Article(id=1322941290731676629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0901, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1767024000000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-30, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1778169600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-05-08, onlineDate=1793343382770, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343382770, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343382770, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343382770, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3298, endPage=3312, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941290974946262, articleId=1322941290731676629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=Research progress on intelligent design of thermal barrier coatings, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The sustained escalation in aero-engine thrust-to-weight ratios and turbine inlet temperatures has established thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) as an indispensable solution for surpassing the intrinsic temperature limits of hot-section components and ensuring their long-term service reliability. Nevertheless, the service response of TBCs involves exceedingly complex thermo-mechanical-chemical (TMC) multi-field coupling and cross-scale damage evolution, which poses severe fundamental challenges to conventional single-scale experimental and analytical methodologies. This review systematically summarizes the advances in conventional and advanced modeling, simulation, and analysis techniques for TBC and further extends the discussion to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The study aims to provide a systematic overview of analysis methods for TBC service behavior and structural optimization strategies for coatings and to promote the implementation of proactive maintenance strategies. The technical methods covered include thermal conductivity modeling, thermal stress simulation, crack propagation analysis, and mechanical behavior studies of TBC systems, which predominantly rely on diverse techniques such as multiscale modeling and finite element analysis. The paper focuses on the use of AI in TBC simulation, including data-driven modeling approaches and machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines, random forests, neural networks, and deep learning. The findings indicate that AI holds the potential to revolutionize TBC technology in multiple respects, encompassing material and structural design, performance optimization and prediction, condition monitoring, fault diagnosis and health management, and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction, while significantly improving prediction accuracy. Novel TBCs are anticipated to offer robust support for next-generation aero-engines to transcend temperature limits and achieve improved efficiency and reliability with ongoing advancements in the intelligent design of new materials.

, authors=Jian HE1, 2, Hongfeng LI1, Peng KANG1, 3, Lei ZHENG1, 3, Zhen LI1, Hongbo GUO1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=Jian HE, Hongfeng LI, Peng KANG, Lei ZHENG, Zhen LI, Hongbo GUO, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Hongbo GUO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941294099702759, articleId=1322941290731676629, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=热障涂层的智能化设计研究进展, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

随着航空发动机推重比与涡轮前进口温度的持续增高,热障涂层(TBC)已成为突破热端部件耐温极限、保障其长时服役可靠性的核心手段,但其服役行为涉及极度复杂的热-力-化(TMC)多场耦合与跨尺度损伤演化,使得传统单一尺度的实验与解决方法面临严峻挑战。基于此,系统梳理了TBC领域传统与先进建模、仿真及分析技术的研究进展,并拓展了人工智能(AI)技术的相关应用,旨在系统总结TBC服役行为的解析方法、涂层结构优化策略,并推动前瞻性维护策略的落地。涉及的技术方法包括TBC体系的热导率建模、热应力仿真、裂纹扩展分析及力学行为研究等,这些方法多依赖于多尺度建模和有限元分析等多样化手段。重点阐述了人工智能在TBC仿真中的应用,深入探究了支持向量机、随机森林、神经网络与深度学习等机器学习算法,以及数据驱动建模技术。研究结果表明,人工智能在多个方面具备革新TBC技术的潜力,涵盖材料与结构设计、性能优化与预测、状态监测、故障诊断与健康管理、剩余使用寿命(RUL)预测等方向,并能显著提升预测精度。随着智能化新材料设计技术的不断突破,新型TBC必将为下一代航空发动机突破耐温极限、实现更高效率与可靠性提供有力支撑。

, authors=何健1, 2, 李宏峰1, ☆, 康鹏1, 3, 郑蕾1, 3, 李圳1, 郭洪波1, 2, 3, *, authorsList=何健, 李宏峰, 康鹏, 郑蕾, 李圳, 郭洪波, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=郭洪波, authorNote=

E-mail:

, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 北京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版)编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=2LRBxHrasxns3/aEbUXVCQ==, magXml=bLPzwSP/yUKDmXhau5MYKw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=eHurPVHfxORt51ikdo13Bg==, pdfFileSize=8740840, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=CWOPz/NFlKo8r8YPeUCWsw==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=csFRhgt8FiLQcMFc3uf+AQ==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941294699488242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941290731676629, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941294795957237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941290731676629, authorId=1322941294699488242, language=EN, stringName=Jian HE, firstName=Jian, middleName=null, lastName=HE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, address=1School of Materials Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
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热障涂层的智能化设计研究进展
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何健 1, 2 , 李宏峰 1, ☆ , 康鹏 1, 3 , 郑蕾 1, 3 , 李圳 1 , 郭洪波 1, 2, 3, *
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3298-3312
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3298 -3312
热障涂层的智能化设计研究进展
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何健1, 2, 李宏峰1, ☆ , 康鹏1, 3, 郑蕾1, 3, 李圳1, 郭洪波1, 2, 3, *
作者信息
  • 1北京航空航天大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100191
  • 2高温结构材料与涂层技术工信部重点实验室,北京 100191
  • 3北京航空航天大学 天目山实验室,杭州 311115
通讯作者:
作者简介:
Research progress on intelligent design of thermal barrier coatings
Jian HE1, 2, Hongfeng LI1 , Peng KANG1, 3, Lei ZHENG1, 3, Zhen LI1, Hongbo GUO1, 2, 3, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Materials Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of High-Temperature Structural Materials and Protective Coatings (Ministry of Industry and Information Technology),Beijing 100191,China
  • 3Tianmushan Laboratory,Beihang University,Hangzhou 311115,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0901
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随着航空发动机推重比与涡轮前进口温度的持续增高,热障涂层(TBC)已成为突破热端部件耐温极限、保障其长时服役可靠性的核心手段,但其服役行为涉及极度复杂的热-力-化(TMC)多场耦合与跨尺度损伤演化,使得传统单一尺度的实验与解决方法面临严峻挑战。基于此,系统梳理了TBC领域传统与先进建模、仿真及分析技术的研究进展,并拓展了人工智能(AI)技术的相关应用,旨在系统总结TBC服役行为的解析方法、涂层结构优化策略,并推动前瞻性维护策略的落地。涉及的技术方法包括TBC体系的热导率建模、热应力仿真、裂纹扩展分析及力学行为研究等,这些方法多依赖于多尺度建模和有限元分析等多样化手段。重点阐述了人工智能在TBC仿真中的应用,深入探究了支持向量机、随机森林、神经网络与深度学习等机器学习算法,以及数据驱动建模技术。研究结果表明,人工智能在多个方面具备革新TBC技术的潜力,涵盖材料与结构设计、性能优化与预测、状态监测、故障诊断与健康管理、剩余使用寿命(RUL)预测等方向,并能显著提升预测精度。随着智能化新材料设计技术的不断突破,新型TBC必将为下一代航空发动机突破耐温极限、实现更高效率与可靠性提供有力支撑。

热障涂层  /  智能化设计  /  结构设计  /  使用性能  /  机器学习

The sustained escalation in aero-engine thrust-to-weight ratios and turbine inlet temperatures has established thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) as an indispensable solution for surpassing the intrinsic temperature limits of hot-section components and ensuring their long-term service reliability. Nevertheless, the service response of TBCs involves exceedingly complex thermo-mechanical-chemical (TMC) multi-field coupling and cross-scale damage evolution, which poses severe fundamental challenges to conventional single-scale experimental and analytical methodologies. This review systematically summarizes the advances in conventional and advanced modeling, simulation, and analysis techniques for TBC and further extends the discussion to the application of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies. The study aims to provide a systematic overview of analysis methods for TBC service behavior and structural optimization strategies for coatings and to promote the implementation of proactive maintenance strategies. The technical methods covered include thermal conductivity modeling, thermal stress simulation, crack propagation analysis, and mechanical behavior studies of TBC systems, which predominantly rely on diverse techniques such as multiscale modeling and finite element analysis. The paper focuses on the use of AI in TBC simulation, including data-driven modeling approaches and machine learning algorithms such as support vector machines, random forests, neural networks, and deep learning. The findings indicate that AI holds the potential to revolutionize TBC technology in multiple respects, encompassing material and structural design, performance optimization and prediction, condition monitoring, fault diagnosis and health management, and remaining useful life (RUL) prediction, while significantly improving prediction accuracy. Novel TBCs are anticipated to offer robust support for next-generation aero-engines to transcend temperature limits and achieve improved efficiency and reliability with ongoing advancements in the intelligent design of new materials.

thermal barrier coating  /  intelligent design  /  structural design  /  service performance  /  machine learning
何健, 李宏峰, 康鹏, 郑蕾, 李圳, 郭洪波. 热障涂层的智能化设计研究进展. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3298 -3312 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0901
Jian HE, Hongfeng LI, Peng KANG, Lei ZHENG, Zhen LI, Hongbo GUO. Research progress on intelligent design of thermal barrier coatings[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3298 -3312 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0901
新一代喷气发动机和燃气轮机是飞机、发电机及大型船舶的核心动力装置,其高温区叶片由镍基高温合金制成,需在超过1200℃的极端环境下长期服役。为保护高温合金,普遍采用热障涂层(thermal barrier coating,TBC)系统与空气冷却技术[1-3]。TBC系统沉积于高温合金表面,温度超过1300℃时,氧化钇稳定氧化锆(yttria-stabilized zirconia,YSZ)的相稳定性与抗损伤能力下降。新一代发动机的目标工作温度往往突破1500℃,现阶段很难满足新一代发动机需求,部分核心部件均面临重大技术升级需求。因此,亟须开发高温稳定性的新型TBC材料[4-6]。
人工智能(artificial intelligence,AI),尤其是机器学习与数据驱动建模方法,为从海量实验与模拟数据中挖掘关键信息、加速TBC研发提供了新途径。AI不仅可构建高精度预测模型,还能辅助多尺度结构优化,提升TBC隔热、力学与耐久性能。然而,数据质量、模型可解释性等问题仍构成技术瓶颈,制约着材料、结构、环境这3个系统耦合等。尽管如此,AI与TBC研究的深度融合前景广阔,有望为材料创新设计带来范式突破。
本文旨在系统梳理TBC建模、仿真与有限元分析的最新进展,涵盖传统与先进方法,并结合AI技术进行拓展分析。在此基础上,深入探讨AI在数据挖掘、成分优化与性能预测中的应用潜力,通过分析现有研究明确未来研发方向,为新型TBC技术的发展提供理论支撑,助力其在高温极端工况下实现更高性能与可靠性。
TBC系统沉积于高温合金表面,晶格热导率通常低于2W/(m·K),如图1所示,主要作用是为航空发动机及燃气轮机高温结构件提供热屏蔽层,以提高其耐受温度和服役寿命。TBC包括金属黏结层、因服役过程中金属黏结层氧化而形成的热生长氧化物(thermally grown oxide,TGO)层及陶瓷层。由于高温服役条件下ZrO2会发生四方相转变为单斜相的相变,通常造成约3%~5%的体积膨胀,在ZrO2中添加钇可有效抑制,并且掺杂钇会在TBC材料中引入氧空位,进一步降低其热导率。因此,目前使用最多的TBC材料为YSZ。由于立方相YSZ比四方相YSZ具有更大的晶胞体积,使得氧离子更容易在其中迁移,电导率也更高。在立方相的YSZ中,8YSZ具有最高的电导率[7]。由于新一代喷气式和燃气轮机的工作温度往往超过1500℃,YSZ在其中已不再适用。当温度超过1300℃时,YSZ的相稳定性下降,抗损伤能力降低,而且工作温度提高需要更低的热导率。因此,亟须开发具有更优异高温稳定性和更低热导率的新型TBC材料。目前,全球正广泛寻找能取代YSZ的新型高性能TBC候选材料[8-12]。
新型TBC材料的选择需满足两大核心要求:①作为核心隔热层,需在极端苛刻的热机械环境中服役,必须具备高熔点、良好的热循环稳定性,即在热循环过程中不会发生显著相变,且具备优异的损伤耐受性、出色的抗高温氧化与腐蚀能力,以及与金属基底相匹配的热膨胀系数;②TBC在实际服役过程中,性能的准确评估仍是重大挑战,因为其工作环境通常极端恶劣,包括高温、高压、大温度梯度及强热机械和腐蚀载荷,而这些复杂工况在实验室条件下难以完全复现。此外,当前大多数研究仍主要集中在识别一种或几种具有较低热导率的复合氧化物上,但这些材料的晶体结构对TBC应用的适配性尚未明确,其低热导率的结构与化学特性也尚未被完全揭示,相关热导率理论预测仍不清晰,限制了TBC在不同行业工程中的应用[13],如图2所示。
如果能将AI(如机器学习与数据驱动建模等)融入新型TBC材料的研究,有望在涵盖材料性能、工艺参数及环境条件的海量数据中挖掘出具有重要价值的信息[14-16]。这种融合不仅有助于构建复杂、高精度的预测模型,实现对不同工况下TBC行为的准确预判,还能助力探索多尺度、多维度的结构与涂层构型,从而加速研发兼具更优隔热性能、力学强度与长耐久性的理想TBC。然而,将AI技术应用于TBC研究仍面临诸多技术和方法上的挑战,包括数据质量的可靠性、模型可解释性及计算复杂度等问题。这些挑战在一定程度上增加了对材料性能、微观结构特征、环境因素之间复杂相互作用机制进行精准捕捉的难度,而这种多因素耦合的相互作用对TBC的性能表现及耐久性具有重要影响。尽管存在上述技术瓶颈,TBC研究与AI技术的融合仍展现出广阔的发展前景,为新型TBC材料的创新设计提供了新的思路和方法,有助于开发在高温应用场景中具备更优隔热性能、耐久性和可靠性的新型TBC材料[17-19]。
在TBC研究中,AI技术的应用主要体现在2种核心方法上:①采用支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)、随机森林(random forest,RF)等机器学习算法,对大数据集进行分析,识别材料成分、微观结构特征与环境条件之间的潜在关联与规律,为设计更耐久的TBC材料提供科学依据。②借助循环神经网络(recurrent neural network,RNN)和长短期记忆(long short term memory,LSTM)网络等AI预测建模技术,用于预测不同使用条件下TBC的退化行为,进而制定前瞻性维护与失效缓解策略,防止涂层过早失效,提高服役寿命。在这一预测过程中,监督学习与无监督学习等机器学习技术发挥着关键作用[20-23]。SVM、决策树、神经网络等监督学习算法通常依赖于带标签的数据集,通过输入材料成分、微观结构特征及环境条件等参数,构建具有预测能力的模型,从而实现对TBC性能的模拟与预测。聚类算法等无监督学习算法则可在缺乏标签数据的情况下,对TBC数据集进行模式识别与关联分析,挖掘潜在信息并辅助构建预测模型。此外,基于概率图模型和卷积神经网络(convolutional neural networks,CNN)、RNN等深度学习架构,能够有效捕捉TBC数据集中复杂的非线性关系与时间依赖性,进一步提升对材料行为预测的准确性与鲁棒性。粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization,PSO)和遗传算法(genetic algorithm,GA)等进化算法通过模拟自然选择过程,采用迭代优化方法对TBC材料成分进行系统性探索与选择。此类算法能够从大量可能的材料组合中筛选出具备理想性能特征的最优组合,如低导热性、优力学强度及化学稳定性,从而为设计具有优异综合性能的TBC提供科学依据[24-26]。
AI驱动的预测分析技术能够深入解析微观结构特征、环境因素与性能指标之间的复杂相互作用,为针对特定应用需求定制的TBC系统设计提供指导。此外,基于AI的数字孪生技术和预测性维护算法,可实现对TBC状态的实时监测,为制定前瞻性维护策略提供高效、智能化的解决方案,减少非计划停机时间,提升系统的整体可用性与运行效率。前瞻性维护策略的实施可借助AI驱动的预测模型进一步优化。这些模型能够有效识别TBC在不同工况下的退化机制,支持在早期阶段采取干预措施,以降低失效风险并延长关键部件的使用寿命。同时,AI赋能的诊断技术可通过分析传感器数据检测退化或损伤迹象,提升故障检测能力,保障涂覆TBC部件的可靠性与安全性[27-30]。
TBC的热导率、热膨胀系数、定压比热容等核心热物理、热力学性能是涂层隔热效率、结构兼容性与高温稳定性的关键表征指标。其中,热导率直接决定TBC的隔热能力;热膨胀系数需与金属基体形成温域适配的梯度匹配,通过调控涂层成分与微观结构,缩小涂层与基体在全服役温度区间的热膨胀系数差异,缓解热循环过程中因热胀冷缩不同步产生的界面剪切应力与法向应力,从根源上抑制界面裂纹的萌生与扩展;而定压比、热容等热力学参数则影响涂层在极端温度波动下的服役寿命。上述性能的精准量化,是涂层配方设计、性能优化及工程应用的核心前提[31-33]。传统性能实验测试需制备多组样品、经历复杂高温环境模拟,耗时耗力且成本高昂,物理建模难以全面捕捉成分掺杂、微观结构演化等多因素耦合的非线性影响,泛化能力不足,难以适配新型TBC涂层的性能预测需求。机器学习等AI算法通过整合材料成分、微观结构特征、制备工艺参数等多维度数据,构建支持向量回归(support vector regression,SVR)、神经网络等模型,可实现性能与影响因素间非线性构效关系的精准映射,提升热物理、热力学性能预测的精度与效率,为新型高性能TBC的快速筛选与配方优化提供了智能化工具,加速了TBC技术的研发迭代进程[34-35]。
Zhu等[36]通过GA-SVR算法预测TBC材料Dy1−xTa1−xZr2xO4的热导率和热膨胀系数等热物理性质(见图3),具有较高的效率,结果表明,该模型可实现对TBC热导率、热膨胀系数的高精度预测,2项参数的预测值与实测值的决定系数R2分别高达0.998和0.999,均方误差(mean square error,MSE)仅为0.00052和0.00019,远优于同类预测模型,可为涂层热物理性能的正向设计提供精准的理论支撑。100~800℃时DyTaO4陶瓷热导率最低的ZrO2掺杂浓度为0.085~0.095,200~1200℃时DyTaO4陶瓷热膨胀系数最高的ZrO2掺杂浓度为0.11~0.13,能够进一步降低其热导率并增加热膨胀系数。Chen等[37]通过机器学习和高斯过程回归(Gaussian process regression,GPR)结合的方法预测TBC材料的晶格热导率,先整理近100种无机化合物热导率实验值的基准数据集,使用Matminer软件包生成并优化通用特征,并在之前使用过的机器学习模型上用GPR模型训练数据,得到的模型比传统的物理计算方法更快,能够实现对无机材料热导率的快速准确预测,训练后的模型不仅有助于合理设计和筛选新型材料,还揭示了TBC材料中热传输行为的关键特征。
TBC的厚度、孔隙率及TGO厚度等结构参数直接决定隔热性能、力学稳定性与服役寿命,是涂层设计优化、质量管控及服役状态评估的核心指标。传统无损检测方法(如热成像、超声检测)虽具备非破坏性优势,但普遍存在人工依赖度高、复杂微观结构下特征提取困难、多参数耦合干扰导致精度不足、检测效率低等局限,难以适配现代TBC技术对高分辨率、快速响应、智能化检测的需求。借助AI技术优化传统无损检测方法,是突破上述局限、加速高性能新型TBC材料研发的有效途径。通过机器学习算法与深度学习架构的融合,可实现检测信号的自动化特征提取、冗余信息剔除与关键参数精准映射,同时通过GA、PSO算法等优化模型拓扑结构与初始权重,提升模型收敛效率与泛化能力[38-40]。
随着化石燃料成本的上升,热效率已成为新一代航空喷气发动机、燃气轮机热端部件设计与制造的必要考量。TBC的厚度与均匀性直接决定设备隔热效果与热效率,根据服役需求,航空与能源领域热端部件所用TBC的典型厚度范围为100~500 μm,其厚度精准检测是保障涂层服役性能的核心前提。当前,TBC厚度主流无损检测技术以脉冲与锁定红外热成像、太赫兹时域光谱(Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy,THz-TDS)为核心,2类技术的厚度测量本质上均为特征信号的处理与反演问题,检测精度高度依赖信号处理技术的水平,而传统解析方法存在精度低、对非规则厚度适应性差的局限,AI技术为该瓶颈的突破提供了新路径。Halloua等[38]围绕TBC厚度对热效率的关键影响,提出结合神经网络与GA的混合神经算法,利用脉冲与锁定红外热成像数据评估非规则TBC厚度,该算法以热响应经傅里叶变换得到的相位特征训练神经网络,通过GA搜索最优初始权重矩阵,促使模型快速收敛,结果显示,该混合模型相比传统神经网络减少了迭代次数、提升了反演精度,2种热成像方法的厚度评估偏差均低于5%,为TBC厚度的高效无损检测提供了可靠方案,也印证了基于AI的信号处理技术对涂层厚度精准测量的关键支撑作用,为同类涂层参数的精准评估提供了算法参考。Halloua等[39]利用该混合神经算法结合的方法,通过激光脉冲热成像数据建立非破坏性且精准测定模型,进行TBC厚度评价应用,通过主成分分析(principal component analysis,PCA)对激光脉冲热成像采集的热响应数据进行预处理,筛选出5个关键主成分以简化输入维度、剔除冗余信息,根据GA优化神经网络的初始权重参数,相较于标准神经网络模型,有效提升其学习效率,迭代次数显著减少、均方误差明显降低,该混合方法对薄TBC的厚度评估偏差小于3%,不仅实现了非破坏性检测的技术目标,其测量精度更优于Zhang等[40]的同类研究结论,为TBC的质量管控提供了一种高效、精准的技术手段。
THz-TDS技术是一种基于太赫兹波与物质相互作用的先进检测手段,其独特的频段特性使其成为TBC智能化设计研究的新兴工具。相较于传统表征技术,THz-TDS具有非破坏性、高相位灵敏度和宽频带覆盖的优势,可反复检测涂层样品而不损伤结构,适配设计中多轮参数验证的需求,并且能精准表征TBC厚度、孔隙率、TGO厚度等TBC关键设计参数,结合机器学习等可实现复杂微观结构下的高效定量检测,还具有检测效率高、适配多尺度结构,支持设计中的实时参数反馈与快速迭代,为涂层结构与性能的智能化优化提供了可靠的无损技术支撑,具有从原子尺度到宏观性能的全链条分析能力。由于TBC厚度测量需确定太赫兹信号峰,为减少人工干预、提升智能化测量能力、提高效率与精度,Sun等[41]通过由太赫兹信号理论模型驱动的LSTM网络框架来定位信号峰,该框架先自动定位,再通过局部极值消除定位误差,同时利用最大面积提取信号峰以计算在线折射率、消除变化对测量的影响,经验证,该方法与人工干预结果虽一致,但效率大幅提升,如200 μm厚样品测量仅需约0.17 s,而传统人工法需140 s,面对折射率更小的新涂层无需制备新标样,仅需基于理论模型生成新数据集,重新训练LSTM即可精准定位信号峰。同时,Sun等[42]还通过新型双流太赫兹残差网络(Terahertz residual network,THz-ResNet)来实现制造阶段TBC的在线精准测量,如图4所示,前2个太赫兹波受散射影响更小,并且含足够的测量信息,设计双流结构来实现厚度测量,第1流通过分割层和倒数层提取折射率,第2流结合飞行时间生成涂层厚度,使网络操作符合物理规律,精度与效率较优,51次厚度测量仅需0.09 s。Yuan等[43]针对TBC在高温环境下易减薄、剥落而需精准检测厚度的需求,提出THz-TDS与PCA法、GA与极限学习机(extreme learning machine,ELM)相结合的混合算法的无损评估方法,该方法以实验室制备样本与实际涡轮叶片样本的太赫兹信号为基础,先通过PCA将信号维度从80×4096降至80×28,保留99.9%的信息以提升训练效率,再用GA优化ELM构建厚度预测模型,通过决定系数R2、平均绝对百分比误差(mean absolute percentage error,MAPE)、均方根误差(root mean square error,RMSE)及8折交叉验证评估模型性能,结果显示,PCA-GA-ELM模型相关系数超过0.98、误差小于2.57,精度与泛化性均优于PCA-ELM模型,可满足实际检测的精度要求,为TBC厚度的高效无损评估提供了可靠技术路径。
孔隙率是TBC的核心结构参数,其含量、形貌及空间分布直接决定涂层的隔热性能、力学稳定性与服役寿命。根据航空发动机、燃气轮机热端部件的服役需求,大气等离子喷涂(atomsphere plasma spray,APS)TBC的最优孔隙率区间为8%~15%,电子束物理气相沉积(electron beam-physical vapor deposition,EB-PVD)柱状晶TBC的最优孔隙率区间为3%~8%,孔隙率的微小波动会引发涂层核心性能的显著变化。适量孔隙可通过增强声子散射降低涂层热导率,实验数据表明,TBC孔隙率每提升1%,1200℃高温热导率可降低0.05~0.09 W/(m·K),15%孔隙率可使涂层热导率较致密态降低约50%,是提升设备热效率的重要手段;但孔隙率过高会严重劣化涂层力学性能,当孔隙率从12%升至20%时,涂层界面结合强度降幅可超50%,1100℃热循环服役寿命从约1200次降至不足300次,孔隙率超过25%时涂层可能出现结构失效。同时,孔隙的形貌、尺寸与分布均匀性,同样会对涂层隔热效果与服役稳定性产生显著影响。因此,孔隙率的精准定量表征是TBC配方设计、生产质量管控及服役状态评估的关键环节,对检测技术提出了明确要求:需实现孔隙率体积分数的高精度定量检测,测量误差需控制在±0.5%以内,同时需完成孔隙形貌、尺寸分布与空间均匀性的全维度表征,为涂层性能优化与全生命周期管控提供可靠的数据支撑[44-46]。
APS ZrO2基TBC的孔隙结构,可按形貌、尺寸与连通性分为球形闭孔、不规则连通孔、层间扁平裂纹状孔隙与界面孔隙4类,其孔隙率与孔隙特征直接决定涂层的隔热性能与服役稳定性。现有超声检测虽为TBC孔隙率原位无损检测的主流方法,但针对工程上厚度小于300 μm的超薄TBC,存在回波信号时域混叠、复杂孔隙形貌导致特征提取困难、传统反演模型精度不足的核心瓶颈。针对这一问题,Zhang等[47]提出了一种融合超声检测、时域数值模拟与GA优化反向传播神经网络(back propagation neural network,BPNN)的混合无损检测方法,实现了超薄TBC孔隙率的高精度定量表征,该研究以厚度288 μm、孔隙率5.71%~26.59%的等离子喷涂ZrO2基TBC为研究对象,通过时域数值模拟构建超声信号正向传播模型,提取与孔隙率强相关的超声反射系数振幅谱(ultrasonic reflection coefficient amplitude spectrum,URCAS)特征参数作为模型输入,结合扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)原位表征获取的132组实测数据集完成模型训练与验证,并通过GA优化神经网络的初始权重与拓扑结构,有效提升了模型的收敛效率与孔隙率反演精度,该方法突破了传统超声检测针对超薄TBC孔隙率表征的技术瓶颈,为TBC的原位质量管控提供了新的技术路径,但仍存在对异质样品泛化能力不足、无法实现孔隙形貌全维度表征的局限,最终对TBC孔隙率的预测平均相对误差为1.45%,最大相对误差不超过6.2%,实现了具有复杂孔隙形貌的TBC孔隙率的自动化检测与高精度定量表征。GA-BPNN为多孔材料的孔隙率表征提供了高效可靠的技术手段,也为TBC孔隙率的智能化表征模型构建提供了可行的技术路径。Ma等[48]提出了基于BPNN-GPR的超声表征方法,通过BPNN结合R2>0.8准则优化URCAS的特征参数,选取与孔隙率高度相关的特征参数P6、P7、P8、P10、P12训练GPR以此来预测孔隙率,经等离子喷涂厚度300 μm、孔隙率1%~9%的ZrO2基TBC涂层的随机孔隙模型有限元仿真验证,该方法预测相对误差为1.07%~7.62%,相比于单独使用BPNN精度提升32%、单独使用GPR精度提升48%,对复杂孔隙形貌的TBC孔隙率具备高适应性与高精准度,为孔隙率的高效精准表征提供了可靠技术路径。针对TBC孔隙率现有评估时破坏性强且精度不足的问题,Li等[49]提出太赫兹多特征融合结合机器学习的无损评估方案,先从THz-TDS数据中提取多特征参数,经相关性分析与p值检验筛选后完成特征融合,再采用蜣螂优化算法(dung beetle optimization,DBP)优化RF模型,结合K折交叉验证评估性能,实验结果显示,DBO-RF模型的孔隙率预测RMSE为1.802、平均绝对误差为1.549、MAPE为8.362,决定系数达0.912,预测精度较高。该方法可在一定程度上表征TBC孔隙率与孔结构特征,在非破坏性前提下实现孔隙率的评估,既能够有效监测TBC服役状态,也为航空材料的无损性能评估提供了可靠技术路径,推动了航空材料研究的发展。
TGO是TBC服役过程中,黏结层高温选择性氧化原位形成的界面层,其厚度演化、微观结构与界面缺陷直接决定TBC系统的结构稳定性与服役寿命[50]。理想状态下,致密连续的α-Al2O3相TGO可有效阻挡氧扩散,是TBC的核心抗氧化屏障;而TGO过度生长会引发显著热膨胀失配应力,同时伴随亚稳相析出、界面凹凸度加剧、内部孔洞与界面楔形裂纹萌生等有害结构演化,大幅提升界面剥离与涂层剥落风险;若TGO无法实现连续致密、仿形均匀地完整覆盖黏结层表面,则难以形成有效的抗氧化扩散屏障,无法充分发挥对黏结层的高温防护作用[51]。现有研究已明确,TGO的无损检测绝非单一的厚度测量,其核心检测目标包括4类[52]:①TGO的平均厚度与厚度分布均匀性,YSZ-TBC的安全服役临界厚度为10 μm,界面凹凸幅值超过2 μm即会引发严重应力集中;②TGO的相组成,需明确α-Al2O3相纯度与亚稳相、尖晶石相的占比,这类杂相会使TGO生长速率提升一个数量级以上;③TGO内部的孔洞、微裂纹等缺陷,孔隙率超过3%会使涂层热循环寿命降低40%以上;④TGO与陶瓷层、黏结层的界面脱黏、楔形裂纹等早期失效特征,这类缺陷是涂层大面积剥落的直接前兆。因此,上述核心指标的精准反演与全维度表征,是实现TBC失效预警、寿命评估及服役安全性保障的核心环节[53]。
TGO是决定TBC服役寿命的核心结构,现有研究已明确,EB-PVD与APS制备YSZ-TBC的TGO临界失效厚度约为10 μm,超过该阈值后TBC进入快速失效阶段,20~30 μm厚度的TGO已达到涂层失效判据,该区间的检测无实际工程价值,10 μm以内薄TGO层的高精度无损检测才是工程应用的核心目标[54]。围绕TGO厚度的无损检测,现有技术已完成从30 μm以上定性检测到20 μm区间定量反演的技术跨越,近年来更是通过算法优化实现了10~15 μm区间TGO的初步检测[55]。但传统TGO厚度无损检测方法,面对10 μm以内的薄TGO层,仍存在核心技术瓶颈:检测信号易受陶瓷层基体与微观结构的强干扰,薄TGO的特征信号辨识度低、有效特征提取困难,最终导致厚度反演精度不足、检测效率低下,难以满足工程化原位实时监测的需求。针对该主要问题,未来需从高分辨率检测原理开发、多物理场正向模型构建、AI智能信号处理3个方向突破,实现10 μm以内薄TGO的高精度、高效率检测,为TBC寿命预测提供核心支撑[56]。Luo等[57]针对THz-TDS检测时分辨率不足的问题,提出稳定小波转换(stationary wavelet transform,SWT)优化BPNN结合太赫兹技术的检测方案,如图5所示,先通过COMSOL Multiphysics工具模拟太赫兹信号反射并求解涂层厚度,采用SWT处理信号以提升精度,通过参数化扫描获取66组不同厚度的太赫兹脉冲成像(Terahertz pulse imaging,TPI)数据训练网络,用于预测15组1~29 μm的TGO厚度,结果显示,SWT细化信号的回归系数达0.92,与真实结果高度吻合,实现了TGO的超分辨厚度检测,为TBC各层厚度检测提供了关键技术支持,但仍需补充更多的实验数据以进一步优化算法的工程实用性。Li等[58]提出THz-TDS结合多尺度分析的方法,先通过时域有限差分法(finite difference time domain,FDTD)仿真获取30组不同TGO厚度的太赫兹光谱数据,基于db4、sym3、haar、coif3的4种小波基函数,经连续小波变换与最大池化提取多尺度特征参数,再以部分尺度数据开展多元线性回归、全尺度数据开展机器学习回归,实现TGO厚度反演,最终无量纲化特征参数随TGO厚度先升后降,随尺度变化差异显著;其中,haar小波在2种模型中的回归系数分别达0.9763与0.9840,预测精度最优。该方法证实了太赫兹多尺度分析在TBC评价中的应用潜力,虽然样本量较小需进一步验证,但为TGO厚度反演提供了可靠的技术方案与理论基础,可支撑TBC无损检测与科学研究。
TBC的核心服役性能由界面TGO的厚度与均匀性主导,在TGO仿形均匀、致密连续的前提下厚度越薄越有利;同时,陶瓷层的微观结构、内部裂纹及服役应变等复杂特征,也会协同决定涂层的力学稳定性、隔热耐久性与失效模式。微观结构不均会诱发应力集中,内部裂纹的萌生与扩展是涂层剥落的核心诱因,而服役应变的异常分布则预示着早期失效风险,因此,对这些特征的精准识别与预测是TBC设计优化、服役状态监测及寿命评估的关键。人工识别主观性强、效率低,难以实现微观结构的像素级量化,物理仿真难以全面耦合多因素,如温度、载荷、微观缺陷多种非线性影响,对裂纹扩展、应变演化的预测精度不足,且计算成本高昂。AI对TBC复杂特征的高精度识别与预测,不仅摆脱了传统方法的主观性与低效率,更实现了从“事后检测”向“事前预警”的转变,为TBC全生命周期管理、失效机制解析及维护策略优化提供了智能化工具,有力保障其在航空航天、能源动力等高温领域的可靠服役。
Ning等[59]提出弹性力学约束生成对抗网络(elasticity-mechanics-informed generative adversarial network,EMI-GAN)用于进行CaO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2(CMAS)渗透和腐蚀下TBC的热应变预测,先以pix2pix网络为基础构建EMI-GAN模型,将变形协调条件、考虑热膨胀的胡克定律作为约束嵌入生成器,同时将约束损失、结构及应变分布输入判别器,基于单张高分辨率SEM结构图像的有限元结果构建训练数据库,以具有不同CMAS渗透时长与微观结构特征的试样SEM作为验证数据库,利用同一数据库分别训练EMI-GAN与常规pix2pix网络,对比两者生成的热应变结果,最终EMI-GAN的热应变预测精度比pix2pix网络提升约10%,即使在训练数据较少的规模下仍高出7%,其生成的应变分布更符合物理规律且噪声更低,应变集中位置与有限元结果一致,同时该模型在不同微观结构、温度范围的样本中泛化性良好,可扩展至多相结构,且小数据训练即可完成,大幅降低了真实数据库的构建成本。Shi等[60]针对涡轮叶片TBC内部裂纹现有检测方法泛化能力差、精度低的问题,提出基于多尺度增强型快速区域卷积神经网络(multi scale enhanced-faster region-based convolutional neural network,MSE-Faster R-CNN)的检测方案,先以VGG-19为基准网络筛选裂纹候选区域并扩展以获取上下文信息,再通过新型MSE-Faster R-CNN检测器进行特征融合、候选区域状态分类及裂纹位置与长度测量,同时提出融合寿命预测模型估算TBC剩余寿命,该方案经不同尺度实验验证,内部裂纹定位精度达0.898、检测精度达0.806,在大、小尺度下均优于现有方法,可区分小型裂纹与孔隙,其融合寿命估算的RMSE为2.7、计算耗时1.63 s,所有检测条件下误差率均低于15%。该方法为涡轮叶片TBC内部裂纹的精准无损评估及寿命预测、缺陷检测的设计提供参考。Shan等[61]提出基于深度卷积神经网络(deep convolution neural network,DCNN)的微观结构自动识别方法来解决机器学习,实现SEM图像像素级识别,采集并标注4张含裂纹、等轴孔隙及未熔区的TBC的SEM图像来训练DCNN,结果显示,训练后模型对一般TBC的SEM图像的像素识别精度达97.0%,对未熔区较少的典型涂层精度提升至98.5%,由于YSZ与非YSZ、裂纹与等轴孔隙的误分类,部分微观结构类别存在识别误差,但少量SEM图像数据集即可完成模型训练,该方法为APS的TBC微观结构的定量表征提供了可行且高效的技术路径。热老化对TBC光学性能与孔隙结构产生影响,Blanchard等[62]采用深度学习图像分割模型、压汞法等量化涂层孔隙,结合1450 K/1111 h的循环热处理与FDTD模型分析,最终气溶喷涂TBC的冷沉积工艺比热沉积工艺产生更多小孔隙,对应光散射更强,热处理使冷、热沉积样品的小孔隙占比分别降低28.1%、13.5%,2种涂层散射系数均降低约20%,且直径低于2 μm的孔隙是0.5~2.5 μm波段光的主要散射体,其占比与散射系数呈线性关系,构建的FDTD模型与实验数据吻合良好,可通过修改涂层截面图预测劣化对光学性能的影响。
APS、EB-PVD的喷涂功率、粒子速度、沉积温度、气体压力,这些核心制备TBC工艺的参数直接调控TBC的微观结构,并进一步耦合影响涂层隔热效率、力学强度、抗裂性等多维度核心性能。传统工艺参数选择多依赖经验试错或单目标优化,难以平衡多性能间的协同与制约关系,面对新材料体系或小样本实验场景,物理建模因缺乏充足数据支撑,泛化能力受限,导致参数优化周期长、试错成本高,且涂层性能一致性与服役稳定性难以保障。
316L不锈钢基底具有潜在的储氢应用价值,为提升316L/Al2O3功能梯度层与SiC顶层涂层系统界面分层抗性,Abedini等[63]优化功能梯度层与SiC顶层厚度等参数,以边缘界面分层为关键失效位置,先通过基于能量变化的有限元分析确定最大稳定裂纹长度的分层判据,又因传统热残余应力目标函数不适配本系统,推导2个新多目标函数,结合多目标粒子群优化(multi-objective particle swarm optimization,MOPSO)开展参数优化,该方法将最大稳定分层裂纹长度从传统方法的7 μm提升至50 μm,优化后的分层抗性优于传统单目标PSO,有效提升了涂层的界面分层抗性。APS制备Al2O3-13%TiO2涂层时,喷涂距离、喷枪速度等工艺参数对涂层硬度、孔隙率、空蚀抗性的影响复杂,传统参数选择难以平衡多性能目标。Szala等[64]先通过人工神经网络(artificial neural network,ANN)构建模型,表征工艺参数与涂层性能的关联,再结合多目标遗传算法(multi-objective genetic algorithm,MOGA)开展优化以获得最大化硬度与空蚀抗性、最小化孔隙率的TBC,对喷涂工艺参数进行优化,当喷涂距离为86.9 mm、喷枪速度为304 mm/s时,侵蚀深度仅10.1 μm,当喷涂距离约为80 mm时,孔隙率可低至2.28%,此外,当喷涂距离为90 mm、喷枪速度为400 m/s时,涂层表现出最高的空蚀抗性。Xu等[65]通过高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model,GMM)将原始8组数据扩充至400组,再结合SVR构建参数与结合强度的关联模型,并用Shapley分析、灵敏度分析得到厚度与结合强度负相关,借助PCA优化参数,如图6所示,经验证,模型留一法交叉验证的相关系数从0.690提升至0.990,在电流617 A、电压65 V等优化参数下,涂层结合强度从46.6 MPa升至55.5 MPa,提升超19%,该方法既解决了小数据预测精度不足的问题,又实现了APS工艺参数的有效优化,为YSZ涂层的高性能设计提供了支撑。电沉积Ni/Al2O3纳米复合涂层的显微硬度受多工艺参数影响,传统方法很难精准预测。Dehestani等[66]采用因子D-最优设计实验,收集105次测试的温度、电流密度等电沉积参数与涂层显微硬度数据,构建人工神经网络-改进粒子群优化(artificial neural network modified particle swarm optimization,ANN-MPSO)混合模型,以多种误差指标验证模型性能,结果显示,隐藏层含17个神经元的ANN-MPSO-7模型最优,相关系数达0.95,灵敏度分析指出电流密度、镀液Al2O3含量等是关键影响参数,残余压应力助力硬质涂层形成,该模型精准、低成本,能有效支撑Ni/Al2O3纳米复合涂层的显微硬度预测与工艺优化。APS喷涂对NiCrAlY的高质量训练数据较少,传统建模既难高效关联工艺参数与飞行粒子行为,又耗费计算资源与时间。Zhu等[67]采用深度迁移学习,先在YSZ粒子数据集预训练CNN,再设计6种参数微调方案,用NiCrAlY的模拟数据优化模型,最终微调预训练CNN所有层及递减学习率训练损失最低、测试精度最高,滤波器可视化显示学习效果良好,且模型预测的粒子状态分布与设计目标值吻合度高,该方法不仅解决了数据不足的问题,还节省了计算资源与时间,同时有望用于新材料、新设备的APS喷涂优化。
计算流体力学(computational fluid dynamics,CFD)、有限元法(finite element method,FEM)等传统数值模型具有局限性, TBC相关仿真中,CFD与FEM虽能精准描述制备过程中的热、力、流体多场耦合及服役中的失效演化机制,但需通过复杂偏微分方程求解与高密度网格划分实现高精度模拟,导致单次计算耗时长达数小时至数天,且多参数迭代优化、实时工况仿真时计算成本呈指数级增长,难以适配TBC设计快速迭代、服役状态在线监测的工程需求。
作为新一代超高温TBC的核心制备技术,等离子体增强原子层沉积(plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition,PEALD)制备HfO2薄膜涂层时,与传统TBC制备工艺面临同样的工艺优化瓶颈。传统3D-CFD模型虽能精准表征沉积过程,却因单流速沉积轮廓需约1天导致计算耗时、成本高,难以高效探索最优操作策略,无法快速实现涂层性能的精准调控。Ding等[68]先将PEALD反应器3D-CFD模型简化为2D轴对称模型,再基于RNN构建数据驱动模型,利用CFD数据集训练模型以预测薄膜沉积轮廓,该模型与全3D-CFD结果的偏差不超过5%,且计算效率大幅提升,仅需几秒即可完成预测,可用于实时过程控制,随后利用该模型生成操作策略数据库,结合行业标准确定可行操作区域,再通过前驱体分析为每个半周期选定最优操作条件,同时该模型也适用于带喷头的PEALD反应器,为其他半导体制造过程提供建模参考,助力提升过程操作性能。Balasubramaniam等[35]提出仿真辅助AI方法,先通过多层传热模型生成低保真热剖面训练深度神经网络,再融合脉冲红外热成像的高保真热图谱优化模型,用于预测24~120 μm厚顶层涂层的热导率、比热容与厚度,结果显示,热导率、比热容预测误差仅1.71%、1.37%,厚度误差为0.81%~6.14%,精度良好。这种融合低保真仿真与高保真实验数据的方式,既解决了训练数据不足的问题,还能拓展至涂层分层检测、寿命预测,为航空部件的维护与寿命评估提供了高效支撑。含CMAS夹杂的陶瓷涂层等两相材料的热应力评估,传统依赖FEM但耗时极长,小样本下也难高效建模。Ning等[59]提出条件生成对抗网络(conditional generative adversarial network,CGAN),先构建含CMAS夹杂的陶瓷涂层两相结构SEM合成图像,用灰度分割基体与夹杂,再通过图像恢复FEM计算等温过程的热应力,将仅8张完整结构及对应应力分布分割为局部图像,训练CGAN直接从SEM图像预测热应力,结果显示,模型与FEM应力的偏差在超98%区域小于6 MPa,仅少数热点偏差略大,且效率远优于FEM,FEM-CGAN耗时仅6 s,效率平均提升116倍,该方法仅需小样本即可训练,适配工程中热应力的快速评估。
通过AI模型打破TBC的工艺参数、微观结构、服役性能、寿命等关键指标评估的信息割裂,构建多维度、非线性的全链条跨尺度关联体系。涂层全链条中,APS喷涂功率、粒子速度、沉积温度等工艺参数直接调控孔隙率、孔裂比、晶粒尺寸、粒子温速等微观结构特征,而微观结构的优劣又进一步决定热边界电阻(thermal boundary resistance,TBR)、隔热效率、力学强度等服役性能与寿命可靠性,各环节存在复杂耦合关系,覆盖性能指标量化、结构参数表征、寿命精准评估等核心需求。传统方法多依赖单一环节的经验试错或局部建模,难以捕捉全链条的非线性关联,导致预测精度不足、各环节协同性差,无法满足TBC高性能定制与全生命周期管控的需求。AI技术的引入为全链条定量预测提供了核心支撑,实现从工艺参数到结构特征、从结构特征到服役性能、从服役性能演化到寿命评估的全链条定量预测。
APS飞行粒子的温度、速度与工艺参数间存在复杂非线性关系,且喷枪电极老化会改变这一关联,传统方法既难同时预测温速,也难兼顾老化的影响,Yu等[69]同步记录工艺参数、粒子温速与电极使用时间,采用RF与梯度提升(gradient boosting,GB)2种集成方法,结合直接嵌入、先差分平稳再嵌入2种时间序列策略,进行特征排序与预测,结果显示,RF比GB更适用,RF能同时预测粒子温速、考虑二者交互,而GB仅能分别预测,且将数据作为时间序列、先差分平稳后,预测效果更优,粒子特征也清晰地反映了电极老化的影响。APS喷涂8YSZ的工艺参数、微观结构与力学性能间存在复杂非线性关联,传统定性实验难以实现定量控制,小样本下精准建模也存在难度。Zhu等[70]将陶瓷粉末粒径、喷涂功率等作为输入,孔隙率、结合强度等作为输出,分别构建BPNN与花朵授粉算法(flower pollination algorithm,FPA)优化的ELM模型,并用k折交叉验证评估鲁棒性,结果显示,FPA-ELM模型的回归系数R>0.94、RMSE<2,预测精度与鲁棒性优于BPNN,该模型可实现涂层制备的定量控制,为TBC工艺优化、材料研发提供了新方法。Ye等[71]提出布谷鸟搜索算法优化SVM方法,以APS的粉末粒径、喷涂距离、功率为输入,孔隙率、孔裂比、最大费雷特直径等5种微观结构特征为输出,基于15个试样构建数据集训练模型,经验证该模型的相关系数R>95%,RMSE、平均绝对误差等指标均小于0.1,经过12个随机试样进一步验证,模型性能依然稳定,适配小样本回归预测需求,高效建立工艺参数与微观结构的关联,用于构建工艺参数-微观结构-服役性能的完整联系,助力TBC的服役性能提升与安全状态监测。
TBR是TBC的核心性能指标,但传统声学失配、扩散失配模型的预测精度不足,难以支撑开发。Zhan等[72]收集实验TBR数据作为训练集,将相关材料属性设为描述符,训练了包括GPR、SVR在内的机器学习模型,这些模型的预测精度显著优于传统模型,其中,GPR与SVR的表现更优,同时对比不同描述符集后发现,膜厚是影响TBR预测的关键参数。Gao等[73]提出Adap-Alex算法,基于CNN用3×3、步长1的小卷积核减少参数计算,同时调整感受野、步长等参数,结合sigmoid函数实现自适应池化,解决了传统CNN训练复杂TBC图像时的耗时、过拟合问题,通过热震试验构建TBC数据集后验证,该算法的平均训练时间比VGG-Net短125 s、比Alex-Net短685 s,热振动300次时,测试精度达93%,高于Alex-Net与VGG-Net,能高效精准判断TBC寿命,有效提升了航空发动机叶片TBC寿命预测的效率与精度。Ma等[74]提出M-GPR算法,通过Morlet小波分解结合超声反射幅值谱,解耦含孔隙率信息的多尺度声学特征,再以GA与交叉验证优化GPR,用提取的特征与孔隙率数据训练模型,如图7所示,同时构建随机孔隙模型(random pore model,RPM),在孔隙率1%~9%的ZrO2涂层RPM上仿真验证,预测相对误差低至0.60%、最高6.28%,精度比BPNN高16%,25个训练RPM的预测误差低于5.7%,5个测试RPM结果与实际孔隙率吻合度良好。
TBC作为航空发动机涡轮叶片等高温部件的核心防护材料,其陶瓷层厚度、介电常数、黏结层电导率及结构完整性直接决定部件隔热性能与服役安全,精准的状态监测、健康评估及决策支持是保障发动机可靠运行的关键。传统监测与健康管理方法面临挑战,如多参数同步反演难度大、应力评估依赖FEM导致耗时冗长、复杂信号中结构参数提取效率低,难以满足实时监测、快速失效预警的工程需求,制约了TBC全生命周期安全管控能力的提升。传统方法难以同步反演陶瓷层、黏结层参数变化,直接导致失效风险,影响航空发动机的安全监测[75-78]。
Wang等[79]提出基于电磁/电容双模传感器的BPNN方法,集电磁模式下不同激励频率的信号,结合电容模式信号作为输入,构建模型同步反演陶瓷层厚度、介电常数及黏结层电导率这3个关键参数,实验验证显示,所有参数的反演误差均小于2%,满足工业精度要求。Ning等[80]提出图像识别和ANN方法,构建含CMAS的陶瓷顶层涂层两相图像,识别边界后用平均坐标法优化,再构建图像恢复有限元模型计算等温热应力,提取结构参数与局部最大应力建立样本库,训练ANN预测新样本的应力,如图8所示,结果显示,新方法应力预测RMSE仅约6%,耗时不足5 s,而FEM耗时265~382 s,新方法快77倍,还能精准定位椭圆最近点的高应力区,该方法高效精准,且应力与椭圆几何参数相关,未来可拓展到其他两相工程结构的应力评估。Ye等[81]提出太赫兹光谱结合混合机器学习的方法,先通过FDTD算法模拟64组结构参数对应的太赫兹时域与反射信号,添加高斯白噪声模拟实际测试环境后,用haar小波降噪处理,再通过将高维数据压缩至累计贡献率超95%的低维主成分实现PCA降维,减少冗余信息、提升效率,最终构建ELM模型,用GA优化得到PCA-GA-ELM,用于预测涂层结构参数,该模型在预测性能与计算速度上均表现优异,且反射数据更适配建模。这种方法结合了太赫兹无损技术的精准性与机器学习的高效性,能可靠支撑多层TBC的结构健康监测,为航空发动机热端部件的安全保障提供了新手段。
TBC智能化设计依托数据驱动与AI,已在多维度实现系统性突破,推动研发模式转型,同时新一代高温设备对TBC的性能需求已从单一热防护向多功能集成升级,未来研发需聚焦结构功能一体化与多目标协同优化,AI将成为突破核心瓶颈的关键支撑。未来TBC设计需重点向集成方向发展,兼顾抗CMAS侵蚀、耐高温腐蚀、抗热震性与雷达吸波隐身等功能,构建“隔热-防护-功能”一体化体系。然而,抗CMAS侵蚀、抗热震性与低热导率等目标之间常存在此消彼长的制约关系,需依托AI驱动的多目标优化算法,构建“工艺-结构-多性能”耦合模型,挖掘性能协同区间,实现多目标平衡设计。
AI和TBC的核心发展方向包括3方面:①AI融合高通量计算,优化材料热物理性能综合评价描述符,解决当前高通量筛选的核心痛点,加速新一代超高温TBC材料研发。②构建跨尺度多场AI模型,整合微观晶粒、介观梯度结构与宏观服役形态数据,精准解析热-力-电磁多场耦合机制,支撑一体化结构设计。③AI和数字孪生技术,结合实时传感数据动态预测涂层性能演化,输出自适应修复与调控策略,实现服役全生命周期智能管控。
AI技术为TBC的研发与应用带来了颠覆性的变革机遇,未来通过突破工程化应用的核心瓶颈,推动TBC从单一防护材料升级为多功能智能适配材料,有望攻克新一代超高温TBC研发的核心难题,为高推重比航空发动机、重型燃气轮机等高端设备的发展提供核心材料支撑。

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2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0901
  • 接收时间:2025-12-30
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-30
  • 录用日期:2026-05-08
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    1北京航空航天大学 材料科学与工程学院,北京 100191
    2高温结构材料与涂层技术工信部重点实验室,北京 100191
    3北京航空航天大学 天目山实验室,杭州 311115

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)
属
Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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