Article(id=1322941267331658336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0363, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1749830400000, receivedDateStr=2025-06-14, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1752681600000, acceptedDateStr=2025-07-17, onlineDate=1793343377191, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343377191, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343377191, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343377191, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3471, endPage=3481, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941267507819105, articleId=1322941267331658336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=Developing status and prospect of range-extended aircraft, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

All-electric aircraft face limitations in achieving long range due to the energy density constraints of current lithium batteries. Range-extended aircraft, employing an "electric-dominant, fuel-supplement" powertrain architecture, offer a balance between environmental benefits and extended range, positioning them as a crucial transitional solution for aviation decarbonization. This review focuses on the range-extended technology pathway. It provides an overview of the technological roadmaps adopted by representative range-extended aircraft models both domestically and internationally; it compares and analyzes five typical hybrid powertrain architectures, elucidating the definition and operational principles of the range-extended concept. It explores the advances and challenges of key enabling technologies that are driving its development, including high-power-density permanent magnet motors, intelligent energy management systems, efficient thermal management systems, and high-voltage partial discharge monitoring and protection technologies. This review clarifies the current landscape and core barriers of range-extended technology. It provides essential insights to inform the technological evolution towards long-range adaptability for all-electric aircraft and serves as a valuable reference for formulating strategies aimed at the low-carbon transition of the aviation industry.

, authors=Shiyu FENG1, *, Ziqi FU1, Guannan LIU2, Huanyu TAI1, Leiming GENG3, Richeng MIU1, authorsList=Shiyu FENG, Ziqi FU, Guannan LIU, Huanyu TAI, Leiming GENG, Richeng MIU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Shiyu FENG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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全电飞机受限于锂电池能量密度难以满足长航程需求,而增程式飞机通过“电主油辅”架构平衡了环保性与续航里程,成为航空低碳化的重要过渡方案。基于此,聚焦增程式技术路径,系统性对比分析5种典型混合动力架构,明确了增程式定义与工作原理;梳理了国内外代表性增程式机型的技术路线;深入探讨了支撑其发展的高功率密度永磁电机、智能能量管理系统、高效热管理系统及高压局部放电监测与防护技术的进展与挑战。明晰了增程式技术的当前格局与核心壁垒,为全电飞机长航程适应性技术迭代提供了重要依据,并可为航空产业低碳转型战略制定提供参考。

, authors=冯诗愚1, *, 付子祺1, 刘冠男2, 台环宇1, 耿雷铭3, 缪日成1, authorsList=冯诗愚, 付子祺, 刘冠男, 台环宇, 耿雷铭, 缪日成, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=冯诗愚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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动力架构类型优点缺点
串联动力架构内燃机高效;氢燃料支持;控制简单能量损耗大;设备增重
并联动力架构快速供能;独立工作可靠控制逻辑复杂;策略设计难
混联动力架构适应任务;动态调配能量质量大幅上升;切换难控;优化复杂
涡电动力架构结构简单轻;直接转换效率高需缓冲装置;排放不减;低负载效率低
部分涡电动力架构优化能量分配系统复杂;控制难;排放不减;推力不均衡
), ArticleFig(id=1322941280363360958, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941267331658336, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

混合动力架构优缺点总结

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
动力架构类型优点缺点
串联动力架构内燃机高效;氢燃料支持;控制简单能量损耗大;设备增重
并联动力架构快速供能;独立工作可靠控制逻辑复杂;策略设计难
混联动力架构适应任务;动态调配能量质量大幅上升;切换难控;优化复杂
涡电动力架构结构简单轻;直接转换效率高需缓冲装置;排放不减;低负载效率低
部分涡电动力架构优化能量分配系统复杂;控制难;排放不减;推力不均衡
), ArticleFig(id=1322941280438858431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941267331658336, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of key characteristics of typical extended-range aircraft at home and abroad[12,19-26], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机型类型座位数关键动力参数航程性能项目状态
E-Fan X支线验证机100发电机:2.5 MW,电机:2 MW项目终止(2020年)
Zunum Aero ZA10支线客机12增程器:500 kW,电机:2×500 kW增程后:1126 km地面试飞(2019年)
Electra Aero EL-9eSTOL9电机:8×150 kW纯电:611 km,增程后:2037 km已获订单,计划首飞(2027年)
Nexus 6HXeVTOL5增程器:600 kW,电机:6×100 kW增程后:240 km项目终止(2020年)
锐翔 RX1E-A轻型飞机2增程器:30 kW,电机:30 kW增程后:300 km+已交付(2025年)
DA36 E-Star滑翔机改装2发电机:30 kW,电机:70 kW增程后:900 km(第二代)第二代完成首飞 (2013年)
eDA40轻型飞机4发电机:110 kW,电机:2×80 kW增程后:1333 km验证飞行 (2018年)
Panthera hybrid轻型飞机4发电机:100 kW,电机:145 kW增程后:1200 km已试飞验证 (2021年)
e-Genius验证机2电机:80 kW纯电:400 km,增程后:1280 km已完成载人飞行测试 (2021年)
), ArticleFig(id=1322941280514355904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941267331658336, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

国内外典型增程式飞机关键特性对比[12,19-26]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机型类型座位数关键动力参数航程性能项目状态
E-Fan X支线验证机100发电机:2.5 MW,电机:2 MW项目终止(2020年)
Zunum Aero ZA10支线客机12增程器:500 kW,电机:2×500 kW增程后:1126 km地面试飞(2019年)
Electra Aero EL-9eSTOL9电机:8×150 kW纯电:611 km,增程后:2037 km已获订单,计划首飞(2027年)
Nexus 6HXeVTOL5增程器:600 kW,电机:6×100 kW增程后:240 km项目终止(2020年)
锐翔 RX1E-A轻型飞机2增程器:30 kW,电机:30 kW增程后:300 km+已交付(2025年)
DA36 E-Star滑翔机改装2发电机:30 kW,电机:70 kW增程后:900 km(第二代)第二代完成首飞 (2013年)
eDA40轻型飞机4发电机:110 kW,电机:2×80 kW增程后:1333 km验证飞行 (2018年)
Panthera hybrid轻型飞机4发电机:100 kW,电机:145 kW增程后:1200 km已试飞验证 (2021年)
e-Genius验证机2电机:80 kW纯电:400 km,增程后:1280 km已完成载人飞行测试 (2021年)
), ArticleFig(id=1322941280610824897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941267331658336, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of various performance of the motor[41], figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电机功率密度效率功率因数扭矩脉动鲁棒性高速性能热管理可操控性经济性应用场景
 注:“+”表示优势; “0”表示中等; “-”表示劣势。
高温超导电机++ ++0- --- -+- -推进器、发电机
永磁同步电机++ ++0000+0推进器、发电机
绕线同步电机0-+0---+ +-推进器、发电机、启动器
开关磁阻电机0+--+ ++ ++++ +发电机、启动器
感应电机---0++0++ +启动器
), ArticleFig(id=1322941280694710978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941267331658336, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

电机各项性能对比[41]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
电机功率密度效率功率因数扭矩脉动鲁棒性高速性能热管理可操控性经济性应用场景
 注:“+”表示优势; “0”表示中等; “-”表示劣势。
高温超导电机++ ++0- --- -+- -推进器、发电机
永磁同步电机++ ++0000+0推进器、发电机
绕线同步电机0-+0---+ +-推进器、发电机、启动器
开关磁阻电机0+--+ ++ ++++ +发电机、启动器
感应电机---0++0++ +启动器
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增程式飞机发展现状与展望
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冯诗愚 1, * , 付子祺 1 , 刘冠男 2 , 台环宇 1 , 耿雷铭 3 , 缪日成 1
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3471-3481
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3471 -3481
增程式飞机发展现状与展望
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冯诗愚1, * , 付子祺1, 刘冠男2, 台环宇1, 耿雷铭3, 缪日成1
作者信息
  • 1南京航空航天大学 航空学院,南京 210016
  • 2西安交通大学 化学工程与技术学院,西安 710049
  • 3中航通飞华南飞机工业有限公司,珠海 519000
通讯作者:
Developing status and prospect of range-extended aircraft
Shiyu FENG1, * , Ziqi FU1, Guannan LIU2, Huanyu TAI1, Leiming GENG3, Richeng MIU1
Affiliations
  • 1College of Aerospace Engineering,Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics,Nanjing 210016,China
  • 2School of Chemical Engineering and Technology,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China
  • 3AVIC General Huanan Aircraft Industry Co.,Ltd.,Zhuhai 519000,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0363
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全电飞机受限于锂电池能量密度难以满足长航程需求,而增程式飞机通过“电主油辅”架构平衡了环保性与续航里程,成为航空低碳化的重要过渡方案。基于此,聚焦增程式技术路径,系统性对比分析5种典型混合动力架构,明确了增程式定义与工作原理;梳理了国内外代表性增程式机型的技术路线;深入探讨了支撑其发展的高功率密度永磁电机、智能能量管理系统、高效热管理系统及高压局部放电监测与防护技术的进展与挑战。明晰了增程式技术的当前格局与核心壁垒,为全电飞机长航程适应性技术迭代提供了重要依据,并可为航空产业低碳转型战略制定提供参考。

增程式飞机  /  混合动力飞机  /  全电飞机  /  永磁电机  /  能量管理系统  /  热管理  /  局部放电

All-electric aircraft face limitations in achieving long range due to the energy density constraints of current lithium batteries. Range-extended aircraft, employing an "electric-dominant, fuel-supplement" powertrain architecture, offer a balance between environmental benefits and extended range, positioning them as a crucial transitional solution for aviation decarbonization. This review focuses on the range-extended technology pathway. It provides an overview of the technological roadmaps adopted by representative range-extended aircraft models both domestically and internationally; it compares and analyzes five typical hybrid powertrain architectures, elucidating the definition and operational principles of the range-extended concept. It explores the advances and challenges of key enabling technologies that are driving its development, including high-power-density permanent magnet motors, intelligent energy management systems, efficient thermal management systems, and high-voltage partial discharge monitoring and protection technologies. This review clarifies the current landscape and core barriers of range-extended technology. It provides essential insights to inform the technological evolution towards long-range adaptability for all-electric aircraft and serves as a valuable reference for formulating strategies aimed at the low-carbon transition of the aviation industry.

range-extended aircraft  /  hybrid power aircraft  /  all-electric aircraft  /  permanent magnet motor  /  energy management system  /  thermal management  /  partial discharge
冯诗愚, 付子祺, 刘冠男, 台环宇, 耿雷铭, 缪日成. 增程式飞机发展现状与展望. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3471 -3481 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0363
Shiyu FENG, Ziqi FU, Guannan LIU, Huanyu TAI, Leiming GENG, Richeng MIU. Developing status and prospect of range-extended aircraft[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3471 -3481 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0363
低碳转型已成为全球工业可持续发展的必由之路。尽管航空领域CO2排放只占全球人为排放总量的2%~3%,但因其废气组分复杂并直接排放至高空,造成大气环境严重污染,加之排放量持续攀升,故被列为全球减排重点领域之一。
全电飞机完全依赖电能驱动推进系统,具有零排放、高效率、低噪声等显著优点,其代替传统燃油飞机已成为航空业低碳转型布局下的必然趋势。目前,全电飞机商用电池以锂电为主,最高能量密度目前可达到700 Wh/kg,远低于燃油,故其航程受到巨大限制[1]。为解决全电飞机的续航难题,增程式飞机采用“电主油辅”混合动力架构,通过燃油燃烧驱动涡轮带动发电机发电,增加全电飞机航程,以适应区域物流等更多场景。增程式飞机具有低碳环保和长航程特点,可以兼容现有机场燃料基础设施,通过能量管理优化实现系统能量效率最大化,在高能电池技术突破前提供技术过渡。
本文深度解析增程式飞机发展现状,对比5种混合动力飞机动力架构,提出增程式飞机的狭义定义,阐述其工作原理,并整理国内外增程式飞机机型;深入总结高功率密度电机、能量管理系统和热管理系统等核心技术,并针对电气系统安全问题进行讨论;对增程式飞机的未来发展做出展望。
全电推进系统中,电动机与电力电子变换器响应速度快、控制精度高,使其整体效率优于传统燃油动力系统。然而,多数全电飞机,如德国Lilium公司[2]的Lilium Jet和美国Bye Aerospace公司[3]的eFlyer 2等续航仅约300 km,远低于燃油飞机。为突破续航瓶颈并提升效率,国内外学者结合全电与传统燃油动力特点,提出混合动力架构,并开展了一系列研究。
基于能量传递路径的拓扑差异,目前,混合动力飞机动力架构主要有5种,如图1所示[4]。图1(a)为串联动力架构,采用解耦式能量传递路径:内燃机驱动发电机产生电能,经电力电子转换器调配后,直接驱动推进电机或为储能电池充电。其核心特征在于推进系统仅由电动机单一路径驱动,实现动力源与推进器的隔离[5]。架构变体包含氢燃料电池方案,以储氢系统替代内燃机作为增程发电单元,达到零排放要求,但其需应对低温储氢环境与质子交换膜退化等技术挑战[6]。
图1(b)为并联动力架构,通过机械耦合机构实现电动机与内燃机的功率叠加输出,两者既可独立驱动推进器,也可协同工作[7]。图1(c)为混联动力架构,融合串、并联架构特性,可在飞行期间更改拓扑结构以变换动力架构。内燃机输出动力可经机械路径直接驱动推进器,亦可分流至发电机转化为电力[8]。图1(d)为涡电动力架构,涡轮发动机直接驱动发电机为电动机供电,无需电池组,但因缺乏电池缓冲,需增设飞轮等惯性装置来平滑功率波动[9]。图1(e)为部分涡电动力架构,在保留电驱动推进路径的基础上,增设涡轮发动机机械推进形成混合推力网络。涡轮机组同时承担机械推进与发电双重功能,通过功率分流传动装置实现机械能与电能的比例调节[10]。表1列出了各混合动力架构的优缺点。
串联动力架构在动力传输方式上与其他类型有着根本区别:其内燃机或涡轮引擎仅作为发电机使用,产生的电能通过电动机单独驱动推进器,彻底切断了传统机械传动结构。这种设计完全通过电力线路传输动力,发动机无需随飞行状态变化调整转速,始终保持在最高效的工作区间。相比之下,并联和混联动力架构仍保留发动机直接驱动螺旋桨的机械结构,需要协调机械与电力2种不同特性的能量传输。而涡电动力架构虽然也采用纯电驱动,但完全依赖实时发电且不带储能电池,无法应对突发功率需求。串联动力架构则配备储能电池作为电力缓冲,既解决了瞬时动力波动问题,又提供了紧急情况下的备用能源。
航空领域并没有对增程式飞机的明确定义,而中国国标[11]明确规范了增程式汽车的定义,即纯电模式具备全动力性能,亏电时启动辅助供电装置补能,且该装置与驱动系统无机械连接。故本文所讨论的增程式飞机定义为:在纯电模式下具备全动力性能,当机载储能系统无法满足航程要求时,启动机载辅助供电装置为动力系统提供电能,以延长航程的一种电动飞机,且该机载辅助供电装置与动力系统无机械连接。
以E-Fan X[12]动力架构为例,如图2所示,增程式飞机的动力系统由燃料发电系统、储能系统、能量管理系统、电驱动系统及热管理系统5大核心构成[10,13]。其中,燃料发电系统通过化学能-电能的持续转换实现空中自主供电,储能系统依托高能量密度电池组保障全工况功率稳定输出,能量管理系统基于飞行阶段特征动态优化供能策略,电驱动系统将电能转化为推进器机械动力,热管理系统则通过分级散热机制维持设备热安全边界[14-16]。
增程式飞机动力系统具备全电与混合动力双模式运行能力:全电模式下,储能系统独立承担供能任务,实现零排放运行,在高功率需求阶段提供瞬时动力支撑,并通过能量回收提升系统效率[17];混合动力模式下,燃料发电系统与储能系统功率互补,通过航段自适应算法动态调配能量流以扩展航程。2种模式依托能量管理系统实现无缝切换,使飞机在环保短途飞行与混合动力长途任务间灵活转换,平衡环境友好性与任务适应性[18]。
基于增程式架构的能量解耦特性与工作原理,全球航空界已展开多路径技术验证。本节聚焦国内外代表性机型,系统梳理如Zunum Aero ZA10、锐翔RX1E-A等项目的动力系统配置与试飞进展,国内外增程式飞机机型如图3所示,其关键特性对比如表2所示[12,19-26]。通过横向对比揭示不同技术路线的设计特点与适航挑战,为后续关键技术迭代提供依据。
E-Fan X验证机基于BAE146支线客机平台,将一台涡扇发动机替换为西门子研制的2 MW电动机,由罗罗2.5 MW发电机为主,辅以机腹锂电池协同供电,其渲染图如图3(a)所示[27]。2020年3月完成气动风洞试验,验证了混合动力系统气动兼容性[12]。
Zunum Aero ZA10的渲染图如图3(b)所示,设计航程达1126 km。动力系统采用燃气涡轮发动机作为增程器,与高比能电池组联合供电,驱动2台500 kW电动涵道风扇。机型最高巡航速度为547 km/h,并具备短距起降能力[19]。
Electra Aero公司基于EL-2 Goldfinch验证机开发了EL-9混合动力电动短距起降飞行器(electric short takeoff and landing, eSTOL)飞机,其渲染图如图3(c)所示。该机集成8台分布式电驱风扇,燃气涡轮可在飞行中为锂电池充电,同时,电驱风扇利用吹气增升技术实现46 m内起降。EL-9已通过IFR适航认证并配备智能飞控系统,已获全球52家运营商2100架订单,计划2027年首飞、2029年商业运营[20]。
Bell公司Nexus 6HX混合动力电动垂直起降飞行器(electric vertical takeoff and landing, eVTOL)飞机采用涡轮增程式架构,600 kW涡轮轴发动机驱动发电机,供电给6组可倾转涵道风扇及储能电池,其渲染图如图3(d)所示。验证显示,2722 kg最大起飞质量下,巡航速度达241 km/h、航程为240 km,续航能力为纯电平台的6倍。已通过Uber Elevate完成适航验证[21]。
锐翔RX1E系列作为中国首款自主知识产权电动轻型运动飞机,由辽宁通用航空研究院研制,其实物图如图3(e)所示。升级版RX1E-A沿用基础型设计,新增模块化增程器(可选燃气涡轮/内燃机),低电量时可空中充电或直供电动机。该增程系统使航程提升至基础型的2.3倍,满足300 km短途通勤与扩展训练需求[22]。
DA36 E-Star基于HK36滑翔机构建,集成30 kW转子发电机、70 kW永磁电机及锂电池组,依托动态算法优化能量管理,其实物图如图3(f)所示。起飞阶段电池峰值输出达110 kW,巡航时发动机稳定在2400 r/min高效发电,滑翔阶段回收动能[23]。
eDA40混合动力采用110 kW燃油发电机,两侧集成电驱单元及12 kWh电池,其实物图如图3(g)所示。纯电驱动下可飞行30 min,增程模式下可延长至5 h。起飞阶段双电机联合输出150 kW峰值推力,下降反桨回收能量,实现1150 kg最大起飞质量(载荷为344 kg)下263 km/h巡航与1333 km航程,燃油效率较传统机型提升40%[24]。
Pipistrel公司基于Panthera纯电四座飞机加载增程子系统,开发了145 kW级油电混合动力系统,其实物图如图3(h)所示。2021年验证显示,巡航阶段燃油机组保持低于230 g/kWh燃油消耗率运行并动态补能,航程较纯电提升3倍,起降噪声低于65 dB (经过A计权网络滤波后测得的分贝值)[25]。
斯图加特大学的e-Genius混合动力验证机2021年完成载人飞行测试,其实物图如图3(i)所示。该机型以80 kW永磁电机配合螺旋桨为主推进单元,在纯电驱动下航程可达400 km,集成微型燃油发电机组后,可实现40 kWh锂电池与燃油机组互补供能。燃油机组锁定2400~2600 r/min高效区间运行,通过dSPACE控制器实现2.9 L/100 km等效油耗(较传统系统降67%)[26]。在750 kg级电动滑翔机牵引验证中,系统航程较纯电提升320%。智能飞控通过航迹优化降低15%~22%巡航能耗,其“按需补能”逻辑已被纳入EASA CS-23修订草案,为通航低碳转型提供工程化路径[28]。
相较于工业电机比功率的0.1~0.5 kW/kg、汽车驱动电机的1~3 kW/kg,航空电机需突破10 kW/kg且功率达1~3 MW[29]。此外,航空电机还需应对高温、高频振动等极端工况。目前,主流电机按电磁拓扑结构可分为永磁同步电机、绕线同步电机、感应电机、开关磁阻电机和高温超导电机[30]。永磁同步电机通过永磁体自励磁场,兼具高功率密度、低维护成本等优势;绕线同步电机通过主动励磁调节实现恒速恒频输出,但功率密度较低[31-33];高温超导电机基于超导材料突破兆瓦级功率密度,有望成为航空电机首选,但仍受限于材料与工艺瓶颈[34]。感应电机和开关磁阻电机结构简单、环境适应性强,适用于中小型增程器、eVTOL启动器,但瞬时扭矩不足且效率较低[35-40]。如表3所示[41],不同电机在功率密度、鲁棒性及成本上各有侧重,应用领域亦不同。
为满足增程式飞机对超高比功率的要求,国内外多数机型选用永磁同步电机,既作为增程发电机,也作为主动力电机。在永磁同步电机的技术突破上,Mecrow等[42]改进了四相容错电机,采用Halbach阵列和燃油浸没冷却,实现15000 r/(min·16 kW)高功率密度驱动,单相故障下仍可运行,且温升低于25 ℃。Zhang等[43]提出新型Halbach五相电机,优化磁化角与齿宽增强三次谐波以提升转矩密度及效率。Elloumi等[44]设计新型辐条式内置电机,结合机械弱磁装置,通过模型与有限元验证可降低铜损并扩展2倍速域。
在轻量化材料应用上,Koch等[45]提出碳纤维-不锈钢混合轴(干法缠绕+离心铸造)与软磁复合材料(soft magnetic composite, SMC)注塑磁芯2种减重方案,通过了127000件/年的量产验证,且可减重50%。Zhou等[46]设计了一种碳纤维增强塑料高速永磁电机护套,经板状与圆柱试样验证其环向强度满足设计指标,并减轻了整体质量。
在永磁电机的应用上,空客与劳斯莱斯联合研制的E-Fan X项目采用2.5 MW永磁电机技术,开创兆瓦级航空电驱工程化先例[47];欧洲航空防务与航天公司(European Aeronautic Defence and Space Company,EADS)与西门子合作开发的5000 r/(min·65 kW)电机应用于Diamond滑翔机,实现油电无缝切换及22%巡航效率提升[48];美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration,NASA)研制的60000 r/(min·3 kW)超高速电机采用陶瓷轴承与无铁芯绕组,利用飞轮储能,能量转换效率达到97%,并刷新航空电机转速记录[49]。斯洛文尼亚Emrax 348系列外转子轴向磁通电机如图4所示,在额定功率为210 kW、额定转速为4000 r/min条件下实现10 kW/kg功率密度,已应用于Apis EA2滑翔机、Electric Taurus等机型,并适配车辆牵引、增程发电等多场景[50-51]。
永磁同步电机因其高功率密度与高效率,被广泛应用于增程式飞机动力系统。但目前仍面临永磁体在高温环境下易退磁及高速运转时对转子结构和动平衡的要求苛刻等问题。未来研发需结合碳纤维壳体等轻量化材料与紧凑设计,同时,克服高温、高频振动等极端工况挑战[52-54]。
能量管理系统的动态协调能力直接关联航程经济性。增程式飞机电力系统架构如图5所示,硬件部分主要由整流器、逆变器和双向直流转换器组成,其拓扑架构决定能量损耗与动态响应特性。三相有源整流器可将机载发电机输出的交流电转换为直流电,其核心功能包括稳定母线电压、优化发电机侧功率因数、确保电流低谐波[55]。三相逆变器控制推进电机,多采用六开关逆变器,在高压化趋势下,多电平逆变器因高耐压、低谐波等优势逐渐成为增程式飞机的主流选择[56]。双向直流转换器负责协调电池、负载与电容间的功率,多采用双有源桥结构。传统系统(28 V/270 V)转向高压(540 V/1 kV)仍需较长时间,过渡过程中可借助多端口转换器适配多电压需求[57]。
增程式飞机能量管理策略可分为非因果与因果2类:前者旨在全局优化,后者聚焦实时局部优化。非因果策略需要详略的全局信息,实施难度较大,但仍是理论研究的核心方向[58]。动态规划是一种常用的非因果策略,因直接求解计算量过大,常通过凸化处理来简化计算流程,例如,Murgovski团队[59]通过电池能量变量替换、约束松弛等方法将混合整数问题转化为凸规划,结合启发式决策实现电池尺寸与能量管理联合优化,其解与动态规划结果高度吻合。
因果策略包含规则控制与优化控制2类,在规则控制方法中:基于确定性规则的方法,如Hung团队[60]提出的理想操作线(ideal operating line,IOL)控制,虽能降低无人机燃料消耗,但存在鲁棒性差与最优性缺失问题;基于模糊规则的控制方法则可通过近似推理提升抗干扰能力,如Lee团队[61]在混合动力客车中验证其转矩分配优势,但缺乏理论最优性证明。而Karunarathne等[62]通过融合神经网络提升模糊规则下的自适应能力。
基于优化的因果策略因理论支撑优势备受关注,典型理论包括庞特里亚金极大值原理与等效消耗最小化策略。Elbert团队[63]基于庞特里亚金极大值原理建立功率阈值驱动的引擎开关策略,在计算效率上显著优于动态规划。Njoya Motapon团队[64]在14 kW燃料电池飞机实验中验证等效消耗最小化策略的燃油经济性最优;Donateo等[65]将等效消耗最小化策略应用于转子发动机无人机的能量管理,以较低计算成本优化任务燃油消耗,并确保电池能量高效利用。Zhai等[66]提出了一种融合模糊逻辑的自适应能量管理策略(fuzzy adaptive equivalent consumption minimization strategy,F-AECMS),结合预测推力调节与电池荷电状态(state of charge,SOC)的闭环控制,能够在多种飞行工况下稳定SOC并降低燃油消耗。Palaia等[67]面向早期飞机设计阶段,提出了基于任务划分的能量管理方法,将飞行任务简化为爬升、巡航与下降3段,并通过分段优化动态分配发动机与电机功率输出,有效提升燃油效率与任务执行性能。
执行所有信息已知的特定任务时,优先采用非因果控制,而当飞行任务随飞行环境变化时,则需要采用因果控制实时更新控制参数。对于非因果控制,由于其方程的非线性,未来研究应聚焦于凸化方法来简化计算,并尽可能减小误差;对于因果控制,则要解决强烈随机外部扰动使实时优化难以求解的问题。
增程式飞机的动力系统运行中会产生大量热量,高效可靠的热管理系统对保障性能、延长部件寿命及防止热安全事故至关重要[68]。其设计需综合考虑材料、流体热交换机制与整机热管理,满足航空领域严苛的轻量化、高可靠性和环境适应性要求。
材料方面,高性能导热与储热材料是基础。优化后的不同结构热管(管式、平板式、脉动式)结合相变材料,能将电池组最高温度控制在50 ℃内,优于传统冷却[69]。Zhao等[70]通过电极优化,使5 C放电下电池内部温度梯度降低68%,减缓容量衰减。Coutinho等[71]证实膨胀石墨-石蜡复合相变材料可使电池峰值温度降低9.4 ℃。
流体热交换方面,风冷结构简单轻便,但换热能力有限,适用于低功率或辅助散热,优化风道与气流组织是关键。Hong等[72]设计的带二次通风口平行空冷系统将电池组平行流道间温差降低60%,压差波动减小67%。凭借高比热容和导热性,液冷成为主流方案,尤适于电池包和电机。Liu等[73]实验显示,沉浸冷却下电机运行近3000 s后绕组温度稳定在130 ℃以下,显著优于传统油套冷却的180 ℃。
针对整机热管理,Potamiti等[74]对比发现,集中式液冷系统整体湿重为158.22 kg,分散式液冷系统因含多个独立回路,质量增加32.2%,但具有模块化和冗余优势。整体而言,集中式液冷系统结构更紧凑轻量,适合对质量敏感的航空应用;分散式液冷系统则在冗余安全性和局部温控上更具优势。冷却方式上,串联易致下游过热,而并联需更复杂的流量控制,但温度分布更均衡[75]。
增程式飞机热管理技术未来将采用水基Fe2O3纳米流体强化导热、蒙皮换热器、增材微通道等新兴散热方案,通过多学科优化实现热管理与气动设计协同,以驱动系统综合能效提升。
在增程式飞机中,除热管理系统需应对的热失控风险外,高压电子元器件在高空低气压与高温环境下引发的局部放电问题同样构成严峻的电气安全威胁与潜在失效风险。局部放电作为关键的老化与故障前兆,其演化机制与识别手段成为研究焦点。局部放电通常分为气隙放电、沿面放电与电晕放电,其中,气隙放电对气压变化最敏感,沿面放电受湿污耦合作用主导,电晕放电则常因振动调制而增强辐射干扰[76]。图6为某35 kV 交联聚乙烯 (cross-linked polyethylene,XLPE)电缆接头因局部放电引起的绝缘层击穿与屏蔽层腐蚀现象由外而内地显示了局部放电对电缆造成的损伤[77]。
Hu等[78]通过油纸界面模型研究发现,低压条件下沿面放电起始电压显著降低,放电更易沿弱界面扩展。Katsuta等[79]在超高压电缆试验中指出,接头区域是局放高发部位,且在稀薄空气中信号易受干扰。Bartnikas[80]总结了电晕放电的相位分布与频率特性,为相位分辨局部放电(phase-resolved partial discharge,PRPD)分类提供了基础参考。
在新材料防治方面,Abdel-Gawad等[81]采用TiO2纳米颗粒改性聚氯乙烯(polyvinyl chloride,PVC),发现质量分数为3%的纳米填料可使放电起始电压提升22%,同时,脉冲数量显著下降,表明电子俘获机制有效增强了局放抑制能力。Yan等[82]通过大气等离子体处理SiO2颗粒,制备出具有更高耐局部放电能力和击穿强度的环氧树脂复合材料,即使局部放电密度略有上升,材料整体可靠性仍显著优于纯环氧树脂。
在检测与预警方面,Wester提出衰减交流法用于电缆绝缘评估,适用于中长距离系统的非破坏性检测[83]。Gulski等[84-85]进一步开发了基于振荡波测试的在线检测平台,结合高频电流互感器/高频电流传感器(high-frequency current Transformer,HFCT)、超高频(ultra-high frequency,UHF)等传感器布设方案,并引入深度学习算法以提升多类局放的识别准确性。
综上所述,局部放电的波形、幅值、频率与相位等参数可有效反映放电位置与类型,PRPD图谱仍是核心诊断工具。未来发展应聚焦于纳米复合绝缘材料的界面强化技术、多物理场耦合的老化模型与寿命预测方法及多源信号(电-声-光)融合的智能在线诊断与预警系统,以支撑增程式飞机等复杂平台的绝缘安全保障。
1) 增程式飞机作为燃油飞机向全电飞机过渡的重要桥梁,展现了显著的技术潜力与发展空间。本文系统梳理了增程式飞机发展脉络、工作原理及关键技术,重点分析了增程式架构在能量解耦、效率提升及能量管理等方面的优势,明确了其在中、短途通勤、支线物流及城市空中交通中的应用潜力。同时,总结了高功率密度电机、能量分配策略、热管理方法及局部放电原理、监测、防护等核心技术的发展现状,并指出了高功重比发电系统、轻量化材料等方面的关键技术挑战,为后续增程式飞机的发展及关键部件技术研发提供了参考依据。
2) 增程式飞机技术的深化发展需攻克高功重比发电系统与轻量化材料等核心瓶颈,同时,重构适应混合动力的适航标准体系。通过多学科协同设计优化动力链、热管理及机体结构的系统集成,结合智能能量管理算法,可充分释放航程效能优势。短途通勤与支线物流将成为技术落地的突破口,而规模化商用依赖关键部件工程化突破与绿色航空产业链的协同支撑。随着低碳航空动力的技术迭代,该架构有望在效率提升与环境友好的双重维度上克服关键技术难题,为全电式飞机降本增效提供创新解决方案。

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2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0363
  • 接收时间:2025-06-14
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2025-06-14
  • 录用日期:2025-07-17
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    1南京航空航天大学 航空学院,南京 210016
    2西安交通大学 化学工程与技术学院,西安 710049
    3中航通飞华南飞机工业有限公司,珠海 519000

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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