提出高加速寿命试验(highly accelerated life test, HALT)-高加速应力筛选(highly accelerated stress screen, HASS)-加速退化试验(accelerated degradation test, ADT)的高加速试验集成方法并建议在空间站有效载荷领域实施。地面寿命试验、加速寿命试验是空间站寿命验证与评估主要的研究手段,且主要针对单机或部件开展,如舱外电动工具[22]、风机轴承[23]、发动机[24]、空间挠性作动器[25]、锁紧装置[26]。基于失效物理的寿命评估方法常用于锂电池[27]、机械部件[28]等物理模型和失效机理较为明确的产品,具有良好的可解释性。近年来,物理信息和数据混合驱动的剩余寿命评估方法[29]受到广泛关注,已应用于发动机、液压活塞泵、电液作动器等多种机电产品,将有助于提升航天器产品寿命评估准确度。
针对其他航天器,寿命评估的研究和实践较为丰富,可为空间站机电产品在轨寿命再评估提供借鉴。杜善亮等[30]提出一种单机-系统分层级、随机失效与性能退化相结合的航天器寿命评估方法。刘志全等[31]在充分调研国内外资料的基础上,提出航天器机构加速寿命试验技术在工程应用中存在的问题和解决思路。朱炜等[32]提出包含寿命分析、寿命设计、寿命试验和寿命评估的航天器寿命工作流程。黄首清等[33-34]设计了加速寿命试验设计与评估软件ALT511,提高试验设计与分析的规范性和效率。Sankararaman等[35]针对航天产品提出基于逆向一次二阶矩模型的剩余寿命预测方法,以量化不确定性并提高预测准确性。
充分的数据支撑是准确开展空间站机电产品在轨寿命再评估的重要基础[10,36],这也是国际空间站寿命评估和延寿的重要经验之一。皇甫素伟等[37]在多个系列航天器的寿命与可靠性数据库支持下,开展了氢镍蓄电池组、太阳电池阵、推力器、数管计算机等航天器产品的寿命与可靠性评估,为开展空间站机电产品在轨寿命再评估提供了有益经验。
综上所述,当前中国空间站机电产品寿命评估和相关研究主要基于研制阶段数据开展。随着不断积累在轨遥测数据、持续推进地面试验研究、逐渐深入对产品寿命特性认识,寿命评估工作和结论将分阶段完善和更新,越来越鲜明地体现“再评估”的特点。本文在充分总结空间站研制阶段机电产品寿命评估技术的基础上,针对天地差异性和产品在轨工作特性,梳理面向延寿的机电产品在轨使用寿命再评估的思路,从以地面试验数据为主和综合天地数据两方面综述了在轨寿命再评估技术,并给出相关技术发展趋势和建议。
如图1所示,中国空间站研制阶段机电产品典型的寿命评估技术包括半定量寿命评估、定量寿命评估、多源数据融合评估、部件-组件两层级寿命试验验证、加速寿命试验评估,以核心舱为例,相关技术应用涉及环控、热控、推进、电源等重要分系统。
本文中半定量寿命评估指不考虑可靠度的寿命评估,可验证机电产品以一定裕度满足寿命指标,但不能给出寿命评估结论成立的概率。一些寿命末期可靠性要求不高的机电产品可采用半定量寿命评估方法,基本思路是将寿命指标乘以试验时间放大倍数作为试验时长。试验时间放大倍数体现满足寿命指标的裕度,一般由工程经验确定,空间站产品通常取1.5。研制阶段,通过寿命试验且未出现失效验证研制阶段寿命指标。空间站机电产品寿命特征量通常为时间、转数、循环数、动作次数等。
本文定量寿命评估指考虑可靠度的寿命评估,可验证机电产品是否以一定概率满足寿命指标,考虑到寿命指标一般为下限值,通常还会约定置信度。机电产品的寿命一般可用威布尔分布来描述,还有一些机电产品的寿命满足指数分布,试验后需进行假设检验进一步确认寿命分布模型。以威布尔分布为例,各试验件试验时长[38]由下式确定:
$ {L}_{\text{R}}={L}_{1}{\left[\frac{\ln \left(1-\gamma \right)}{N\ln {R}_{{\mathrm{L}}}}\right]}^{1/m} $
式中:$ {L}_{\text{R}} $为试验时长;$ {L}_{1} $为寿命指标;γ为置信度;N为试验件数量,一般要求不少于2个;$ {R}_{{\mathrm{L}}} $为寿命末期可靠度下限;m为形状参数,当失效数≥3时通过分析失效数据确定,当失效数<3时取经验值。m的经验值在实际应用中参考值为:新研单机取1.5,改进单机取2,沿用单机取3。通过寿命试验且未出现失效即验证了研制阶段寿命指标。
研制阶段没有在轨数据、寿命试验数据也可能不充分,多源数据融合是解决定量寿命评估数据不足难题的重要手段之一。环境因子折算法、相似产品法、退化外推法、贝叶斯法是空间站研制阶段常用的多源数据融合方法。环境因子折算法指将多类环境试验时长乘以环境因子折算到寿命试验时长中[39],环境因子一般由工程经验确定,如鉴定级热真空试验取13、验收级热真空试验取8、鉴定级随机振动试验取100、验收级随机振动试验取50。考虑到空间站的高可靠性要求,环境因子取值比一般航天器[39]更加保守。相似产品法指利用与待评估产品相似的已有成熟产品的寿命数据来估计待评估产品寿命的方法。相似产品应在结构、性能、任务剖面等方面与待评估产品存在相似性,这样可将相似产品在轨服役时长等寿命数据计入待评估产品寿命试验时长中。退化外推法指通过分析产品在寿命试验中性能参数的变化趋势,来预测未来某个时间点的产品状态或失效时间,可将失效时间(也称作伪寿命)和1次失效分别计入寿命试验总时长和失效数中,更新寿命评估结果。型号中应用的贝叶斯法与经典的贝叶斯模型有区别,主要利用该方法的思想,将试验前可靠性预计数据折算到寿命试验时长中[30,39]。
为解决复杂机电产品验证试验周期长、产能限制无法多子样投入的问题,空间站研制阶段选取决定寿命的关键部件,采取部件-组件两层级寿命试验验证方法。首先,综合寿命分析、危险分析、概率风险分析、故障模式影响分析、故障树分析的结果,识别系统风险点和产品寿命特征,确定关键部件。其次,针对部件层级策划多子样统计试验,验证关键部件的寿命,并积累多子样部件寿命数据。接着,开展组件试验,验证各部件工作的匹配性和整体功能性能指标的符合性。通过多子样部件定量寿命试验与小子样组件性能与半定量寿命试验相结合的策略,实现了验证时机前移,并显著控制了寿命验证成本。空间站控制力矩陀螺、太阳翼、驱动机构等重要产品采用上述技术,与基于统计模型直接开展组件层级定量寿命评估相比,试验成本减少了一个数量级以上,并实现了验证时机前移。
加速寿命试验是快速验证机电产品长寿命指标的重要手段。按照加速应力分类,空间站机电产品研制阶段开展的加速寿命试验主要包括转速加速、动作频次加速、温度加速、负载加速。转速加速产品/部件包括导电环、某敏感器转动装置;动作频次加速产品/部件包括关节、阀门;温度加速产品/部件包括某机构钢丝绳、密封圈;负载加速产品/部件包括风机轴承。从加速应力水平数的角度看,钢丝绳和密封圈等产品/部件开展了多加速应力水平(温度)加速寿命试验并外推正常温度下的寿命,其加速因子为试验后通过计算得到。而有些机电产品受限于研制周期等限制,仅开展了单应力水平加速寿命试验,加速因子在试验前由经验或文献确定。
研制阶段机电产品寿命评估技术对空间站在轨稳定运行发挥了重要作用,初步验证了中国空间站建造完成后至少运行10年的寿命指标[1]。但由于研制时间和数据有限,以及认知局限性,面向20年乃至30年延寿应用需求,针对天地差异性、在轨遥测数据持续补充、在轨飞行状态信息和经验不断积累等新情况,未来还需要在失效机理代表性、数据完备性、试验条件有效性、数据分析合理性方面开展进一步研究。
中国空间站在轨运营阶段应在研制阶段大量寿命评估工作的基础上,充分利用持续增长在轨遥测数据,围绕失效机理代表性、数据完备性、试验条件有效性、数据分析合理性4个方面开展机电产品在轨寿命再评估工作,并应特别注重基础数据积累和分析、退化规律和失效机理研究及创新方法应用。典型的在轨寿命再评估技术及其适用的典型产品如图2所示,以可能对空间站寿命和运行风险产生较大影响的部分重要产品为例,从数据来源角度可将提出的空间站机电产品在轨寿命再评估技术分为以地面试验数据为主和综合天地数据两类,共9项具体技术。例如,对于缺少在轨遥测数据的阀门、密封件、舱外电动工具等产品,其寿命再评估仍以地面数据为主,结合历史试验数据和补充开展的地面试验数据开展寿命再评估;对于流体回路泵、控制力矩陀螺等可监测在轨状态的产品,着重开展综合天地数据的寿命再评估。
1) 1:1寿命试验结果修正。在完成研制阶段寿命指标验证且入轨运行后,一些机电产品地面试验仍在进行,寿命评估结果也应相应更新。对于半定量寿命评估,将最新的试验时长除以试验时间放大倍数即为寿命再评估结果。对于定量寿命评估,以寿命服从威布尔分布为例,将延寿预期寿命指标代入式(1)即可更新试验时长,确定无失效前提下的试验截尾时刻。如果研制阶段试验件状态已发生明显变化,则应投产新的试验件重新开展试验。
此外,考虑到部分试验将做到完全失效,本文给出有失效时寿命评估方法。以威布尔分布为例,再评估可靠寿命$ {t}_{{\mathrm{R}}2} $由下式确定[39]:
$ {t}_{{\mathrm{R}}2}={\left[\begin{aligned}-\frac{2\displaystyle\sum \limits_{i=1}^{N}{{l}}_{i}^{m}\ln {R}_{{\mathrm{L}}}}{\chi _{\gamma }^{2}(2r+2)}\end{aligned}\right]}^{1/m} $
式中:r为失效数;$ {l}_{i} $为第i个试验件试验时长;$ \chi _{\gamma }^{2}(2r+2) $为自由度为$ 2r+2 $的卡方分布下侧$ \gamma $分位数。当失效数≥3时,形状参数m可由极大似然估计法计算。
未出现失效但有稳定退化的试验件,可根据退化建模得到伪寿命值计入试验时长,并等效1次失效,进而根据式(2)计算可靠寿命。
2) 加速寿命试验结果修正。由于缺少正常应力水平的真实遥测数据,研制阶段加速寿命试验确定的正常应力水平常常比较保守,在获得在轨遥测数据后,应对正常应力水平进行修正,进而修正加速因子和加速寿命评估结果,通常会获得更长更真实的寿命评估结果,如图3所示。具体到转速加速、动作频次加速、温度加速、负载加速4类加速寿命试验,根据遥测数据修正正常应力水平下的转速、动作频次、温度、负载,进而修正加速寿命评估结果。
温控阀、电磁阀等机电产品在研制阶段主要验证了动作次数指标,然而,并未充分验证阀芯材料的老化和长期蠕变效应、弹簧部件的长期蠕变效应,可能导致寿命评估结果较为激进。根据温控阀、电磁阀的在轨实际动作频次及介质温度,可设计综合动作和退化效应的寿命试验剖面,典型剖面如图4所示。又如某舱外电动工具约3个月工作1次,单次工作约8 h,在轨舱内长期贮存与短期舱外工作状态交替进行,寿命试验剖面也应尽可能符合实际情况。开关按钮、锂电池等产品也有类似的长期在轨贮存状态,存在按钮弹簧蠕变、锂电池老化的风险。如果老化阶段过长,也可设计加速寿命试验,文献[40]针对空间站开关按钮、锂电池长期在轨贮存、多次短时工作的实际情况,开展了综合动作和退化效应的寿命试验,修正了寿命评估结果。
由于难以确切预知在轨实际环境和工况,研制阶段设计的有些寿命试验剖面做了理想化的简化和剪裁。主要表现在用环境试验剖面代替寿命试验剖面、不符合实际的恒定或稳态应力,这些试验剖面难以充分体现在轨实际环境和工况的典型特征。如航天员出舱活动用的舱外电动工具,研制阶段针对锂电池在放电深度50%条件下进行了1000次循环充放电寿命试验。而出舱活动中锂电池的实际充放电剖面要复杂得多,如图5所示的典型寿命试验剖面,包括恒流充电、恒压充电、待机放电、多次的工作放电。设计这种反映实际在轨复杂动态工况的寿命试验剖面,并充分考虑典型应力类型、应力大小、作用时机、持续时长等要素[42],有助于提高试验有效性。考虑到航天器领域尚无设计寿命试验剖面的专用标准,对于温度应力和电应力,可借鉴GJB 899A—2009附录B[43]的方法设计寿命试验剖面。
该技术在部件-组件两层级寿命试验验证技术的基础上结合加速寿命试验的特点提出。研制阶段加速寿命试验的主要目的是验证寿命指标,而在轨运营阶段开展加速寿命试验还应重点关注退化规律、加速规律及机理,更多体现技术增量和创新。多层级加速寿命试验与评估技术可以很好地满足在轨运营阶段的新要求。如图6所示,多层级加速寿命试验是指根据产品的组成结构和工作原理,在材料、部件和组件多个层级选取有代表性的试验对象开展加速寿命试验。材料级与部件级试验件具有成本低、样本量大的优势,可设计多组加速应力水平开展试验,获得更充分的试验数据,摸清主要失效机理的失效时间分布规律、加速规律和加速因子,从而在组件级以很少的试验件和试验时长代价获得更全面和可信的寿命评估结论,还可为产品设计改进提供直接技术支撑[41]。多层级加速寿命试验与评估是解决小子样长寿命多失效机理空间站产品加速寿命评估难题并有效支撑延寿设计的有效途径之一。
针对空间站部分关键电子产品及机电产品中的电子组件,研制阶段已开展总剂量试验等辐照试验验证寿命。以总剂量试验为例,通常以钴源作为辐照源进行γ射线辐照[44]。然而,真实空间环境包含宽能谱的电子、质子、重离子等多种辐射粒子,单一种类粒子辐照试验及多种粒子辐照串行试验难以模拟不同粒子辐射之间的协同效应[45],可能造成欠试验或过试验,影响寿命评估结论。空间环境模拟技术的进步是解决这一问题的重要手段,2024年正式运行的国家重大基础科技设施“空间环境地面模拟装置”(见图7)具备真空、高低温、宽能谱电子/质子/重离子辐照、高准直太阳及紫外电磁辐照等空间综合环境模拟能力[46],为开展空间站机电产品综合辐照环境下寿命再评估提供了技术支撑。
从数据可信度和价值方面分析,在轨运营阶段可用于产品寿命评估的多源数据可分为4类:第1类是在轨遥测数据,可信度和价值最高;第2类是未加速的地面寿命试验数据,可信度和价值较高;第3类主要包括退化外推数据、加速寿命试验数据和相似产品数据,可信度和价值较低;第4类主要包括环境因子折算数据和可靠性预计数据,可信度和价值最低。在轨运营阶段的寿命再评估应优先用第1类和第2类数据,谨慎使用第3类数据,建议舍弃第4类数据。随着在轨运行时长不断增加,应逐渐增加第1类数据的占比,舍弃第4类数据,并相应减少第3类乃至第2类数据的占比,动态或分阶段地更新寿命再评估结论。
空间站很多机电产品健康状态种类多,且与多个性能参数耦合相关,传统的基于阈值超差和逻辑规则的故障诊断技术在适应性方面难以满足实际应用需求。图8给出一种已在空间站流体回路泵应用的智能故障诊断技术[20],包括输入训练数据集、训练人工智能模型、判断健康状态类型3个步骤。本文训练数据集是表征温度、出口压力、流量、转速多个健康状态参数和健康状态标志(1~6共6种)映射关系典型数据的集合,数据来源于在轨数据、地面试验数据和专家经验数据。通过反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络、粒子群优化的BP(particle swarm optimization-BP,PSO-BP)神经网络、遗传算法优化的BP(genetic algorithm-BP,GA-BP)神经网络、模糊神经网络等人工智能模型学习隐藏在数据背后的映射关系,可以泛化预测训练数据集以外的健康状态参数对应的健康状态。随着在轨运营时间和经验的不断积累,可不断更新和优化训练数据集,获得适应性更强、准确性更高的故障诊断结果。
图8所示故障诊断方法虽然可用于发现早期故障,但在故障预警方面仍存在不足,而退化预测技术可实现剩余寿命预警功能。图9展示了空间站流体回路泵退化预测软件界面,具备导入数据、降噪和特征提取、单特征退化建模与预测、多特征退化建模与预测等功能。基于合适的数据特征、足够的数据时长,辅以必要的数据降噪、数据降维算法,利用合适的退化模型可取得更好的退化预测效果。软件中的退化模型包括线性、抛物线、指数、对数、BP神经网络、高斯回归。
如图10所示,地面数据缺点是不够真实,优点在于传感器多、采样率高、工况多、失效数据多;而在轨遥测数据优点是真实,但传感器少、采样率低、工况少、失效数据少。基于天地数据迁移学习的寿命评估可以充分发挥两类数据优势,利用其关联性和差异性,可有效提高故障诊断、退化预测、寿命评估的效率和准确性。可用于空间站产品天地数据迁移学习的方法[47-49]包括基于参数的迁移学习、基于实例的迁移学习和基于映射的迁移学习。
对于空间站机电产品,以故障诊断场景下应用神经网络模型为例,简要介绍3种天地迁移学习方法。基于参数的迁移学习指重用或部分重用通过地面试验数据预先训练好的神经网络,包括网络参数和结构,将其迁移到用于处理在轨遥测数据的神经网络中。基于实例的迁移学习指将地面数据以一定权重融入在轨数据中,共同构建用于故障诊断的训练数据集。基于映射的迁移学习指将天地数据共同映射到一个新的数据空间,构建训练数据集。经映射后的地面数据更加真实可信,而经映射后的在轨遥测数据更加丰富多样。有条件的情况下,为完善训练数据集,可补充开展注入故障产品的地面试验,以获得多参数、多位置、多工况、多健康状态的高频采样数据,更好地保证天地数据融合的效果。
对于无在轨遥测数据的机电产品及其组件,在轨试验是准确评估在轨寿命的重要技术途径之一,当地面难以真实模拟在轨真实空间环境时更是如此,且空间站本身就是开展在轨工程试验的重要平台[50]。站在寿命评估的角度,空间站在轨试验具有地面试验难以比拟的优势,可实现在轨原位测试、下行试验件、在轨比测、舱外暴露等操作。在轨原位测试可以弥补无在轨遥测数据的不足,并可通过航天员完成较为复杂的在轨测试和分析工作。下行试验件可获得最真实的退化或失效产品,借助地面上先进测试分析设备完成退化或失效分析。在轨比测指在轨完成不同设计、不同工艺、不同工作位置机电产品的对比测试,对比获得退化或寿命数据,给出不同设计、工艺、工作位置寿命优劣的结论。舱外暴露指利用空间站舱外暴露平台或舱外载荷适配器开展产品舱外暴露试验,在真实的空间辐射环境下考核产品寿命。此外,空间多粒子连续能谱综合辐射环境和持续的微重力环境是地面不能真实模拟的,凸显在轨试验的价值。但在轨试验应充分考虑质量、功耗、尺寸、航天员操作、物资和数据上下行、时间、经费等资源需求,以及对空间站可靠性和航天员安全性的影响。
1) 在轨维修和保障有限支持下的寿命动态评估。将在轨维修和保障能力及其影响要素模型化,充分考虑产品维修性设计、天地备品备件情况、航天员维修时机、在轨维修和保障约束等因素的综合作用和动态特性,并融合到寿命评估模型中,实现寿命动态评估,是需要突破的关键技术和重要的发展趋势。由于寿命动态评估技术难度大、模型复杂,还需要面向工程应用进行必要简化,最终形成具有良好可操作性的方法、流程和标准。
2) 在轨原位自主和智能寿命评估。在寿命评估领域,在轨原位自主完成寿命评估,及时发现影响寿命和可靠性的潜在问题很有必要,可支持空间站及时调整运行状态、采取应急措施或更新维护计划,以延长使用寿命。在轨原位自主寿命评估需要基于在轨和历史积累的多源海量数据,并考虑空间环境、任务工况、产品自然退化等多种复杂因素,在大数据和人工智能技术支持下,科学、准确、自主地给出和更新寿命评估结论。
3) 多源数据和失效物理综合驱动的寿命评估。多源数据驱动和失效物理驱动是高度互补的两类寿命评估模型,不断完善两类模型并加强综合应用是重要的技术发展趋势。一方面,要加强失效物理模型和数据驱动模型预测结果的相互校验和修正,使两类模型更加符合实际情况。另一方面,要加强模型融合方法研究,可借助贝叶斯模型、可解释神经网络模型、迁移学习模型等实现两类模型融合。加强跨学科合作和技术创新也是推动这一领域发展的关键。
4) 机电产品空间辐射效应量化认知和预警。在空间站机电产品寿命评估领域,对空间辐射效应的认识远不如对传统的磨损、疲劳等失效机理认识地深入和量化。空间辐射对机电产品的损伤主要作用在材料层级和微观尺度,但影响却表现在单机和宏观层面。此外,空间辐射引起的故障,尤其是单粒子效应等瞬时效应受空间环境的影响很大,如南大西洋异常区上空单粒子事件概率显著高于其他区域。因此,建议加强空间辐射环境对典型机电产品环境效应传递机制、微观缺陷对宏观性能的跨尺度影响机理、空间辐射环境-效应-故障一体化分析和预警等研究。
5) 寿命评估软件工具应用。寿命评估软件工具可为地面试验设计与寿命评估、遥测数据分析、天地数据融合提供重要技术手段,提高分析效率和规范性、方便研制数据管理、降低技术门槛、促进新技术推广应用。此外,实现不同来源、不同类型寿命评估软件工具的数据交互、协同工作和统一管理有利于形成技术合力,支撑全面、准确、及时地开展空间站寿命评估。建议将智能故障诊断和退化预测、天地数据融合相关的寿命评估软件工具或功能集成到中国数字空间站平台,借助数字空间站强大的数字孪生、仿真计算、数据交互和协同工作能力,形成空间站在轨寿命的实时智能评估能力。
在充分借鉴国际空间站寿命评估与延寿成功经验和系统总结中国空间站研制阶段寿命评估技术的基础上,较为系统地综述了空间站延寿需求下机电产品在轨寿命再评估技术,包括总体思路和寿命评估结果常规修正、天地多源数据再筛选和寿命再评估等9项具体技术。体现了中国空间站进入长期在轨运营阶段后,在不断积累在轨遥测数据、持续推进地面试验研究、逐渐深入对产品寿命特性认识背景下,对机电产品寿命再评估工作的新认识和新思考,将服务中国空间站延寿这一长期的系统工程。建议未来加强在轨维修和保障有限支持下的寿命动态评估、在轨原位自主和智能寿命评估、多源数据和失效物理综合驱动的寿命评估、机电产品空间辐射效应量化认知和预警、寿命评估软件工具应用方面的研究和实践。

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2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0799
  • 接收时间:2024-11-07
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-07
  • 录用日期:2025-01-10
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    1北京卫星环境工程研究所,北京 100094
    2可靠性与环境工程技术重点实验室,北京 100094
    3北京空间飞行器总体设计部,北京 100094

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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