Article(id=1322941549956440966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0377, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1780934400000, receivedDateStr=2026-06-09, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1784217600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-07-17, onlineDate=1793343444574, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343444574, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343444574, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343444574, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3580, endPage=3591, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941550161961863, articleId=1322941549956440966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=A multi-aircraft cooperative air combat decision-making algorithm based on an adaptive weighted priority virtual self-play theory approach, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
This study suggests an approach that combines prioritized fictitious self-play (PFSP) with an adaptive winning-game weighting mechanism to address the delayed convergence and policy oscillation in self-play training for multi-aircraft cooperative beyond-visual-range (BVR) air combat. Firstly, a 4v4 BVR air combat simulation environment is established under a multi-agent reinforcement learning framework. Second, in order to break the policy cycle, the Elo method is developed to conduct non-uniform sampling of past opponents and dynamically assess policy capabilities. Meanwhile, a win-rate-based loss function weighting mechanism is designed to guide gradient updates when early high-value samples are scarce. According to experiments, the suggested approach greatly lessens later-stage oscillation and converges to the Nash equilibrium by the 200th episode, increasing convergence efficiency by 55% over conventional FSP. The weighting mechanism’s accelerating impact is further supported by ablation investigations. Lastly, agents educated using PFSP have strong air combat decision-making ability, winning 70.3% of the time against skilled opponents.
, authors=Yaoming ZHOU1
, *, Tao HAN1, Yufei JIANG1, Zheng YANG2, Yifeng TIAN2, authorsList=Yaoming ZHOU, Tao HAN, Yufei JIANG, Zheng YANG, Yifeng TIAN, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Yaoming ZHOU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941553509016466, articleId=1322941549956440966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=基于自适应加权优先虚拟自博弈的多机协同空战决策算法, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
针对多机协同超视距(BVR)空战自博弈训练中收敛速度慢、策略循环振荡的问题,提出了一种结合优先虚拟自博弈(PFSP)与自适应胜局加权机制的多机协同空战决策算法。在多智能体强化学习框架下构建4v4超视距空战仿真对抗环境;引入Elo机制动态评估策略能力,实现历史对手策略的非均匀采样,打破策略循环;同时,设计基于胜率的损失函数加权机制,在初期高价值样本稀缺情况下,引导梯度更新方向。实验结果表明,所提算法在第200个训练回合便逼近平衡状态,较传统FSP算法的收敛效率提升约55%,且中后期的博弈振荡幅值相对较小。进一步采用消融实验证实了损失函数加权机制的加速收敛效果。采用PFSP算法的自博弈智能体策略在面对专家对手时,能够取得70.3%的胜率,展现出强大的空战决策能力。
, authors=周尧明1
, *, 韩韬1, 姜雨菲1, 杨政2, 田艺枫2, authorsList=周尧明, 韩韬, 姜雨菲, 杨政, 田艺枫, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=周尧明, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 北京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版)编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=m3++YXTgRS76UW6xWxQ4vw==, magXml=/KZe2kuW35llL11UV6ttFw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FtQ/NJeqPm/cJItKCDbBzg==, pdfFileSize=1981290, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Y178nFkzDLqoccUR/YRrkA==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=v9TWp+l3JmDBhkLm/fOu/g==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941553995555738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=zhouyaoming@buaa.edu.cn, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941554087830428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, authorId=1322941553995555738, language=EN, stringName=Yaoming ZHOU, firstName=Yaoming, middleName=null, lastName=ZHOU, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1
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Chinese Journal of Aeronautics, 2025, 38(9): 103526., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1322941553769063315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941553781646228, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, companyId=1322941553769063315, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941553790034837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, companyId=1322941553769063315, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
1北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100191)]), AuthorCompany(id=1322941553861338006, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1322941553873920919, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, companyId=1322941553861338006, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=
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Aircraft model, figureFileSmall=l+OcXiFng5Y8V7Ba47J4HA==, figureFileBig=Y178nFkzDLqoccUR/YRrkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941558097585087, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
飞机模型, figureFileSmall=l+OcXiFng5Y8V7Ba47J4HA==, figureFileBig=Y178nFkzDLqoccUR/YRrkA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941558571541440, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Fig. 2, caption=
Code framework, figureFileSmall=G76i8sEctKEFNcUMHBdYXw==, figureFileBig=9ZcwHXj1BGpcwyVnwdveSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941558634456001, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
代码框架, figureFileSmall=G76i8sEctKEFNcUMHBdYXw==, figureFileBig=9ZcwHXj1BGpcwyVnwdveSQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941558684787650, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Fig. 3, caption=
Win rates in algorithm comparative experiments, figureFileSmall=Yhb897uAPX+FPQXP88Aelg==, figureFileBig=LN/GzYwHaVV6z2JBARO3WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941558747702211, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
算法对比实验胜率, figureFileSmall=Yhb897uAPX+FPQXP88Aelg==, figureFileBig=LN/GzYwHaVV6z2JBARO3WQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941558974194628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Fig. 4, caption=
Simulation performance in the initial phase of combat, figureFileSmall=nXiXM07mn5arezl977iVtg==, figureFileBig=mUeFLlAPvEv2wvWxIDuPUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941559058080709, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
对战初期仿真表现, figureFileSmall=nXiXM07mn5arezl977iVtg==, figureFileBig=mUeFLlAPvEv2wvWxIDuPUA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941559167132614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Fig. 5, caption=
Simulation performance in mid-to-late phases of combat, figureFileSmall=7u9llCv+MaMZ8c4mlcU/dA==, figureFileBig=VKsICFb4C3iYBNxffg4S1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941559360070599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
对战中后期仿真表现, figureFileSmall=7u9llCv+MaMZ8c4mlcU/dA==, figureFileBig=VKsICFb4C3iYBNxffg4S1Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1322941559456539592, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
Global state space, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 状态分量 | 描述 | 维数 |
| 本机(蓝1号机) | 位置信息,包括x坐标、y坐标、z坐标; | 3 |
| 角度信息,包括航向角、俯仰角、滚转角; | 3 |
| 速度信息,包括速度大小、北向速度分量、地向速度分量、东向速度分量; | 4 |
| 加速度信息,包括北向加速度分量、地向加速度分量、东向加速度分量 | 3 |
| 友机(蓝2号机,蓝3号机,蓝4号机) | 与本机类似,但状态信息是相对于本机的相对数据 | 3×13 |
| 敌机(红1号机,红2号机,红3号机,红4号机) | 与本机类似,但状态信息是相对于本机的相对数据 | 4×13 |
| 蓝方导弹信息(预留16枚导弹) | 相对位置信息(x坐标、y坐标、z坐标)、相对速度信息(速度大小、 北向速度分量、地向速度分量、东向速度分量) | 16×7 |
| 红方导弹信息(预留16枚导弹) | 与蓝方导弹信息类似 | 16×7 |
| 导弹告警信息(预留16枚导弹) | 方位角、俯仰角(相对值) | 16×2 |
| 导弹制导信息(预留16枚导弹) | 标识符、方位角、俯仰角、制导步数 | 16×4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561155232713, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
全局状态空间
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 状态分量 | 描述 | 维数 |
| 本机(蓝1号机) | 位置信息,包括x坐标、y坐标、z坐标; | 3 |
| 角度信息,包括航向角、俯仰角、滚转角; | 3 |
| 速度信息,包括速度大小、北向速度分量、地向速度分量、东向速度分量; | 4 |
| 加速度信息,包括北向加速度分量、地向加速度分量、东向加速度分量 | 3 |
| 友机(蓝2号机,蓝3号机,蓝4号机) | 与本机类似,但状态信息是相对于本机的相对数据 | 3×13 |
| 敌机(红1号机,红2号机,红3号机,红4号机) | 与本机类似,但状态信息是相对于本机的相对数据 | 4×13 |
| 蓝方导弹信息(预留16枚导弹) | 相对位置信息(x坐标、y坐标、z坐标)、相对速度信息(速度大小、 北向速度分量、地向速度分量、东向速度分量) | 16×7 |
| 红方导弹信息(预留16枚导弹) | 与蓝方导弹信息类似 | 16×7 |
| 导弹告警信息(预留16枚导弹) | 方位角、俯仰角(相对值) | 16×2 |
| 导弹制导信息(预留16枚导弹) | 标识符、方位角、俯仰角、制导步数 | 16×4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561234924490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Local state space, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 状态分量 | 描述 | 维数 |
| 本机(蓝1号机) | 位置信息,包括x坐标、y坐标、z坐标; | 3 |
| 角度信息,包括航向角、俯仰角、滚转角; | 3 |
| 速度信息,包括速度大小; | 1 |
| 加速度信息,包括北向加速度分量、地向加速度分量、东向加速度分量 | 3 |
| 友机(蓝2号机,蓝3号机,蓝4号机) | 与本机类似,但状态信息是相对于本机的相对数据 | 3×10 |
| 敌机(红1号机,红2号机,红3号机,红4号机) | 只包括位置信息(x坐标、y坐标、z坐标)、航向角、速度 | 4×5 |
| 蓝方导弹信息(预留8枚导弹) | 只包括位置信息(x坐标、y坐标、z坐标)、航向角、速度 | 8×5 |
| 红方导弹信息(预留8枚导弹) | 与蓝方导弹信息类似 | 8×5 |
| 导弹告警信息(预留16枚导弹) | 方位角、俯仰角(相对值) | 16×2 |
| 导弹制导信息(预留16枚导弹) | 标识符、方位角、俯仰角、制导步数 | 16×4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561323004875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
局部状态空间
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 状态分量 | 描述 | 维数 |
| 本机(蓝1号机) | 位置信息,包括x坐标、y坐标、z坐标; | 3 |
| 角度信息,包括航向角、俯仰角、滚转角; | 3 |
| 速度信息,包括速度大小; | 1 |
| 加速度信息,包括北向加速度分量、地向加速度分量、东向加速度分量 | 3 |
| 友机(蓝2号机,蓝3号机,蓝4号机) | 与本机类似,但状态信息是相对于本机的相对数据 | 3×10 |
| 敌机(红1号机,红2号机,红3号机,红4号机) | 只包括位置信息(x坐标、y坐标、z坐标)、航向角、速度 | 4×5 |
| 蓝方导弹信息(预留8枚导弹) | 只包括位置信息(x坐标、y坐标、z坐标)、航向角、速度 | 8×5 |
| 红方导弹信息(预留8枚导弹) | 与蓝方导弹信息类似 | 8×5 |
| 导弹告警信息(预留16枚导弹) | 方位角、俯仰角(相对值) | 16×2 |
| 导弹制导信息(预留16枚导弹) | 标识符、方位角、俯仰角、制导步数 | 16×4 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561398502348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Event rewards, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 事件 | 奖励值 |
| 我方飞机发射一枚导弹$ {r}_{{\mathrm{shoot}}} $ | +2 |
| 击落一架敌机$ {r}_{{\mathrm{kill}}} $ | +10 |
| 我方一架飞机被击落$ {r}_{{\mathrm{out}}} $ | −10 |
| 导弹告警消失且我方飞机存活$ {r}_{{\mathrm{threat}}\_ {\mathrm{gone}}} $ | +0.25 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561469805517, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
事件奖励
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 事件 | 奖励值 |
| 我方飞机发射一枚导弹$ {r}_{{\mathrm{shoot}}} $ | +2 |
| 击落一架敌机$ {r}_{{\mathrm{kill}}} $ | +10 |
| 我方一架飞机被击落$ {r}_{{\mathrm{out}}} $ | −10 |
| 导弹告警消失且我方飞机存活$ {r}_{{\mathrm{threat}}\_ {\mathrm{gone}}} $ | +0.25 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561541108686, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Algorithm parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数分类 | 参数 | 取值 |
| 神经网络参数 | 隐藏层神经元数量 | 256 |
| 隐藏层数量 | 2 |
| Actor网络学习率 | 0.0005 |
| Critic 网络学习率 | 0.0005 |
| PPO裁剪参数 | 0.2 |
| 折扣因子 | 0.995 |
| 批数量 | 1 |
| 自博弈参数 | 策略池容量 | 5 |
| 策略入库胜率阈值 | 0.6 |
| 策略入库间隔阈值 | 5 |
| Elo初始评分 | 1200 |
| 改进机制参数 | 策略损失加权机制的最大权重 | 1.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561654354895, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
算法参数
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 参数分类 | 参数 | 取值 |
| 神经网络参数 | 隐藏层神经元数量 | 256 |
| 隐藏层数量 | 2 |
| Actor网络学习率 | 0.0005 |
| Critic 网络学习率 | 0.0005 |
| PPO裁剪参数 | 0.2 |
| 折扣因子 | 0.995 |
| 批数量 | 1 |
| 自博弈参数 | 策略池容量 | 5 |
| 策略入库胜率阈值 | 0.6 |
| 策略入库间隔阈值 | 5 |
| Elo初始评分 | 1200 |
| 改进机制参数 | 策略损失加权机制的最大权重 | 1.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561734046672, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=
Win rates against expert opponents, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 决策算法 | 对战专家 胜率/% | 战损比 (敌:我) | 我方场均 存活数/架 | 平均对局 时长/s |
| PFSP+胜局加权机制 | 70.3 | 1.8:1 | 1.9 | 455.1 |
| FSP | 42.7 | 0.9:1 | 0.8 | 654.2 |
| 仅PFSP | 53.3 | 1.2:1 | 1.3 | 545.5 |
), ArticleFig(id=1322941561809544145, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941549956440966, language=CN, label=表5, caption=
对战专家对手胜率
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 决策算法 | 对战专家 胜率/% | 战损比 (敌:我) | 我方场均 存活数/架 | 平均对局 时长/s |
| PFSP+胜局加权机制 | 70.3 | 1.8:1 | 1.9 | 455.1 |
| FSP | 42.7 | 0.9:1 | 0.8 | 654.2 |
| 仅PFSP | 53.3 | 1.2:1 | 1.3 | 545.5 |
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