Article(id=1322941621603541407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0255, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1777564800000, receivedDateStr=2026-05-01, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1784217600000, acceptedDateStr=2026-07-17, onlineDate=1793343461657, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343461657, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343461657, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343461657, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3535, endPage=3562, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941622312378784, articleId=1322941621603541407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=Overview and prospect of key technologies for underwater gravity-aided inertial navigation, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Underwater high-precision autonomous navigation is a core enabling technology for ocean exploration and development. The positional error of an inertial navigation system (INS) builds up and diverges with time, requiring outside data to be corrected. As an inherent property of the Earth, the gravity field offers stability, autonomy, and passivity, making it an ideal information source. Consequently, gravity-aided inertial navigation technology holds significant research value. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of four important technologies: trajectory planning, gravity matching algorithms, gravity reference map construction, and gravity field adaptability analysis. It is based on an analysis of the system’s technical architecture and fundamental principles. Mainstream methods, such as multi-source data fusion, gridded interpolation, feature evaluation and matching area extraction, sequential correlation matching, nonlinear filtering, and intelligent path optimization, are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, common unresolved issues in current technological development are thoroughly examined. Finally, in view of the technical bottlenecks at this stage, future research directions are discussed, aiming to provide theoretical references and technical guidance for the subsequent development of a high-precision, high-reliability, and high-autonomy underwater gravity-aided inertial navigation system (GAINS).

, authors=Zhaofa ZHOU1, Yiyi LI1, Zhili ZHANG1, *, Po CHEN2, Yinglei BIAN2, Xinyu LI1, authorsList=Zhaofa ZHOU, Yiyi LI, Zhili ZHANG, Po CHEN, Yinglei BIAN, Xinyu LI, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Zhili ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941625286140335, articleId=1322941621603541407, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=水下重力辅助惯性导航关键技术综述与展望, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

水下高精度自主导航是海洋探索与开发的关键核心技术。惯性导航系统(INS)的定位误差随航行时间累积发散,需要外部信息辅助修正。地球重力场作为地球固有属性,兼具稳定性、自主性与无源性,是理想的信息源,由此发展而来的重力辅助惯性导航技术具有重要的研究价值。在分析系统基本原理与技术架构的基础上,围绕重力基准图构建、重力场适配性分析、重力匹配算法、航迹规划四大关键技术,系统梳理了多源数据融合、网格化插值、特征评估与适配区提取、序列相关匹配、非线性滤波、智能路径优化等主流方法的研究进展,深入剖析了当前技术发展中尚未解决的共性问题。针对现阶段研究存在的技术瓶颈展望未来研究发展方向,旨在为后续构建高精度、高可靠性和高自主性的水下重力辅助惯性导航系统(GAINS)提供理论参考与技术指引。

, authors=周召发1, 李易依1, 张志利1, *, 陈坡2, 边英磊2, 李新宇1, authorsList=周召发, 李易依, 张志利, 陈坡, 边英磊, 李新宇, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=张志利, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 北京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版)编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=JYK/vA6bEqqO0dhEVfCxJQ==, magXml=50dJn6U6WZuLgMMED1Cvqw==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=8mzZeR+OCzExhO3zh8L1Fw==, pdfFileSize=1239827, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=Z7wNPAY0J84jLIsRV1XCBQ==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=kHrXcwo4K2rzsHxiS9FwPA==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941625713959351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941621603541407, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=null, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941625789456825, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, 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插值算法优势劣势
IDW插值算法原理简单,易于编程实现;计算效率高,适合大规模数据对权重系数敏感,主观性强;易产生“牛眼”效应,结果不够平滑;无法估计插值误差
改进Shepard算法继承IDW简单性,同时减少“牛眼”效应;通过半径搜索或权重修正,提高了局部拟合精度;计算量低于Kriging等统计方法对搜索半径、拟合度等参数敏感;对数据边界区域的处理效果较差;不提供误差估计
Kriging插值算法提供最优无偏估计,可给出插值误差;充分利用数据空间相关性,理论严密;可结合各向异性、趋势项等复杂模型计算复杂,耗时长;需拟合变异函数,参数选择敏感;数据非平稳时效果下降
RBF插值算法精确插值,光滑性好;适合不规则分布数据,灵活性高;多种核函数可选适应不同场特征计算量大,速度慢;对核函数和光滑因子敏感;边缘区域误差较大
格林函数样条插值算法物理意义明确;插值结果二阶光滑,适合连续物理场;可融合边界条件,自然处理数据稀疏区格林函数构造复杂,涉及奇异性处理;大规模计算困难;对测量噪声敏感,易过拟合
曲线/曲面拟合法整体拟合,趋势表达清晰,抑制噪声;参数少,模型稳定,易于解释;计算量小,适合大范围趋势提取局部细节描述能力弱,易平滑掉真实重力异常;阶次选择主观,低阶欠拟合,高阶易振荡
), ArticleFig(id=1322941630776484336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941621603541407, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同插值算法性能对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
插值算法优势劣势
IDW插值算法原理简单,易于编程实现;计算效率高,适合大规模数据对权重系数敏感,主观性强;易产生“牛眼”效应,结果不够平滑;无法估计插值误差
改进Shepard算法继承IDW简单性,同时减少“牛眼”效应;通过半径搜索或权重修正,提高了局部拟合精度;计算量低于Kriging等统计方法对搜索半径、拟合度等参数敏感;对数据边界区域的处理效果较差;不提供误差估计
Kriging插值算法提供最优无偏估计,可给出插值误差;充分利用数据空间相关性,理论严密;可结合各向异性、趋势项等复杂模型计算复杂,耗时长;需拟合变异函数,参数选择敏感;数据非平稳时效果下降
RBF插值算法精确插值,光滑性好;适合不规则分布数据,灵活性高;多种核函数可选适应不同场特征计算量大,速度慢;对核函数和光滑因子敏感;边缘区域误差较大
格林函数样条插值算法物理意义明确;插值结果二阶光滑,适合连续物理场;可融合边界条件,自然处理数据稀疏区格林函数构造复杂,涉及奇异性处理;大规模计算困难;对测量噪声敏感,易过拟合
曲线/曲面拟合法整体拟合,趋势表达清晰,抑制噪声;参数少,模型稳定,易于解释;计算量小,适合大范围趋势提取局部细节描述能力弱,易平滑掉真实重力异常;阶次选择主观,低阶欠拟合,高阶易振荡
), ArticleFig(id=1322941630839398897, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941621603541407, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison and analysis of classical directional characteristic parameters, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方向性特征参数适用场景优点缺点计算复杂度
各向同性系数[119]评估区域整体的方向敏感程度,判断适配区是否在各方向上均适用;适用于适配区的初筛与方向性定性评估首次将方向性定量纳入适配性评估;系数接近1时表明区域方向适应性好;理论基础严密,具有明确的物理意义仅反映方向一致性,无法度量重力变化强度,需与其他特征联合使用;计算涉及频域变换,较为复杂O(nlog2n)
(n为滑动窗口总数量)
重力异常和向量差[120]识别区域重力变化的主导方向;适合作为航迹规划中方向选择的参考依据;在重力变化各向异性明显的区域效果突出可获取方向上的匹配度,克服标量参数无法反映方向性的局限;模值设计基于圆概率误差与3σ准则,理论依据充分在重力变化剧烈但方向相互抵消的区域,模值可能偏小;矢量和方向对窗口形状敏感O(n)
方向匹配率[121]评估区域在多方向上的综合适配能力;适合需要全面评估区域各方向匹配性能的场景,尤其是航向不确定时的适配区选取多方向梯度特征提取全面;CNN分类避免了主观阈值设定;实现方向适配性的定量评估灰度级量化参数和方向数选择主观;特征计算涉及图像变换,复杂度较高O(ndSL2)
(dS为Sobel算子的方向数量,L为灰度量化级数)
曲率方向特征[122]兼顾区域重力变化幅度与方向一致性的综合评估;适合对适配区进行方向鲁棒性筛选曲率特征直接反映曲面几何特性,物理意义清晰;配合K-means聚类与形态学闭运算,兼顾区域连通性需计算主曲率与高斯曲率,对重力数据平滑性敏感;方向一致性指标仅基于主曲率方向,未覆盖所有航向O(nW2)
(W为滑动窗口边长)
重力剖面相似性[123]评估沿特定航向的匹配可行性,直接反映轨迹序列的独特性,适配于航迹规划中航向优选直接反映沿航向的重力序列独特性,对匹配算法的实际效果预测更准确剖面长度参数与权重参数需人工设定,对结果敏感O(nW3)
方向梯度集中度[123]评估特定航行方向上的重力变化强度与一致性,识别重力场方向性各向异性的区域可量化任意给定航向的适配性;正交方向负相关特性可验证特征合理性需针对每个航向单独计算,计算量随方向数量线性增长;Prewitt算子的方向分辨率有限O(ndPW2)
(dP为Prewitt算子的方向
数量)
), ArticleFig(id=1322941630952645106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941621603541407, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

典型重力场方向性特征参数对比分析

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方向性特征参数适用场景优点缺点计算复杂度
各向同性系数[119]评估区域整体的方向敏感程度,判断适配区是否在各方向上均适用;适用于适配区的初筛与方向性定性评估首次将方向性定量纳入适配性评估;系数接近1时表明区域方向适应性好;理论基础严密,具有明确的物理意义仅反映方向一致性,无法度量重力变化强度,需与其他特征联合使用;计算涉及频域变换,较为复杂O(nlog2n)
(n为滑动窗口总数量)
重力异常和向量差[120]识别区域重力变化的主导方向;适合作为航迹规划中方向选择的参考依据;在重力变化各向异性明显的区域效果突出可获取方向上的匹配度,克服标量参数无法反映方向性的局限;模值设计基于圆概率误差与3σ准则,理论依据充分在重力变化剧烈但方向相互抵消的区域,模值可能偏小;矢量和方向对窗口形状敏感O(n)
方向匹配率[121]评估区域在多方向上的综合适配能力;适合需要全面评估区域各方向匹配性能的场景,尤其是航向不确定时的适配区选取多方向梯度特征提取全面;CNN分类避免了主观阈值设定;实现方向适配性的定量评估灰度级量化参数和方向数选择主观;特征计算涉及图像变换,复杂度较高O(ndSL2)
(dS为Sobel算子的方向数量,L为灰度量化级数)
曲率方向特征[122]兼顾区域重力变化幅度与方向一致性的综合评估;适合对适配区进行方向鲁棒性筛选曲率特征直接反映曲面几何特性,物理意义清晰;配合K-means聚类与形态学闭运算,兼顾区域连通性需计算主曲率与高斯曲率,对重力数据平滑性敏感;方向一致性指标仅基于主曲率方向,未覆盖所有航向O(nW2)
(W为滑动窗口边长)
重力剖面相似性[123]评估沿特定航向的匹配可行性,直接反映轨迹序列的独特性,适配于航迹规划中航向优选直接反映沿航向的重力序列独特性,对匹配算法的实际效果预测更准确剖面长度参数与权重参数需人工设定,对结果敏感O(nW3)
方向梯度集中度[123]评估特定航行方向上的重力变化强度与一致性,识别重力场方向性各向异性的区域可量化任意给定航向的适配性;正交方向负相关特性可验证特征合理性需针对每个航向单独计算,计算量随方向数量线性增长;Prewitt算子的方向分辨率有限O(ndPW2)
(dP为Prewitt算子的方向
数量)
), ArticleFig(id=1322941631036531187, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941621603541407, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison and analysis of representative multi-algorithm fusion matching algorithms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多算法融合匹配精度实时性参数敏感性适用场景
TERCOM+EKF[184]匹配精度依赖重力测量误差,1×10−5 m/s2的重力测量误差的平均定位误差为674.128 m,5×10−5 m/s2的重力测量误差的平均定位误差为4379.98 m基于EKF的递推估计,可实时工作对重力场粗糙度、初始误差、线性化误差及重力仪噪声均敏感适用于中等粗糙度区域、重力仪精度较高和实时性要求较高的场景
TERCOM+ICCP[186]TERCOM出现明显误匹配且ICCP匹配结果较好时,平均定位误差由1998.308 m降至870.44 m批处理算法,实时性较差对TERCOM初始匹配质量和ICCP匹配精度敏感适用于修正TERCOM误匹配的实时性要求不高的场景
PF+EKF[187]全程平均定位误差达620.42 m;适配区的均方根误差:东向为281.504 m,北向为272.244 m并行计算增加负载,但满足实时要求依赖预计算阈值,但决策树自动选择方法降低调参难度适用于各类重力场;存在较大测量噪声的长航时、连续水下导航场景
ICCP+BP神经网络[191]与ICCP一致(未量化位置误差,仅提升计算速度)相较于ICCP,迭代次数降82%,时间降低81%对网络结构、学习率等超参数敏感,但文章未进行相关分析适用于实时性要求高、计算资源受限的嵌入式平台
PF+PSO算法[195]横穿等高线轨迹的平均定位误差为1140.832 m,平行于等高线轨迹的平均定位误差为594.492 m采用滑动窗口递推,满足实时导航需求缓解了标准PSO算法对初始参数敏感的固有缺陷,但依赖数字重力图的精度和重力仪实测数据的质量适用于长航时重力辅助惯性导航场景,但不适用于重力场变化平缓或背景图分辨率与精度不足的区域
引入K近邻算法[196]平均定位误差均小于800.064 m每匹配点平均耗时5.87 s,可满足实时导航需求对K值、搜索半径敏感,但抗噪性优于平均平方差相关算法适用于存在较大测量噪声或重力场变化较平缓等困难条件的长航时、大航程航行任务
), ArticleFig(id=1322941631099445748, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941621603541407, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

典型多算法融合的匹配算法对比分析

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
多算法融合匹配精度实时性参数敏感性适用场景
TERCOM+EKF[184]匹配精度依赖重力测量误差,1×10−5 m/s2的重力测量误差的平均定位误差为674.128 m,5×10−5 m/s2的重力测量误差的平均定位误差为4379.98 m基于EKF的递推估计,可实时工作对重力场粗糙度、初始误差、线性化误差及重力仪噪声均敏感适用于中等粗糙度区域、重力仪精度较高和实时性要求较高的场景
TERCOM+ICCP[186]TERCOM出现明显误匹配且ICCP匹配结果较好时,平均定位误差由1998.308 m降至870.44 m批处理算法,实时性较差对TERCOM初始匹配质量和ICCP匹配精度敏感适用于修正TERCOM误匹配的实时性要求不高的场景
PF+EKF[187]全程平均定位误差达620.42 m;适配区的均方根误差:东向为281.504 m,北向为272.244 m并行计算增加负载,但满足实时要求依赖预计算阈值,但决策树自动选择方法降低调参难度适用于各类重力场;存在较大测量噪声的长航时、连续水下导航场景
ICCP+BP神经网络[191]与ICCP一致(未量化位置误差,仅提升计算速度)相较于ICCP,迭代次数降82%,时间降低81%对网络结构、学习率等超参数敏感,但文章未进行相关分析适用于实时性要求高、计算资源受限的嵌入式平台
PF+PSO算法[195]横穿等高线轨迹的平均定位误差为1140.832 m,平行于等高线轨迹的平均定位误差为594.492 m采用滑动窗口递推,满足实时导航需求缓解了标准PSO算法对初始参数敏感的固有缺陷,但依赖数字重力图的精度和重力仪实测数据的质量适用于长航时重力辅助惯性导航场景,但不适用于重力场变化平缓或背景图分辨率与精度不足的区域
引入K近邻算法[196]平均定位误差均小于800.064 m每匹配点平均耗时5.87 s,可满足实时导航需求对K值、搜索半径敏感,但抗噪性优于平均平方差相关算法适用于存在较大测量噪声或重力场变化较平缓等困难条件的长航时、大航程航行任务
), ArticleFig(id=1322941631166554613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941621603541407, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=Comparison of performance and suitable applications of three types of gravity matching algorithms, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比维度序列匹配实时滤波多算法融合
实时性属于批处理方法,需累积一定航迹长度后才能完成匹配,实时性较差可逐点实时输出定位结果,实时性较好实时性中等,通常包含批处理与递推两阶段,计算延迟较高
初始误差容忍度TERCOM对初始误差不敏感;ICCP在惯导初始误差较大时,容易陷入局部最优解对初始误差容忍度较低对初始误差容忍度较高,常通过粗匹配阶段压制大初始误差
重力特征敏感性对重力图分辨率和精度敏感,平坦区易误匹配在平坦区易发散,易导致误匹配相对鲁棒,可通过多算法互补缓解平坦区失配问题
重力测量噪声鲁棒性对噪声较敏感,但长序列可在一定程度上抑制噪声影响当重力测量噪声较大时,滤波过程极有可能发散较好,多源信息融合可抑制噪声干扰
计算复杂度计算量与搜索范围相关,会随搜索范围增大急剧增加SITAN低,PF中等,PMF高(随网格分辨率指数增长)高,需同时运行多个算法
适用场景重力特征明显、初始位置误差大、对实时性要求不高的长航程任务实时性要求高、机动航行、实时修正、初始误差较小的场景高精度要求、允许较高计算资源、需兼顾大初始误差与复杂噪声的环境
), ArticleFig(id=1322941631233663478, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941621603541407, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

三类重力匹配算法的性能对比与适用场景

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
对比维度序列匹配实时滤波多算法融合
实时性属于批处理方法,需累积一定航迹长度后才能完成匹配,实时性较差可逐点实时输出定位结果,实时性较好实时性中等,通常包含批处理与递推两阶段,计算延迟较高
初始误差容忍度TERCOM对初始误差不敏感;ICCP在惯导初始误差较大时,容易陷入局部最优解对初始误差容忍度较低对初始误差容忍度较高,常通过粗匹配阶段压制大初始误差
重力特征敏感性对重力图分辨率和精度敏感,平坦区易误匹配在平坦区易发散,易导致误匹配相对鲁棒,可通过多算法互补缓解平坦区失配问题
重力测量噪声鲁棒性对噪声较敏感,但长序列可在一定程度上抑制噪声影响当重力测量噪声较大时,滤波过程极有可能发散较好,多源信息融合可抑制噪声干扰
计算复杂度计算量与搜索范围相关,会随搜索范围增大急剧增加SITAN低,PF中等,PMF高(随网格分辨率指数增长)高,需同时运行多个算法
适用场景重力特征明显、初始位置误差大、对实时性要求不高的长航程任务实时性要求高、机动航行、实时修正、初始误差较小的场景高精度要求、允许较高计算资源、需兼顾大初始误差与复杂噪声的环境
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水下重力辅助惯性导航关键技术综述与展望
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周召发 1 , 李易依 1 , 张志利 1, * , 陈坡 2 , 边英磊 2 , 李新宇 1
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3535-3562
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3535 -3562
水下重力辅助惯性导航关键技术综述与展望
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周召发1, 李易依1, 张志利1, * , 陈坡2, 边英磊2, 李新宇1
作者信息
  • 1火箭军工程大学 智能与控制学院,西安 710025
  • 2中国人民解放军96416部队,洛阳 471000
通讯作者:
Overview and prospect of key technologies for underwater gravity-aided inertial navigation
Zhaofa ZHOU1, Yiyi LI1, Zhili ZHANG1, * , Po CHEN2, Yinglei BIAN2, Xinyu LI1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Intelligence and Control,Rocket Force University of Engineering,Xi’an 710025,China
  • 2The 96416th Troop of the Chinese People's Liberation Army,Luoyang 471000,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0255
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水下高精度自主导航是海洋探索与开发的关键核心技术。惯性导航系统(INS)的定位误差随航行时间累积发散,需要外部信息辅助修正。地球重力场作为地球固有属性,兼具稳定性、自主性与无源性,是理想的信息源,由此发展而来的重力辅助惯性导航技术具有重要的研究价值。在分析系统基本原理与技术架构的基础上,围绕重力基准图构建、重力场适配性分析、重力匹配算法、航迹规划四大关键技术,系统梳理了多源数据融合、网格化插值、特征评估与适配区提取、序列相关匹配、非线性滤波、智能路径优化等主流方法的研究进展,深入剖析了当前技术发展中尚未解决的共性问题。针对现阶段研究存在的技术瓶颈展望未来研究发展方向,旨在为后续构建高精度、高可靠性和高自主性的水下重力辅助惯性导航系统(GAINS)提供理论参考与技术指引。

水下自主导航  /  重力辅助惯性导航系统  /  重力基准图  /  适配性分析  /  重力匹配算法  /  航迹规划

Underwater high-precision autonomous navigation is a core enabling technology for ocean exploration and development. The positional error of an inertial navigation system (INS) builds up and diverges with time, requiring outside data to be corrected. As an inherent property of the Earth, the gravity field offers stability, autonomy, and passivity, making it an ideal information source. Consequently, gravity-aided inertial navigation technology holds significant research value. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of four important technologies: trajectory planning, gravity matching algorithms, gravity reference map construction, and gravity field adaptability analysis. It is based on an analysis of the system’s technical architecture and fundamental principles. Mainstream methods, such as multi-source data fusion, gridded interpolation, feature evaluation and matching area extraction, sequential correlation matching, nonlinear filtering, and intelligent path optimization, are comprehensively summarized. Furthermore, common unresolved issues in current technological development are thoroughly examined. Finally, in view of the technical bottlenecks at this stage, future research directions are discussed, aiming to provide theoretical references and technical guidance for the subsequent development of a high-precision, high-reliability, and high-autonomy underwater gravity-aided inertial navigation system (GAINS).

underwater autonomous navigation  /  gravity-aided inertial navigation system  /  gravity reference map  /  adaptability analysis  /  gravity matching algorithm  /  trajectory planning
周召发, 李易依, 张志利, 陈坡, 边英磊, 李新宇. 水下重力辅助惯性导航关键技术综述与展望. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3535 -3562 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0255
Zhaofa ZHOU, Yiyi LI, Zhili ZHANG, Po CHEN, Yinglei BIAN, Xinyu LI. Overview and prospect of key technologies for underwater gravity-aided inertial navigation[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3535 -3562 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0255
近年来,随着大国博弈愈演愈烈,各国之间的资源争夺战已然进入白热化阶段,海洋安全显得愈发重要,其中,海洋探索和海洋资源开发成为关乎国家安全与发展的重要战略。水下航行器作为执行各类海洋任务不可或缺的载体设备,对于具备高精度、隐蔽性和长航时的水下导航需求显得十分迫切[1-2]。水下导航定位技术旨在为提供水下运载体提供精准、可靠的定位信息,是海洋开发利用、资源勘探及海域综合管控等任务顺利实施的关键基础。
然而,水下环境的复杂性与传统导航手段的局限性,使水下导航技术的发展面临诸多挑战,如何实现水下高精度导航定位一直是世界性技术难题[3-4]。当前,在水下环境中稳定全时接收全球卫星导航系统(global navigation satellite system, GNSS)信号非常困难,惯性导航系统(inertial navigation system, INS)因其自主性、连续性和全天候等特点,契合水下导航对隐蔽性和可靠性的要求,已成为水下自主定位的主要导航方式[5-6]。惯导系统是一种航位推算系统,利用传感器解算真实位置、速度和姿态,能够实现短时高精度定位,但惯导解算误差会随时间不断累积,存在长航时导航定位精度低的缺陷,因此,需要依靠外部信息辅助修正[7-8]。目前,常用的辅助INS的水下自主导航技术主要包括地形辅助导航、地磁辅助导航和重力辅助导航技术等。其中,地形辅助导航需要用声呐主动发射声波测量海底的轮廓,属于有源导航模式[9-10];地磁辅助导航性能受限于地磁传感器精度和不可预测的磁干扰等外部因素[11-12];而地球重力场作为地球相对稳定的重要固有属性,不易受气候、海浪等不确定复杂环境的影响而发生变化,具有良好的时空分布特征,且无需向外部发射或接收信号,因此,地球重力场数据可作为辅助惯性导航的可靠数据源,已被应用于重力辅助惯性导航系统(gravity-aided inertial navigation system, GAINS)[13-14]。该系统利用重力匹配算法,将载体上搭载的高精度重力传感器所采集的航迹重力信息,与重力基准图中的背景信息进行比对,依据契合程度确定最佳匹配点,从而校正INS积累的定位误差。核心组成部分包括INS、高精度重力测量传感器、重力基准图及重力匹配算法。该技术兼具自主性、隐蔽性和稳定性,具有重要的研究价值和广泛的应用前景[15]。
近年来,精密测量科学的飞速发展和测高卫星数据处理方法的渐趋成熟为重力辅助导航技术的发展和应用奠定了坚实的基础。重力基准图构建、重力场适配性分析、重力匹配算法和航迹规划算法等关键技术共同构成了重力辅助导航从数据支撑、区域识别、核心定位到路径优化的完整技术链条。本文对上述四方面关键技术的研究现状进行梳理,并分析当前存在的不足,根据实际应用需求展望未来发展趋势,期望对该领域未来的研究重点、研究方向及可行的研究方法提供有价值的指引导向。
图1和图2分别展示了重力辅助导航系统的基本原理和完整技术链条。其中,重力基准图作为重力匹配定位的空间参照和数据基础,其分辨率、精度和覆盖范围直接决定了后续匹配结果的可靠性。因此,构建高空间分辨率和高精度的全球海洋重力场基准图是提升水下重力匹配辅助导航性能的关键。当前获取海洋重力异常的技术手段主要有卫星测高数据反演、航空重力测量和船载重力测量[10]。船载重力测量精度高,但覆盖稀疏,一般只能用于区域重力测量[16];航空重力测量兼顾分辨率与效率,但成本高昂,难以大范围推广;卫星重力测量可实现全球覆盖,但其空间分辨率相对较低[17]。当前卫星测高技术可获取全球大部分海域的重力异常信息,主要模型包括美国斯克里普斯海洋研究所Sandwell团队发布的S&S系列[18-20]、丹麦科技大学Andersen团队发布的DTU系列[21-24]。最新的S&S系列模型为V33.1版本(2026年1月发布),其在部分海域精度优于2×10−5 m/s2,被国际学术界公认为当前分辨率最高、噪声控制最优的全球海洋重力场模型之一。该模型可在线公开获取,但覆盖范围严格限定于开放海洋及冰缘区,不包括格陵兰和南极大陆的永久冰盖内部。DTU系列最新版本为DTU21(2023年发布),该模型将重力场反演范围扩展至南北纬88°,显著改善了格陵兰和南极周边冰缘海域的数据覆盖,弥补了传统模型在高纬度冰缘区的覆盖空白,代表了当前基于多源卫星测高数据融合的全球重力场建模前沿。然而,该数据集目前尚未正式对外公开[25]。尽管上述两类模型的最新成果已将网格分辨率提升至1′×1′,但卫星测高数据在近海岸地区受海浪干扰、雷达回波失真等因素制约,精度显著下降,难以直接满足高精度水下重力匹配导航对近岸区域重力场精细表征的需求。如何有效融合多源、多尺度、多精度的重力数据,以及如何通过插值算法生成连续、光滑且符合重力场物理特性的网格化基准图,是重力基准图构建中2个核心技术环节。分别对多源重力数据融合方法和重力数据网格化插值算法的研究现状进行梳理,主要方法如图3所示,并指出当前存在的不足。
多源重力数据的有效融合依赖于数据预处理与时空基准统一等基础工作的支撑。在此基础上,现有的融合方法可归纳为空间统计法、谱分解法和物理/参数化法3类,近年来,深度学习方法也展现出巨大潜力。
不同来源的重力数据在获取时间、测量仪器、参考基准与处理流程等方面存在显著差异,若不经预处理直接融合,系统偏差和噪声干扰将严重降低融合结果的可靠性与一致性。因此,在数据融合之前,系统开展预处理和基准统一是重力基准图构建的基础前提。
卫星测高是获取全球海洋重力场信息的主导技术手段。国外已形成成熟的工业化处理体系,美国斯克里普斯海洋研究所Sandwell团队在迭代更新S&S系列全球海洋重力模型过程中,针对ERS-1、Geosat、Envisat、CryoSat-2及Jason-1等多代测高卫星的原始波形数据,采用双参数波形重定算法进行重定,有效抑制了海况引起的测距噪声,显著提升了测距精度。在数据处理中,团队基于各卫星任务机构提供的标准轨道及环境改正产品,以EGM2008地球重力场模型为长波参考场,采用移去-恢复法反演得到全球1′×1′分辨率的海面重力异常格网数据[26-27]。丹麦科技大学Andersen团队在迭代DTU系列海洋重力模型(DTU17)的过程中,持续优化卫星测高数据处理策略,采用窄峰重定器对CryoSat-2波形进行重定,以提升海冰覆盖区的数据质量;将潮汐模型由GOT4.8更新为更高分辨率的FES2014,有效解决了粗分辨率潮汐模型在近岸区域导致大量数据被剔除的问题,从而显著提升了海岸带及浅水区域卫星重力数据的有效利用率[22]。国内学者提出了一系列相关算法,聂琳娟等[28]指出需系统完成干对流层、湿对流层、电离层、潮汐及海况偏差等环境误差改正,并利用波形重跟踪技术提高近岸测高数据的有效性。黄谟涛等[29]提出将传统的交叉点平差整体解法简化为两步处理法,解决了多代卫星测高数据之间的不协调问题。周瑞宸[30]利用移去-恢复法反演海洋垂直重力梯度,有效压制了长波信号误差。张思慧等[31]提出了基于联合变分自编码器与门控循环单元网络的组合模型,显著提升了卫星重力梯度数据粗差识别的效率与精度。
航空重力数据受飞机振动、颠簸等动态噪声干扰,预处理的核心是兼顾精度与分辨率的信号分离与噪声压制。柳林涛等[32]构造了一种由一个参数化的高斯函数与一个尺度化的香农函数构成的函数滤波器,应用于航空重力测量数据滤波处理,得到了分辨率为7 km的航空重力测量结果;黄谟涛等[33]提出滤波尺度自适应调整与零相关准则约束相协同的海空重力测量有色噪声分离和补偿方案,将航空机载重力测线交叉点符合中误差从3.57 ×10−5 m/s2降至2.28×10−5 m/s2,分辨率提升50%。王皓等[34]将最小曲率方法用于航空重力数据噪声压制,采用松弛迭代技术,在实测数据的测试中,外符合精度可以达到±1.60×10−6 m/s2。熊盛青等[35]提出融合卡尔曼滤波与有限冲激响应(finite impulse response, FIR)滤波的方法,兼顾动态环境下的噪声适应性和频域选择性。
针对船载重力数据预处理,粗差剔除和系统误差补偿是船载数据预处理的研究热点。Guo等[36]提出一种考虑时间误差影响的多年代船载重力异常联合再处理方法,通过粗差剔除、高斯滤波、交叉点条件平差及引入时变重力项的混合多项式误差补偿,成功将菲律宾海测线交叉点不符值标准差从1.346×10−4 m/s2降至4.30×10−5 m/s2。郭金运等[37]提出一种多源船载重力异常数据的联合再处理方法,通过粗差剔除、长波误差二次项改正、交叉点条件平差及混合多项式系统误差补偿,成功将墨西哥湾船载重力数据的交叉点不符值均方根从1.210×10−4 m/s2降至3.70×10−5 m/s2,与SIO V32.1模型的残差均方根从6.70×10−5 m/s2降至3.91×10−5 m/s2,显著提升了数据质量。Abulkhair等[38]针对埃及海域17个航次的船载重力数据,采用加权最小二乘平差与条件筛选相结合的方法进行质量优化,经处理后,交叉点不符值标准差由调整前的5.10×10−5 m/s2进一步降至4.62×10−5 m/s2,符合一致性提升9.41%。Bako等[39]通过交叉点平差、2-sigma粗差剔除及留一法交叉验证精化尼日利亚沿海船载重力数据,并与DTU21GRA卫星测高重力模型经最小二乘配置(least-squares collocation, LSC)融合,使船测与模型差异的均值和标准差分别从4.30×10−6 m/s2和3.14×10−5 m/s2改善至‒2.00×10−7 m/s2和2.69×10−5 m/s2。
完成单类数据预处理后,卫星、船载、航空重力数据仍存在坐标、高程、时间三类基准差异,当前国内外针对多源重力数据时空基准统一已建立较为完善的理论体系与技术方法。在坐标基准方面,学界普遍采用WGS84、CGCS2000或ITRF系列地心参考框架,通过布尔莎七参数模型可实现不同坐标系统间的严密转换[40],并借助全球定位系统(global positioning system,GPS)精密单点定位或差分定位将传感器位置统一至同一空间基准[41]。在高程基准方面,不同数据源分别基于参考椭球面、平均海平面等不同起算面,现有研究围绕全球重力场模型(如EGM2008、EIGEN-6C4)与国家高程基准展开,通过高阶重力场模型、GNSS水准联测、海面地形改正及剩余地形改正等方法,实现了大地高、正常高、海平面高的系统归算,初步满足了陆海空重力数据垂直统一需求[42-44]。在时间基准方面,以协调世界时(coordinated universal time,UTC)为核心标准,结合GNSS硬件秒脉冲(pulse per second, PPS)硬同步、时序拟合软同步、交叉点时间平差及高精度授时技术,有效修正了卫星、航空、船载观测平台的时钟漂移、授时偏差与数据失配问题,使多源重力数据达到毫秒乃至亚毫秒级的时间同步精度[45-48]。
上述预处理与时空基准统一工作显著提升了多源数据的一致性与融合适用性,为后续重力场建模提供了可靠的数据基础。
该类方法将重力场视为随机信号场,利用空间自相关性推估未知点。LSC法最为典型,其通过协方差函数融合多源重力数据[49-53]。但LSC存在三方面不足:①需大量实测数据构建准确先验协方差;②协方差模型选择具有盲目性;③大样本下协方差矩阵易病态[54]。针对LSC法的协方差病态性问题,黄谟涛等[55]引入Tikhonov正则化方法,建立了相应的正则化配置模型,提高了配置解的精度和稳定性;高新兵等[56]利用基于逐级余差思想的点质量模型,有效解决了LSC存在的病态问题。针对依经验确定噪声协方差阵的局限性,孙文等[57]将Tikhonov正则化方法及方差分量估计引入LSC模型,解决了信号与误差的方差分量不一致问题及协方差阵病态性问题。
该类方法充分利用多源重力数据在频域上的互补特性。经典的移去-恢复方法利用全球重力场模型作为参考,从航空或舰载重力观测中减去其长波长分量,从而分离出中高频残余信号,用于局部高分辨率重力场建模[58]。吴怿昊等[59]基于此框架和部分欧洲地区的地面重力、船载重力及航空重力数据,建立了欧洲局部重力场模型。由于小波变换可以将数据分解为多个频带,按可靠性选择性融合系数以提升数据重建效果,因此,有学者将其应用于多源重力数据的融合,吴健生等[60]使用二维小波变换融合南海多源重力位场数据,Bolkas等[61]利用小波分解融合了卫星测高、航空与地面重力数据,Bai等[62]将卫星测高与船测重力异常分别进行离散小波分解,根据频率特性采用不同系数融合策略,再经逆变换获得融合异常图,Ma等[63]提出了一种基于小波变换和窗口加权的方法,综合利用船载重力数据和卫星重力数据,生成了兼具高精度、高分辨率和广覆盖的海洋重力场数据。此外,Chen等[64]提出了一种基于频域优势波段融合的方法,首先,通过谱分析确定卫星测高模型与船测数据的截止波长,然后,分别对卫星模型进行低通滤波、对船测数据进行高通滤波,再将滤波结果相加,从而在保留卫星数据中长波信息的同时,有效融入船测数据的短波信号。
该类方法通过物理元或数学基函数显式建模重力场,其中,物理元具有代表性的是点质量方法[65],数学基函数主要包括球谐函数[66]和径向基函数(radial basis function, RBF)[67]。点质量方法源于解算大地测量边值问题的Bjerhammar换置理论,具有计算模型结构简单、使用方便的特点[68],但因受到边界面和边界值粗糙化或奇异性的影响,观测值的向下解析延拓欠适定,使该方法的数值阶段过程失稳[69]。高新兵等[56]使用点质量方法对澳大利亚某区域的航空和地面重力测量数据进行融合,实验结果表明,点质量模型理论能够有效解决LSC存在的病态问题。黄谟涛等[70]将Tikhonov正则化方法引入点质量模型解算,有效抑制了病态系数矩阵小奇异值放大噪声对点质量解的污染,提高了解算结果的精度和稳定性。成怡[71]通过对球谐函数的分析,并在利用残差重力异常计算球谐函数系数改正项的基础上,提出了修正局部重力场的球谐函数系数的多源重力数据融合算法。但该方法计算规则化的球谐系数过程繁琐,且在融合过程中会丢失部分高频信息。RBF方法可利用数量较少的基函数精确逼近重力场,计算效率远高于球谐函数方法和LSC法[72],被广泛用于局部重力场建模[73-77]。
近年来,数据驱动的深度学习方法被引入重力数据融合与增强任务。通过学习从低分辨率或稀疏输入到高分辨率输出的非线性映射,神经网络可绕开统计或显式物理建模[78-79]。多层感知机(multilayer perceptron, MLP)[80]、卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network, CNN)[81]、编码器-解码器架构[82]等已被用于重力场超分辨率、去噪与插值任务。Xiao等[83]提出了一种基于MLP神经网络的卫星测高重力异常精化方法,通过融合船测重力、大地水准面高、水深及沉积厚度等多源数据,在墨西哥湾划分近岸与远海区域进行建模,构建了分辨率达1′×1′的MLP_GRA模型,显著优于SIO_V32.1等现有模型,验证了MLP方法在非线性拟合和多源数据融合中的有效性。然而,该方法缺乏显式空间特征提取,没有物理可解释性[84]。孙明智等[85]针对海洋重力异常与多源地球物理数据之间的复杂函数关系,结合移去-恢复法提出了基于多源数据和CNN的海洋重力异常预测方法,提升了模型精度。Li等[86]提出了一种基于CNN的多源卫星测高垂直偏差融合方法,利用船载重力作为训练标签,有效融合了多颗测高卫星的垂直偏差数据,提升了海洋重力场模型精度与一致性。为进一步提高模型性能,Jia等[87]提出了一种基于半监督对偶回归学习的海洋重力场超分辨率重建框架,通过联合利用稀疏高精度的船载重力数据与广泛覆盖分辨率较低的卫星测高重力数据,在少量标注样本和大量未标注样本上同时学习前向与后向映射,并引入循环一致性约束与注意力机制,有效缓解了高分辨率船测数据稀缺的瓶颈,为构建高精度、高分辨率海洋重力基准图提供了新的技术路径。Jia等[88]提出了物理信息约束的多通道Swin Transformer框架,通过在损失函数中嵌入基于位场理论的谱域物理约束,有效恢复了短波重力信号,自适应多域多尺度特征融合模块改善了异源数据集成效果,在南海实现了高分辨率重力异常场重建。
深度学习方法的优势在精度与数据效率上尤为突出。MLP模型融合多源地球物理数据后,所得重力异常模型的标准差较传统卫星测高模型(SIO_V32.1、DTU21GRA)降低4.0×10−6 ~6.0×10−6 m/s2[83];CNN方法在南海区域相较于传统方法,标准差从5.06×10−5 m/s2降至3.21×10−5 m/s2,精度提升约36.56%,且超过92%的误差控制在±5×10−5 m/s2以内[86];引入物理约束的Swin Transformer进一步将均方根误差降至3.09×10−5 m/s2,较SIO V32.1模型提升47.72%[88];而半监督双回归学习框架仅需50%的标注样本即可取得优于全监督传统模型的效果,显著降低了对高成本船测数据的依赖[87]。上述结果充分验证了深度学习方法在构建高精度海洋重力基准图中的显著优势与广阔应用前景。
重力基准图的可靠性不仅取决于融合精度,更依赖于融合结果不确定性的准确量化。围绕这一问题,上文综述的四类方法均开展了不同程度的探索,但各自存在明显不足。
在空间统计法中,LSC建立了最完整的协方差传递理论框架,能够通过输入数据的协方差阵推估融合格网的方差矩阵,提供逐点精度指标。黄谟涛等[55]引入Tikhonov正则化改善协方差矩阵病态性,高新兵等[56]通过条件数分析量化了配置法协方差矩阵的病态程度,揭示了不确定性在矩阵求逆过程中被急剧放大的风险,孙文等[57]引入方差分量估计解决信号与误差方差因子不一致问题。然而,正则化在压制噪声放大的同时扭曲了协方差的原始传播路径,输出的方差估计既非无偏也非最优;方差分量估计的有效性高度依赖先验协方差模型的准确性,而多源重力数据的误差结构远非单一参数化模型所能刻画。因此,协方差矩阵病态与先验失配使输出方差与真实误差之间仍存在难以量化的偏差。
在谱分解法中,研究者对不确定性问题的关注主要集中在频域截断和滤波操作对融合结果的影响分析方面,这些分析并非严格意义上的不确定性传播建模。各输入数据在不同频带上的误差协方差在融合过程中未被显式建模与传递,该类方法不输出融合后网格点的误差协方差,波长截断阈值选择所引入的主观不确定性也缺乏量化手段。
物理/参数化法通过物理元或数学基函数显式建模重力场,其核心目标是通过最小二乘或正则化求解一组确定性系数,进而重构出单一最优解。黄谟涛等[70]虽然通过Tikhonov正则化提高了点质量模型解算的数值稳定性,但未能将正则化过程中的偏差与方差变化量化为最终的格网精度指标。成怡[71]提出的基于球谐函数系数改正的融合算法虽能利用残差信息修正长波分量,但各次迭代之间的误差传播关系并未被记录和输出。该类方法的共同缺陷在于:输入数据各自具有不同的测量噪声谱和空间相关尺度,而参数化求解过程将其视为等权的观测值或仅凭经验赋权,既无法在数学上严格传递各输入源的协方差信息,也无法区分融合结果在不同空间位置上的可靠性差异。
深度学习方法显著提高了融合精度,但关于不确定性量化的研究尚处于起步阶段。该类方法将多源数据融合视为端到端的确定性函数逼近问题,其间没有显式地建模输入数据各自的测量噪声协方差,也没有任何机制将这些输入端的已知不确定性通过前向传播映射为输出端的预测方差。Jia等[87]在提出的半监督对偶回归学习框架中引入“经验不确定性量化”的概念,通过独立检查点残差的统计分布来表征全局预测不确定性,但这属于事后误差估计,而非建立从输入数据协方差到输出格网方差的解析传递链条,因此,也无法向下游匹配算法传递完整的方差-协方差结构。
尽管多源重力数据融合技术取得了长足进步,现有方法仍面临若干挑战:① 统计法与参数化法的先验依赖与数值问题。LSC、点质量等方法对协方差先验或正则化参数敏感,在大样本或数据稀疏区域易出现矩阵病态、精度下降,且基函数配置缺乏普适性。②谱分解法的频域截断与边界效应。移去-恢复、小波变换等方法计算效率高,但在海底地形复杂区域易产生边界伪影[87],波长截断和小波基的选择对结果影响显著。③深度学习方法的数据瓶颈与可解释性不足。高精度船测重力数据获取成本高、覆盖有限,导致标签稀缺、模型泛化能力弱;现有研究多忽略地球物理约束,融合结果缺乏不确定性评估,制约了在实际导航等安全关键场景的部署。④现有研究普遍将提高融合精度作为核心目标,大都忽略了融合结果的可靠性评估问题。
在GAINS中,重力基准图通常按照以经纬度划分的网格点形式存储在计算机内。然而因测量条件的限制,实际获取的重力数据是分布不规则的离散点,因此,为便于实际应用,需要利用网格化插值算法对离散数据进行格网化。另一方面,在重力匹配导航过程中,通过查图获取INS解算位置在基准图中的重力异常值是不可或缺的关键步骤,而惯导解算位置并不一定位于重力基准图格网点上,该过程会不可避免地引入格网重力查询误差,且误差值会随重力基准图分辨率的降低而增大。此外,在实测重力数据缺失或不可获取时,数据插值技术同样至关重要。因此,需要用插值算法对重力基准图进行重构,在降低减小格网化误差对数据精度影响的同时提升其空间分辨率。
目前,常用的算法主要有反距离加权(inverse distance weighting, IDW)插值算法[89]、改进Shepard法[90]、Kriging插值算法[91]、RBF插值算法[92]、格林函数样条插值算法[93-94]和曲线/曲面拟合法等[95]。不同的算法有着各自的适用范围和特点。已有大量学者对不同格网插值算法进行实验比较和分析[96-100]。目前,常用插值算法的优劣势总结情况如表1所示。可知,不同插值算法各有其适用边界。在重力变化剧烈区,推荐优先选用RBF或改进Shepard法以保留高频细节;在大范围重力变化平缓区,推荐采用IDW或曲面拟合法以兼顾效率;在数据稀疏区,Kriging插值算法因提供误差估计而更具可信度;在物理约束强、精度要求高的精细建模场景,格林函数样条插值算法因二阶光滑性和物理可解释性具有独特优势。
近年来,众多学者在经典插值算法基础上,针对重力基准图构建中的精度、效率及适应性等问题,提出了一系列改进算法。一类是在传统插值算法基础上进行物理约束或参数优化的传统改进算法,另一类是引入数据驱动模型的新型改进算法。在传统改进算法方面,While等[101]率先将广义采样扩展理论引入重力与重力梯度数据插值,通过在频域组合多个欠采样数据集实现无混叠重建。刘繁明等[102]利用小波分析感知重力场空间频率,以基准图小波细节为转移概率在重力异常高频区域加密测点,在保持精度的同时减少测点数量并降低误差极值。文超斌等[103]提出基于二维高斯样条插值的精化导航模型,通过优化局部支撑参数逼近局部重力异常场。任强强等[104]基于层次分析法定义“优选度”系数,实现了Kriging、改进Shepard、IDW及RBF等插值算法的快速量化遴选。曾敏等[105]借助EGM2008模型计算模型重力异常,对残差进行IDW插值,大幅提高了海域格网化精度。在新型改进算法方面,Sarzeaud等[106]提出改进Kohonen自组织神经网络插值,通过无监督竞争学习使节点自适应表征数据空间分布,有效降低了计算成本和网格化误差。佘雅文等[107]将长短期记忆(long short-term memory, LSTM)循环神经网络引入重力异常推估,验证其有限数据下的推估精度优于Kriging法,加入高程约束可进一步提升精度,但运算效率较低。黄子炎等[108]提出Kmeans-RBF神经网络,利用神经网络的复杂非线性映射学习能力进行推估建模,并在模型训练和推估时加入地形数据作为物理控制,有效提高了重力格网化数据精度。Mao等[109]设计BP-Bagging集成插值算法,通过自助聚合多个反向传播(back propagation, BP)神经网络提升卫星测高重力背景场分辨率,在西太平洋海域实验中精度显著优于传统插值算法。谢心和等[110]提出基于粒子群优化(particle swarm optimization, PSO)算法优化BP神经网络的重力数据插值算法,实验结果表明,该方法的插值效果优于普通BP和Kriging法,加入高程约束可进一步提升精度,但运算时间较长。谢心和等[111]进一步提出一种基于Legendre多项式神经网络的插值算法,根据多项式逼近理论,将一组Legendre正交多项式作为隐含层神经元的传递函数,再以其加权和函数实现区域重力数据的拟合和重力背景场的构建。Feng等[112]提出基于Boosting框架的BP-Boosting算法,以BP神经网络为基模型,通过多轮迭代误差校正与Bootstrap重采样构建强预测器,在3个海域的实验中均方根误差和平均误差优于传统及多种集成算法,但在地形高度复杂或含噪声数据场景下效果欠佳。於青凤等[113]从生成式建模角度提出一种基于扩散模型的网格化方法,通过模拟重力数据的扩散和去噪过程,学习重力数据的概率密度函数,从而生成符合全局统计分布的重力异常值,在稀疏及大面积缺失区域仍能保持平滑过渡与结构连续性。近年来,基于深度卷积神经网络(deep convolutional neural network, DCNN)的超分辨率方法为重力基准图分辨率提升提供了新的技术路径。Zhang等[114]提出了一种非对称双分支网络,通过CNN分支提取局部细节特征、Swin Transformer分支捕捉长距离空间相关性,并设计了多尺度边缘特征增强模块与跨尺度特征重建模块,同时引入空频域联合损失函数以保持重力场的物理一致性。实验表明,该方法在太平洋海域将重力异常参考图从2′分辨率重建至1′时,均方根误差较传统Kriging插值算法、RBF插值及SRCNN、SwinIR等深度算法分别降低27.98%~14.29%;在后续重力匹配导航仿真中,其绝对位置误差较稀疏2′分辨率参考图降低29.2%,较Kriging插值算法降低14.5%,且优于其他对比算法,验证了DCNN超分辨率技术能够同时提升重力基准图的网格分辨率和精度。
综合上述文献,现有插值算法主要存在以下共性问题:① 高频局部特征刻画能力有限。现有插值算法普遍在重力场变化剧烈的高频区域产生较大误差。传统空间插值算法本质上是基于空间自相关或平滑性假设,难以捕捉局部短波长异常。即使采用机器学习方法,若训练数据在高频区分布稀疏,模型也难以学习到有效的局部映射关系。②多源辅助信息利用不足,物理约束薄弱。多数插值算法仅依赖重力异常值本身及其空间坐标,对地形、重力梯度、多源卫星测高数据、全球重力场模型等丰富的地球物理信息利用不充分。③ 深度学习方法在稀疏区域泛化能力差,计算负担重。基于神经网络(如BP、LSTM、扩散模型)的方法对训练样本的数量和质量高度敏感,在小样本条件下容易过拟合或欠拟合。同时,深度模型训练时间长,参数规模大。
重力匹配算法输出的位置精度与载体所处匹配区域的重力场特征直接相关,重力场的局部可匹配性称为导航适配性,适配性分析旨在定量评估不同重力场的导航适配性。重力变化越明显的区域,即适配区,重力匹配算法的匹配精度越高;相反,若匹配区域重力场过于平缓,即非适配区,重力匹配算法的匹配精度会大幅降低甚至导致误匹配。因此,该技术直接关系到匹配定位的可靠性,是保障导航可靠性的前提条件。近年来,国内学者对重力场的导航适配性分析先后开展了大量的研究工作,涉及重力场特征参数的选取、重力场综合特征参数构建及导航适配区提取算法等关键技术,主要方法如图4所示。
在选取重力场特征参数方面,大部分学者借鉴了地形匹配的思想,将重力场粗糙度、标准差、相关系数、坡度、偏态系数、熵等指标作为重力场特征参数[115-116];有的学者借鉴数字图像处理的方法,Liu等[117]将重力图转换为灰度图,使用灰度直方图复杂度、Sobel算子和灰度共生矩阵等图像纹理特征分析方法,分析重力图的整体和局部特征,作为反映重力图导航适配性的特征指标。有的学者结合重力场的特性构建了新的重力特征指标,马越原等[118]利用信息熵具有能够整合多种统计参数且算法计算量小的特点,提出了一种基于特征参数信息熵的重力辅助导航适配区的选择方法。以上方法大部分基于区域内重力场的整体变化情况构造特征参数,未充分考虑匹配航迹方向对适配性分析结果的影响。对于同一区域,航行方向不同时,实测重力序列与背景图的匹配效果可能存在显著差异。这会导致利用现有方法提取的适配区内,可能存在某些方向匹配效果不佳的区域;或被划分为非适配区的区域中,也可能存在某些方向具有良好匹配潜力的局部范围。为此,部分学者的相关研究聚焦于构造体现重力场变化方向性的特征参数。Wang等[119]基于分形几何理论,通过分析三维表面上重力异常序列的频谱特征,提出了各向同性系数这一新的特征参数,体现了重力匹配区的方向性。相较于传统标量特征(如标准差、变异系数等),引入各向同性系数后,匹配区域的方向匹配率波动幅度显著减小,最大与最小方向匹配率之差从0.789降至0.200以内,表明方向性特征能有效提升匹配方向的一致性。Wang等[120]进一步提出一种新特征参数——重力异常和向量差,通过对各方向上的重力异常差值向量进行向量求和,得到局部变化最剧烈的方向,相较于传统的标量参数,该向量参数能够获取方向上的匹配适宜度,所选匹配区域的平均匹配率较基于传统标量特征的阈值法提高6%~7%,最低方向匹配率从约57%提升至76%。Ma等[121]提出基于重力纹理特征的方向适应性分析方法。通过灰度梯度共生矩阵与多方向Sobel算子提取特征,提出方向匹配率评价指标,量化区域多方向适配能力。该方法在4个主航行方向(0°、45°、90°、135°)上分别实现了95.05%、94.84%、93.56%和94.77%的匹配率,而传统标量特征不能区分适配区内不同方向的匹配精度。Wang等[122]提出了一种基于曲率几何属性融合重力变异性与方向一致性的特征构建思想,构建了一个能够全面评估匹配区域适用性的新特征——曲率方向特征,并与多个传统特征参数融合,提高了匹配区域选择的鲁棒性和导航路径的连续性。所提曲率方向特征选出的最优区域在6个测试方向上的平均匹配误差为67.92 m,相较于标准差和信息熵特征组合,匹配误差降低约69.7%;相较于粗糙度和相关系数特征组合,降低约22.6%。Zhang等[123]进一步深化了方向特性的分析,设计了3个新的重力方向特征参数:重力剖面相似性、方向梯度、方向梯度集中度,并结合LM-BP神经网络构建了适配性分析模型,相较于基于传统标量特征的阈值法,强匹配区域的召回率从30%~40%提升至70%~77%,且精度超过90%。表2综合对比了不同体现重力场变化方向性的特征参数的适用场景、优缺点、计算复杂度。以上特征选取方法存在一定局限性,一方面,没有对多个特征指标之间的独立性进行判别,如重力场标准差、粗糙度和坡度等本质上都是反映局部区域内重力变化大小的指标,冗余的信息易导致后续多指标融合效果不佳;另一方面,没有筛选出与导航适配性强相关的特征作为评估指标,甚至过分相信弱相关特征导致评估结果的误判,徒增导航适配性分析的复杂度。部分研究从不同角度引入了方向性特征,显著提升了对重力场空间异质性的描述能力,但特征参数的构造仍带有较强的主观性或经验性。
在实际应用中,完成重力场特征参数选取后,需要进一步利用信息融合方法将多种重力特征参数进行有效融合。该类方法借助多指标综合评价技术,将不同维度的重力特征加以融合,从而构建能够综合反映重力导航区域适配性能的特征参数。目前,在各领域应用较为广泛的多指标综合评价方法有主成分分析法[124-125]、层次分析法[115,120,126-127]、模糊决策法[128]、熵值法[118,129]、因子分析法[130]、多属性决策法[131-132]、核主成分分析法[133]等多种方法。有的学者引入了机器学习领域的方法,Ma等[121]结合并行CNN对统计特征与纹理特征进行融合训练,提出了方向匹配率的概念。以上方法通过引入各种特征融合方法,构建重力场综合特征参数,但在计算重力场特征时大都基于一定范围区域内的整体重力异常值,体现的是区域的平均导航适配程度,忽略了重力图的匹配定位效果存在节局部差异的问题,不仅会因特征被平滑带来重力场特征粗略不精细的问题,还容易为后续提取导航适配区出现不连续的问题埋下隐患。此外,大范围重力场内适配区的面积并非统一,不同区域因重力场空间特征变化的差异,其适配范围大小不一。有些区域仅在小范围内具备良好的可匹配性,而另一些区域则在较大范围内均能提供可靠的匹配结果。然而,现有特征构建方法多采用固定尺度的分析窗口,未能充分考虑这种适配区面积的多尺度差异,导致大尺度窗口可能遗漏小范围高适配区域,而小尺度窗口则难以全面评估大范围适配区的整体特征。
在提取导航适配区方面,最传统的方法是阈值法[134-137],即通过比较各种重力特征参数与其对应阈值,作为适配区提取准则。Wang等[138]利用最大类间方差准则实现匹配区域的筛选,减少了人工干预与经验判断的依赖。马旭东等[139]采用了地形分析中的等值线技术对重力场特征区域进行分割计算,提取区域边缘,并进行聚类处理,利用凸壳算法提取这些区域的凸壳范围线,获得重力适配区。张勇刚等[133]将高斯混合模型(Gaussian mixture model, GMM)算法应用于适配区提取,通过计算每个局部区域属于适配区的概率对特征矩阵进行聚类,从而实现对重力适配区的准确划分。相关学者还借鉴了图像、机器学习等领域的适配区分割方法。Wang等[140]提出了基于重力梯度高分辨率特性的频域匹配区域选择方法,通过小波变换提取重力场高频信息,利用形态学图像纹理分割方法提取密集纹理区域作为匹配区域。吴华玲等[141]引入水平集理论,采用一种基于Mumford-Shah模型的全局化水平集的图像分割方法对重力场可匹配区域进行分割。Wang等[142]采用K-means聚类分析方法将重力场背景图分为强适配区、弱适配区、非适配区三类区域。有的学者使用支持向量机(support vector classifier, SVC)作为分类器,把重力场分为适配区和非适配区[143-144]。Wang等[145]在此基础上提出构建多层支持向量分类器,结合层次分类方法和遗传算法优化参数,实现适配区的划分。Zhang等[123]用LM-BP神经网络替代了传统的阈值法或聚类法,自动学习并量化重力特征与匹配精度之间的复杂非线性关系,实现了对不同航向角下重力匹配适应性的准确、快速评估。然而,阈值法中参数阈值的确定过于依赖人的主观经验,且重力场区域变化时阈值需重新标定;最大类间方差隐含直方图双峰假设,对实际多模态或单峰分布的重力场分割效果不佳;GMM和图像分割方法引入了额外的主观参数,算法性能对预设参数值敏感;K-means聚类方法依赖欧氏距离与球形簇假设,忽略了各类别的方差差异与概率特性,对噪声和野值比较敏感;利用支持向量机和神经网络等机器学习类方法提取导航适配区时,需要预标定的训练数据,这部分依赖重力匹配算法或人工设定阈值,在数据泛化、实时性和环境适应性等方面仍有待提升。
近年来,部分学者认为适配性分析的最终目标并非仅仅划分适配区与非适配区,而是建立重力场局部变化特征与配定位精度之间的定量映射关系。基于这一认识,他们开始尝试突破传统的定性分区模式,推动适配性分析向可定量化估计精度的方向发展。Wang等[146]提出了区域匹配能力(matching capability of areas, MCA)的概念,定义为在给定系统条件下,匹配结果落在允许误差范围内的概率。将重力场梯度、地图分辨率、传感器精度等作为先验信息,计算在给定允许误差范围内成功匹配的概率,建立了重力场特征与匹配成功概率之间的定量关系。进一步,Wang等[147]提出了一种基于粒子滤波(particle filter,PF)的匹配精度解析量化方法,通过建立估计总体匹配偏差(estimated overall matching biases, EOMBs)的解析方程,将重力异常图误差、重力仪测量噪声、INS漂移、初始位置误差等因素纳入统一框架,实现了匹配位置偏差的定量估计。上述研究初步实现了从“定性适配分区”向“定量精度估计”的跨越,为适配性分析提供了可量化的指标。
除上述方法层面的局限外,从工程转化的角度,仍需直面以下更深层次的共性挑战:①适配性分析对匹配策略与航迹规划的量化指导能力不足。现有适配性研究多止于特征参数计算与适配区划分,较少建立适配性指标与可达匹配精度之间的定量映射关系,导致分析结果难以直接为匹配参数调整或航迹规划提供量化约束,制约了适配性分析从理论评估向工程决策的转化。②现有适配性分级体系难以满足差异化导航任务需求。现有研究多将适配区简化为“适配/非适配”二元划分,该分类方式过于粗论,难以精细刻画不同区域适配性的差异性。虽有部分研究已尝试采用聚类分析、多属性决策等方法将适配区划分为强、弱、非适配3个等级,但分级粒度、分级依据、等级阈值等关键问题仍缺乏统一的理论框架,分级结果亦未与实际可达定位精度建立定量关联,难以针对不同精度需求的工程任务提供差异化指导。③尚未建立面向具体匹配算法的适配性评价体系。不同重力匹配算法对重力场特征的需求存在差异,同一区域对不同匹配算法的适配性可能不同。工程实际中,不同型号水下航行器搭载的匹配算法各异,因此,亟需突破“静态区域划分”的模式,建立面向具体算法的适配性评价体系。这一思路在地磁匹配领域已有初步探索[148],对重力匹配适配性分析具有借鉴意义。
在重力辅助惯性导航系统中,重力匹配算法是核心技术之一[149]。该技术综合利用INS导航信息、预先存储的重力基准图和实时重力异常测量值,以实现运载体的位置估计,其匹配算法的性能直接决定了水下导航的精度、效率和可靠性[13,150]。根据所使用理论框架的不同,现有的重力匹配算法大致可分为3类:①基于相关性分析理论的序列匹配算法;②以贝叶斯非线性滤波理论框架为基础的实时匹配算法;③多算法融合的匹配算法。主要算法如图5所示。
序列匹配算法的代表性算法有地形轮廓匹配(terrain contour matching, TERCOM)算法[151]和迭代最近等值线点(iterated closest contour point, ICCP)算法[152]。
TERCOM算法是由美国E System公司于20世纪70年代开始研制、90年代成功应用于“战斧”巡航导弹的一种导航技术[153]。该算法的核心原理是:地球陆地表面任何地点的地理坐标,均可由其周围地域的等高线或地貌特征唯一确定。在重力辅助导航系统中,其作用是在重力基准图中找到一条航迹序列,该序列平行于导航系统指示的航迹,且基准图中对应的候选序列与实测重力异常序列具有最强的相关性,实现对INS航迹的修正。TERCOM算法在重力特征明显的区域可靠性良好,对初始位置误差不敏感;但相关性分析要在获得一定时间长度的重力异常序列后才能进行,属于断续的批相关处理技术,因而实时性较差;对航向误差较敏感,在定位过程中不能机动飞行;随着搜索范围的增大,算法的计算量会大幅增加。针对这些局限性,研究者们从不同角度提出了多种改进方案。Han等[154]通过最短路径算法实现逐点匹配,结合多参数评价机制,改善了算法的实时性与方向误差适应性;魏二虎等[155]进一步加入旋转与尺度变换,通过四参数仿射变换有效补偿了INS的轨迹形变;Chen等[156]则将PSO与仿射变换结合,构建了两级匹配框架,在保证精度的同时大幅降低了计算时间。近年来,涌现出多种以动态搜索策略为核心的改进算法。这些算法聚焦于传统TERCOM算法存在的匹配效率低和“域外失配”问题,通过设计精巧的预匹配或迭代机制来大幅缩减搜索空间。例如,Zhao等提出的域中心自适应转移匹配方法(domain-center adaptive-transfer matching method,DAMM)[13],通过水平和垂直线上的预匹配实现域中心的快速迁移,避免了全网格遍历;其进一步提出的交叉线自适应域匹配(cross-line adaptive domain matching,CADM)算法[15]则融合了十字线粗匹配与自适应域精匹配的双阶段搜索模式,显著提升了匹配速度。此外,该团队提出了迭代双十字域中心转移匹配(iterative double-cross domain-center transfer-matching,ID2TM)方法,引入迭代双十字线粗匹配与局部小域精匹配机制,并结合稀疏采样与重叠点消除策略,使匹配效率较传统TERCOM提升了约84%[3]。
ICCP算法的思想源于计算机视觉中的迭代最近点(iterative closest point, ICP)算法,起初是用来纠正图像对准问题,随着地形匹配导航的发展,逐渐用于各类匹配导航领域。ICCP算法的核心原理是通过迭代优化,将存在误差的惯导指示航迹逐步匹配到预存的重力场等值线图上,从而估计出真实航迹。首先,算法对当前估计航迹上的每个点,在其测量值对应的等值线上搜索几何距离最近的点作为目标点;然后,求解一个刚性变换,使整个估计点集与这些目标点集之间的欧氏距离平方和最小;最后,将求得的变换应用于当前航迹得到更新后的航迹,并重复上述步骤直到收敛。这一过程本质上是在交替满足等值线约束和航迹的刚性形状约束,通过不断拉近航迹与等值线的距离,最终实现高精度的匹配修正。ICCP算法具有精度高,易于实现等优势,但该算法也属于批处理方法,因此,实时性较差;当惯导初始误差较大时,算法迭代过程容易陷入局部最优解,其定位精度难以保证;由于该算法是利用重力测量值在重力背景图中寻找最近等值线点,其匹配性能对参考图的分辨率和精度高度敏感。针对传统ICCP算法的局限性,很多学者提出了一系列改进措施。童余德等[157]通过固定初始序列长度并采用滑动窗口局部搜索,实现了单点迭代匹配,显著提升了算法的实时性与搜索速度;蒋东方等[158]利用BFGS拟牛顿方法在局部连续背景场中精确搜索最近等值点,解决了离散网格下等值点定位受限于分辨率的问题,提高了匹配精度;白文平等[159]借鉴移位寄存器原理改变采样结构以增强实时性,并引入“二次迭代”与加权平均处理,进一步提升了匹配结果的可靠性;王向磊等[160]同样基于移位寄存器原理实现了实时匹配,并通过多结果加权平均有效削弱了随机误差;蔡龙飞等[161]结合固定序列长度与滑动窗搜索,改善了算法的实时性与运算速度;针对水下重力辅助导航中实时ICCP算法存在的匹配序列长度固定、最近轮廓点搜索效率低、定位精度受限等问题,Liu等[162]提出OMSL-ICCP优化算法。该算法以黄金分割搜索自适应确定当前航迹最优匹配序列长度,借助豪斯多夫距离缩减最近轮廓点搜索范围,并引入引力场算法构建适应度函数完成精匹配寻优,有效提升不同噪声、惯导误差与重力图分辨率条件下的实时定位精度。
尽管大量学者研究了一系列改进算法,一定程度上提升了算法的精度和实时性,但这类序列匹配算法本质上属于批处理方法,运动载体必须航行一段距离获取足够的重力数据后才能完成匹配运算,因此,不是严格意义上的实时处理方法。这一缺陷对于作战应用是不可接受的,很难满足常态化海上作战保障需求,更无法满足应急作战实时化保障需求[4]。
为满足实际应用中系统修正的实时性,目前,国外研究者主要将实时滤波算法作为研究重点。基于递推滤波的实时匹配算法大致分为基于线性化的近似解法和基于随机采样的滤波算法。基于扩展卡尔曼滤波器(extended Kalman filter, EKF)的桑迪亚地形辅助导航(Sandia inertial terrain aided navigation, SITAN)算法[163]属于线性化近似算法,随机采样算法主要是PF[164]和质点滤波(point mass filter, PMF)[165]。
SITAN算法具有实时性好、工作性能稳定、允许载体较大机动性等优点。然而,该算法对初始误差精度要求较高,且对非线性观测模型的线性化过程较为敏感,非线性函数局部线性化带来的误差容易造成SITAN算法匹配结果发散[166]。Yuan等[167]针对初始INS误差较大时传统SITAN易发散的问题,提出了等高线匹配与SITAN相结合的改进算法,先利用INS短时高精度特性进行等高线初始匹配,以降低初始位置误差,再采用SITAN进行精匹配,仿真表明,在初始误差为800 m时仍能有效匹配。董翠军[168]提出了相关SITAN+降权迭代匹配算法,构建了基于序列递推的SITAN算法模型,并将序列相关技术和降权迭代技术融入其中,提高算法的精度和鲁棒性。Deng等[169]从滤波非线性逼近能力和噪声鲁棒性角度出发,将无迹卡尔曼滤波(unscented Kalman filter, UKF)引入SITAN以减小线性化误差,同时,针对水下过程噪声不确定和量测噪声受污染的问题,提出自适应鲁棒UKF匹配算法,通过引入自适应因子与鲁棒函数提升系统鲁棒性。欧阳明达等[170]提出一种应用抗差估计SITAN算法的水下重力匹配导航方法,通过设置调节因子,降低异常点状态矩阵和增益矩阵等对下一位置点的影响来改善导航位置精度,增强可靠性。王傲明等[171]提出了一种基于自适应并行EKF的SITAN匹配算法,通过自适应因子调节状态预测信息的权重,抑制滤波发散,提高定位精度。付林威等[172]提出一种基于抗差自适应SITAN算法的水下重力匹配导航方法,通过构建自适应因子和抗差因子来调节状态预测信息与量测信息对滤波贡献的权重,有效抑制粗差和预测信息异常的影响,提高匹配算法的稳定性和可靠性;为进一步提高水下重力匹配算法的定位精度和稳健性,该团队将容积卡尔曼滤波(cubature Kalman filter, CKF)应用到水下重力匹配惯性导航中,同时,引入抗差估计和自适应因子,提出了基于抗差自适应CKF的水下重力匹配导航SITAN算法[173]。毛宁等[174]针对水下复杂环境中量测噪声统计特性易受污染的问题,提出自适应鲁棒SITAN算法,通过比较新息协方差矩阵递推值与计算值差异,设计新型补偿因子,实现对量测噪声协方差与滤波增益的同步自适应调整,有效抑制量测异常与滤波发散。
PF算法是一种基于蒙特卡罗理论的方法,该理论将传统贝叶斯滤波中的后验概率分布近似为从后验分布中随机采样的粒子的统计学分布。与SITAN算法相比,PF算法无需对系统进行线性化,通过数值方法直接求解无解析解的贝叶斯后验估计,更适用于非线性非高斯的动态系统,且具有良好的实时性,但存在粒子退化、样本贫化和重要性分布函数构建不准确等问题。刘繁明等[175]将差分进化引入粒子的滤波重采样过程,通过群体差异进行全局搜索,实现粒子分布优化,使粒子集提高对系统状态变量后验概率的逼近程度。Wang等[176]提出了一种基于PF的矢量匹配方法,将相邻INS采样点之间的位置相关性加入匹配算法中,以解决某些匹配区域匹配结果不稳定的问题,后来对粒子的范围进行改进优化[177]。Zhao等[150]提出基于重力测量特征的改进PF算法,通过引入航向角方向测量来优化粒子权重,显著降低了重力测量误差和背景图相似度的影响。鲁智谦[178]提出了一种基于模拟退火重采样及最优重要性的差分PF算法,引入模拟退火算法改进重采样过程,在粒子群发生贫化后重新调整粒子分布与权重分布,保障粒子多样性;设计基于最优重要性的采样更新机制,大大增加了粒子的多样性,从根源上减少重采样的发生。
PMF是一种基于贝叶斯估计的递推滤波方法,通过将连续状态空间离散化为有限网格点并递推其后验概率,能够在无需线性化观测模型的前提下处理重力匹配导航中的非线性、非高斯问题。该方法的优势在于对初始位置误差具有较强的鲁棒性,可自然融合INS短时高精度位移约束,且避免了EKF因线性化引入的误差。Han等[179]首次将PMF应用于重力匹配导航,利用PMF在网格空间上直接递归计算位置后验概率,解决了传统SITAN算法线性化误差大、鲁棒性差的问题。然而,PMF存在平坦重力区易失配、粒子退化、计算复杂度随网格分辨率指数增长等劣势。针对上述问题,Han等[180]提出一种基于PMF与相似变换的两阶段重力匹配算法,先利用PMF完成粗匹配,快速抑制大初始位置误差,通过相似变换施加空间约束,对PMF结果精匹配,解决了PMF算法在平坦重力区易失配的问题。为缓解粒子退化,蔡体菁等[181]提出基于模拟退火重采样的PMF重力匹配算法,概率性保留小权重粒子并动态生成新粒子,从而保证粒子权重与粒子空间分布的多样性。Wang等[182]提出观测差分PMF,通过对重力观测值做差分消除重力仪长期漂移,并建立差分贝叶斯递推模型,依据重力图误差与局部梯度比值自适应调整网格分辨率,在保证优化精度的同时大幅提升计算效率,解决固定分辨率精度与效率难以兼顾的问题。
这类基于递推滤波的实时匹配算法在处理非线性问题时有着较为出色的性能,各类改进算法在精度、鲁棒性及计算量等方面均有所改进。然而,在重力场特征不明显的区域或当重力测量噪声较大时,滤波过程极有可能发散,算法鲁棒性仍有待进一步提高。
针对单一算法的局限性,一些学者研究了大量多算法融合的匹配算法,联合不同算法的性能优势,提高导航系统的定位精度。部分学者开展了联合多种经典匹配算法的相关研究,Liu等[183]联合使用Kalman滤波与ICCP算法,提高了匹配的速度和效率。Wei等[184]提出了一种融合多点相关与降权迭代的算法,将TERCOM的多点相关思想引入EKF框架,构建包含多个连续点位置、速度和加速度的状态向量,有效抑制了滤波发散。Han等[185]提出了PMF与ICCP相结合的两步策略,利用PMF进行粗匹配以克服ICCP对大初始位置误差的敏感性。邹嘉盛等[186]提出以TERCOM为主、ICCP为辅的联合匹配策略,通过对比惯导、TERCOM和ICCP这3种方法在相邻采样点间的航距,识别TERCOM匹配结果中的异常点,并用ICCP对应匹配点进行替换,降低了整体匹配轨迹的平均误差。Gao等[187]提出了一种并行多重自适应决策重力导航方法,将重力异常观测值、PF和最大相关法引入EKF的观测方程,提高了重力辅助导航的定位精度。张锦柏等[188]提出了粗精匹配结合的算法,先利用惯导误差特性约束等值点搜索范围,并采用TERCOM类方法获得粗匹配轨迹,再通过ICCP算法对轨迹进行旋转与尺度修正,从而提升匹配精度与效率。
除以上融合多种经典匹配算法的研究外,部分学者将人工智能领域的多类方法引入到了重力匹配算法中。程力等先后将神经网络[189]和SVC[190]应用于重力辅助导航,有效提高了定位精度。黄鹏等[191]提出一种改进的BP神经网络学习算法,有效加快了搜索最近等值点的速度,更好地满足重力辅助导航的实时性要求。高伟等[192]将人工蜂群算法引入重力匹配搜索过程,并利用多普勒测速仪速度信息作为约束条件,同时引入平均Hausdorff距离对匹配结果进行筛选,有效降低了误配率。Dai等[193]提出了一种基于仿射变换的人工蜂群算法,在初始化及进化过程中引入尺度、旋转和平移变换,并利用INS短时高精度位移特性约束仿射变换参数,提高了算法在大初始误差下的匹配精度。邹嘉盛等[194]提出了一种基于约束条件的重力匹配导航算法,引入惯导提供的轨迹方位和航距信息双重约束,将满足约束条件的有效轨迹输入概率神经网络完成最终匹配,大大提高了重力匹配的效率。Zou等[14]分析了PSO算法应用于重力匹配导航的可行性,并提出一种改进PSO筛选迭代算法,定位精度和匹配效率显著提升。欧阳明达等[195]联合PSO改进PF算法,将初始航迹匹配误差作为平移参数,修正惯性导航整体航迹,削弱了初始配准误差对后续PF的影响,提升了PF算法的匹配导航精度。Gao等[196]提出了基于K近邻的重力匹配算法,在搜索范围内建立样本数据集,通过欧氏距离选取K个近邻标签,并根据样本空间位置设计距离加权方法,同时,引入航速约束对连续匹配结果进行递推修正,显著提升了连续匹配的稳定性与轨迹平滑度。多算法融合的重力匹配导航算法在提升精度的同时,也引入了更高的系统复杂性、参数敏感性和计算资源需求,仍有待进一步深入研究。为定量评估不同多算法融合的匹配算法的性能,表3对比分析了几种典型融合方法的精度、实时性、参数敏感性、适用场景等。
三类重力匹配算法在实时性、初始误差容忍度、重力特征敏感性、重力测量噪声鲁棒性及计算复杂度等方面各有优劣。为便于根据实际任务需求快速选择合适算法,表4从上述维度对序列匹配、实时滤波及多算法融合方法进行了归纳对比,并给出了各类算法的使用场景。
综合上述分析,当前重力匹配算法面临以下挑战:①序列匹配算法本质为批处理方法,需累积一定航迹长度才能匹配,实时性差。同时,该类算法的匹配精度受多项因素制约:航向误差越大,航迹形变越严重,匹配精度越低;初始位置误差越大,搜索范围越大,误匹配概率越高;重力基准图的空间分辨率直接影响格网点上重力异常值的表征精度,匹配精度随基准图分辨率的降低而下降。②实时滤波算法虽具备实时处理能力,但在重力场特征不明显或测量噪声较大时易发散。SITAN对初始误差及非线性线性化误差敏感;PF存在粒子退化与样本贫化问题;PMF在平坦重力区易失配,且计算复杂度随分辨率指数增长。③多算法融合的匹配算法在重力场特征较为丰富、单一算法因初始误差过大或重力测量噪声过大而失效时可显著提升定位精度。然而,当载体进入重力场特征平缓区域时,各基础算法的量测信息同时趋于匮乏,融合结构难以提取有效判别信息。此外,该类方法大都设计复杂且调参繁琐,如何在不显著增加系统复杂度的前提下自适应地融合多算法优势,仍是有待深入研究的问题。
水下运载体在实际航行过程中必然交替经过重力变化显著的适配区与变化平缓的非适配区。然而,即使在同一匹配区采用相同的匹配算法,不同的航迹规划方案所获得的重力匹配效果也可能存在显著差异。这意味着,重力辅助导航的定位精度不仅取决于区域自身的重力场特征,更与水下运载体的航行轨迹密切相关。合理的航迹规划能够使水下运载体尽可能始终处于重力适配区内,有效避开非适配区,甚至在重力异常变化不显著的区域中也能获得较好的匹配效果。因此,航迹规划成为重力辅助导航系统中的另一项关键技术,其目标是为水下运载体从起点到终点搜索出一条合理、便捷、高效的优化路径,在尽量规避非适配区的同时缩短航行距离与时间,从而提升导航效率、定位精度与作业安全性。
从问题本质上看,水下重力辅助导航的最优航迹规划可转化为以重力非适配区为障碍的全局路径规划问题。围绕这一核心问题,相关研究在算法架构、环境建模与优化目标3个维度上不断演进,可划分3个发展阶段:经典启发式图搜索、智能优化与混合算法阶段和自适应与理论最优规划阶段,主要方法如图6所示。
早期研究主要依托A*算法等图搜索方法,通过设计启发函数将重力特征纳入路径代价,引导航行器优先通过重力信息丰富的区域。陆泽橼等[197]将重力梯度信息引入A*算法的代价函数,以重力坡度作为导航启发信息,并采用模糊自适应机制动态调整阈值。该方法使规划路径偏向重力变化剧烈的区域,提升了匹配可行性。Feng等[198]在此基础上,利用熵值法将标准差、粗糙度、坡度、相关系数等多种重力统计特征融合为综合特征参数,以此改进A*的代价函数,使规划路径更倾向于通过重力信息丰富的区域,显著提高了匹配率。为进一步提升规划路径的实际可执行性,Shi等[199]在A*算法中引入了水下航行器的运动约束,并采用贝塞尔曲线对折线路径进行平滑处理,使输出路径更符合实际航行器的机动能力。欧阳明达等[200]设计了一种改进A*算法,通过前后向对比分析,对单个路径节点逐个进行筛选过滤,有效减少了冗余航向调整,实现了路径的平滑优化,提高航迹规划的合理性。张锦柏等[201]将A*算法的启发函数改进为以对角线距离与曼哈顿距离复合的启发函数,有效减少了航迹点冗余拐角和航程,并对航迹点做去冗余与平滑处理,最终使水下航行器沿重力特征显著的海域航行。为解决纯全局静态规划无法应对水下长航时未知动态障碍的问题,Zhao等[202]提出了融合改进A*与改进动态窗口法的全局动态航迹规划算法,在全局静态规划中,将基于密度估计的重力指数与航向指数融入A*代价函数,同时,采用可变搜索步长优化搜索方式,提升重力匹配精度并减少路径偏转;在局部动态规划中,将动态窗口法运动模型升级为地理坐标系下的高精度模型,适配水下航行器运动特性以应对未知动态障碍。该方法初步实现了全局适配性规划与局部动态避障的协同。
从定量结果来看,相较于未规划航迹,陆泽橼等[197]将规划航迹的重力匹配平均定位误差降低81.3%,Feng等[198]使匹配率提高约82%;相较于传统A*算法,欧阳明达等[200]使折线节点数减少65%、路径总长度缩短约8.9%,张锦柏等[201]使冗余拐角减少46%、航程缩减6.64%;相较于传统路径,Zhao等[202]使2个测试区域的匹配定位误差分别降低28%和30%。上述数据表明,该阶段方法能够在计算负担增加有限的条件下,实现从最短路径向重力信息最优路径的初步演进。
该阶段方法结构简单、计算效率高,从优化目标来看,以最短路径为主目标,辅以重力适配性作为惩罚项或启发项,属于单目标或弱多目标优化。环境建模采用固定阈值将重力场二值化为适配区和非适配区,非适配区被直接视为障碍物规避,尚未充分利用重力场的连续渐变特性。
随着智能优化算法的发展,研究者开始将蚁群算法、PSO算法、灰狼算法等引入航迹规划,以处理非线性和多约束的路径优化问题。这些方法通常将路径节点作为决策变量,通过群体迭代搜索全局最优路径。张驰等[203]提出了蚁群-势场融合算法,通过在传统、蚁群算法中引入人工势场法重新构建了启发函数,同时,采用最大-最小蚁群系统改进信息素更新规则。该方法有效避免了蚁群算法的局部最优与“早熟”收敛问题。孙玮萱等[204]提出了PSO灰狼混合算法,在灰狼算法中融入PSO算法的个体最优位置记忆机制,重构了速度和位置更新函数。该算法保留了灰狼算法平衡全局探索与局部开发的能力,同时,通过PSO算的记忆机制提升了收敛速度,显著提升了潜器的水下导航效率。Wang等[205]提出了基于Voronoi节点的逐步跟随PSO算法,采用目标驱动的种群分步初始化提升初始路径质量,利用障碍Voronoi节点引导粒子搜索方向以增加有效路径、加快收敛,设计振荡惯性权重平衡全局与局部搜索能力,显著提升路径规划的精度、效率与鲁棒性。值得注意的是,该算法将传统单一航程最短目标,扩展为航程代价、威胁代价、深度安全代价与路径平滑代价的加权组合,通过线性加权法将多目标优化问题转化为单目标优化问题,属于典型的多目标协同优化。
从定量结果来看,张驰等[203]提出的蚁群-势场算法在简单环境下相较于传统蚁群算法,航程缩短22.7%,计算时间减少56.8%;孙玮萱等[204]提出的PSO灰狼算法在复杂环境下相较于标准灰狼算法,迭代次数减少82.43%、航程缩短2.11%;相较于标准PSO算法,迭代次数减少67.50%、航程缩短10.99%;Wang等[205]提出的基于Voronoi节点逐步跟随PSO算法相较于传统随机初始化方法,初始路径质量平均提升72%以上;相较于标准PSO算法,平均适应度提升28.13%。上述数据表明,该阶段方法在路径长度、收敛速度和全局寻优能力上全面优于传统智能优化算法,实现了从重力信息引导向智能化全局优化的跨越。
该阶段方法仍存在明显局限:算法对惯性权重、学习因子、信息素挥发系数等关键参数高度敏感,鲁棒性依赖人工调参;环境建模多采用硬阈值二值化划分或简单连续代价函数,未充分考虑重力场特征的方向性。
为解决参数敏感性和环境适应性问题,近年来,研究者开始引入自适应机制、连续适配性度量与理论最优性准则,推动航迹规划向无参数、自调整、精度驱动方向演进。Wang等[206]针对传统航迹方法依赖经验阈值划分适配区、难以全局最优规划导航精度最优路径的问题,从估计理论出发,提出了一种不依赖适配区划分的路径规划方法。将后验克拉美罗界作为A*算法的代价函数,以惯导位置误差方差为启发函数,构建以导航定位精度最优为目标的航迹规划方法;该方法无需将非适配区视为硬障碍,可在任意海域规划路径,为水下长航时高精度导航提供理论最优航迹方案。这一工作标志着航迹规划从启发式规则向理论最优性的转变。Zhang等[207]针对传统航迹规划算法收敛慢、参数敏感、路径平滑性差且未充分融合重力多特征的问题,提出了自适应精英蚁群优化算法。该算法包含2项核心创新:①精英强化机制,对最优路径额外增加信息素浓度,加速收敛;②基于重力场空间变异性的动态参数自调整策略,使信息素浓度因子、启发因子和蒸发率能够根据搜索反馈自动变化。在环境建模方面,摒弃了硬阈值划分,采用模糊统计与熵权法,将多种重力特征合成为连续的综合适配性指标以划分适配区。该算法路径更短、转向更少、收敛更快,无需人工调参且环境适应性强,显著提升复杂水下环境中重力辅助导航的航迹规划性能。算法定量指标显示,Wang等[206]实现了航迹规划在重力特征平缓区域的总均方根误差相较于直线最短路径降低约50%,相较于基于传统阈值法降低约55%;Zhang等[207]提出的算法性能全面优于经典蚁群算法、精英蚁群算法及自适应蚁群算法等传统算法,规划航迹长度最多可缩短19%,航迹转向次数减少40%,收敛速度提升95%。
该阶段方法的核心特征是:环境建模从硬阈值二值化发展为连续适配性度量;优化目标从多目标加权升级为直接面向导航定位精度的优化;算法参数从人工设定演进为动态自调整。这些进展使航迹规划能够真正适应复杂多变的实际海洋环境。
尽管上述方法在重力辅助导航航迹规划领域取得了显著进展,但受制于问题本身的复杂性与技术发展阶段的局限,仍存在以下共性局限:①环境建模多采用硬阈值二值化。丢失了重力场适配性的连续渐变信息,在适配区分布零散或全局适配性偏低的区域,易导致路径不可达或规划失败。②规划空间局限于二维水平面。重力场的垂直变化同样蕴含丰富的定位信息,忽视这一维度限制了导航性能的进一步提升。③对重力场方向性特征挖掘不足。同一区域在不同航行方向上的匹配增益存在显著差异,各向同性的代价函数无法引导航行器选择最优航向。④动态适应能力弱。多数智能算法的参数依赖人工设定或离线调优,无法根据环境变化自适应调整,导致在复杂动态场景下性能下降。
通过分析水下GAINS中重力基准图构建、适配性分析、匹配算法及航迹规划四大关键技术的相关研究,发现现有研究虽已取得长足进展,但仍面临若干问题,据此推测未来的研究与发展将围绕以下方向重点突破。
高精度、高分辨率的重力基准图是提升GAINS性能的根本。针对当前研究存在的不足,未来研究应聚焦以下方向。
1) 融合物理信息与深度学习。纯数据驱动的深度学习方法面临物理可解释性差、泛化能力不足的问题。未来应着力发展物理信息神经网络,将地球物理定律作为约束条件嵌入神经网络损失函数或网络结构;利用全球重力场模型提供长波背景趋势,使模型学习中高频细节,减少对密集实测样本的依赖,提升复杂区域的重建精度与可解释性。
2) 深化多源数据智能融合机制。不同来源的重力数据在分辨率、精度与覆盖范围上差异显著,现有固定权重或频带截断的融合策略难以实现最优互补,且高精度实测数据覆盖稀疏,传统监督模型在稀缺区域泛化能力不足。未来应发展融合智能学习与自适应加权的数据融合机制:一方面,借助掩码自编码器、对比学习、循环一致性等自监督机制提取数据深层结构特征,再结合少量标注样本进行半监督微调,改善近海及数据空白区的融合与插值精度;另一方面,设计跨模态注意力融合网络,以卫星测高数据为查询,以船测数据为键值,通过注意力机制动态提取不同来源数据中的互补信息,同时,引入门控融合机制,由网络学习各数据源在空间位置上的置信度权重,实现高质量数据主导、低质量数据抑制的自适应融合。
适配性分析作为导航决策的前置核心依据,未来研究内容将从粗略分区向多尺度、带方向、智能化、可定量的导航适配性评估演进。
1) 强化方向敏感性与尺度自适应。已有研究注意到重力场的方向性差异,但尚未形成系统的方向适配性度量体系。未来将重点发展带航向的适配性评估方法,给出最佳航行方向。同时,借助多尺度分析技术自动识别不同尺寸、零散分布的适配区,避免大尺度平滑导致小尺寸高适配区域丢失。
2) 发展智能适配区划分方法。针对传统适配区提取方法依赖主观参数和泛化能力不足的局限,未来应发展数据驱动与弱监督、自监督学习相结合的智能适配区划分方法,可借鉴计算机视觉领域的先进模型架构。例如,可引入检测 Transformer(detection Trasformer, DETR)及其变体,将适配区划分建模为端到端的集合预测问题,利用Transformer的自注意力机制捕捉重力场特征图中长距离依赖关系,直接输出适配区边界框;对于形状不规则、分布零散的适配区,则可借鉴Mask2Former的掩码注意力机制,实现像素级精细分割。此外,可结合对比学习框架,基于适配区与非适配区的特征对比构造正负样本对,以提升模型在有限标注样本下的特征判别能力,降低对大量人工标注数据的依赖。
3) 面向匹配算法评估适配性、推动算法工程转化。突破现有适配性分析方法尚未考虑匹配算法特点开展适配区划分的局限,建立面向具体匹配算法的适配性评价体系,实现从“静态区域划分”走向“算法导向评价”。建立基于真实重力数据的开源基准数据集与评估标准,推动适配性分析方法从仿真验证走向可复现、可对比的实际工程验证。
4) 融合适配性分析与匹配、规划。传统适配性分析大都停留在重力场特征提取与区域划分的局限,建议下一步加大对如何建立重力变化特征与匹配精度定量关系的方法研究,强化由区域重力场特征直接预测匹配定位误差。并将预测的定位精度作为约束条件加入重力匹配算法与航迹规划流程,使匹配策略可依据区域适配性自适应调整,航迹规划能够优先选择高精度导航区域,为水下长航时高精度自主导航提供量化支撑。
针对目前重力匹配算法存在的主要问题,未来重力匹配导航算法可从以下几个方面进行改进。
1) 序列匹配由批处理向在线实时演进。突破TERCOM、ICCP等算法批处理模式,可引入滑动窗口、动态序列长度、自适应搜索域和仿射变换等策略,以克服实时性差、航向敏感、大初始误差易发散等问题,实现边行进边匹配的逐点实时修正。
2) 滤波匹配突破非线性非高斯约束。针对EKF、UKF、CKF、PF、PMF等滤波框架,可发展抗差估计、自适应噪声修正、观测差分、优化重采样等方法,抑制粒子退化、滤波发散及在重力平坦区的失配问题。考虑重点研究无线性化假设、带约束的滤波技术,提升强噪声和弱重力特征环境下的定位可靠性。
3) 多维信息深度融合。从传统重力异常标量匹配拓展至重力梯度、矢量特征匹配,从二维平面匹配延伸至三维空间匹配,同时可将深度网络作为特征提取器,将原始重力序列映射到高维空间进行相似性度量,以充分挖掘重力场多维度观测信息,提升弱适配区的可匹配性和定位精度。
4) 轻量化自适应多算法融合框架。针对当前多算法融合设计复杂、参数敏感、计算负担重的问题,未来可设计轻量级算法选择门控网络,以局部重力特征为输入,输出各类匹配算法的匹配成功率,实现不同匹配算法根据当前区域适配性自适应切换或加权融合;同时,可引入知识蒸馏技术,将多算法融合模型的知识迁移至轻量化学生网络,满足嵌入式实时计算约束。
航迹规划是实现重力辅助导航由被动匹配向主动引导跨越的核心环节,未来将突破传统路径规划的局限,转向以构建连续适配场、覆盖三维空间、设计方向敏感的代价函数、支持在线重规划的自主闭环规划模式。
1) 从二值障碍到连续适配场的环境建模。改变将非适配区简单视为障碍的粗糙建模方式,将重力场适配性、地形障碍、航行安全、隐蔽性、能耗等因素统一建模为连续适配代价场,实现全海域可规划、非适配区可优化通过,避免因适配区分布零散导致的路径不可达问题,提高路径的可行性和适应性。
2) 从二维平面到三维空间的规划拓展。突破传统二维平面路径规划的局限,充分挖掘重力场垂向梯度与三维空间变化特征,设计三维航迹规划方法。
3) 从各向同性到方向敏感的代价函数设计。针对重力场在不同航向上的可匹配性差异,引入方向适配性指标,构造与航行方向相关的路径代价以规划最优航行方向,引导载体沿重力变化最显著的方向通过匹配区域。
4) 从离线静态规划到在线自适应重规划。克服多数智能算法参数离线设定、规划路径固定的局限,发展基于实时匹配反馈的在线重规划能力。可采用滚动时域优化框架,在每个规划周期内,根据实时获取的重力测量值与基准图之间的匹配定位误差,动态调整后续航迹点,并以此向前滚动推进,使航行器始终趋近高适配区域。同时,将匹配定位误差作为反馈信息,修正规划模型中的适配性置信度,可引入深度Q网络(deep Q-network, DQN)、近端策略优化(proximal policy optimization, PPO)等深度强化学习方法,将匹配定位误差设计为奖励信号,训练端到端的重规划策略,使航行器在航行过程中自主决策航向,形成“规划-执行-评估-修正”的闭环。图7展示了完整的在线自适应重规划闭环流程。
当前研究多聚焦于单项技术的理论改进与仿真验证,实际工程化应用仍面临多技术协同、实时计算、环境适应性等系统性挑战。未来应重点突破以下工程化问题:
1) 多技术协同与一体化框架。重力基准图构建、适配性分析、匹配算法与航迹规划四大模块并非独立单元,其性能高度耦合。未来应发展一体化协同优化框架:将重力基准图的重构误差、适配性分析的不确定性、匹配算法的定位误差及航迹规划的代价函数纳入统一的目标函数,通过多目标优化或端到端联合学习实现全局最优,而非各模块的简单串联。例如,可将适配性分析结果作为匹配算法的先验信息,同时,将匹配误差反馈至适配性置信度更新,还可将重力基准图的重构误差纳入匹配定位的目标函数,或利用匹配误差BP修正重力基准图重建模型,形成跨模块闭环。
2) 实时嵌入式实现。水下航行器有限的计算、存储与功耗资源对算法实时性提出了较高要求。未来需开展轻量化模型设计与嵌入式部署研究,针对深度学习模块,采用模型量化、知识蒸馏、网络剪枝等方法降低参数量和计算量,使其能在数字信号处理器(digital signal processor, DSP)、现场可编程门阵列(field-programmable gate array, FPGA)或嵌入式图形处理器(graphics processing unit, GPU)上实时运行;针对匹配算法,需优化其计算结构,降低在线递推的复杂度,满足水下实时导航的硬约束。
3) 海试验证与环境适应性评估。当前绝大多数研究停留在仿真阶段,缺乏真实海洋环境下的闭环验证。未来应建立标准化的海试数据集与评估基准,包含不同海域、不同海况及不同航行模式的实测重力数据、惯导数据及高精度参考轨迹,供各类算法进行横向对比。同时,需开展长航时的海试验证,采集定位误差、匹配成功率、计算负载等指标,系统评估算法在真实动态环境下的稳定性、鲁棒性及误差漂移特性。
4) 从仿真到实装的渐进式验证路线。建议建立“仿真-半物理仿真-海试”的逐级验证体系。仿真阶段验证算法在理想条件下的性能边界;半物理仿真阶段将真实惯导、重力仪数据注入算法模型,模拟运载体动力学特性与传感器噪声;海试阶段则在典型目标海域开展长航时任务,全面评估系统在真实复杂环境下的稳定性、精度与可靠性。通过多层级、多场景的工程验证,推动重力辅助惯性导航技术从实验室原理样机走向实用化设备部署。
本文围绕水下GAINS的四大关键技术开展系统综述。研究现状表明:基准图构建已形成以卫星测高为主、多源融合与网格化插值协同精化的技术框架;适配性分析已建立以特征融合与分区提取为核心的评估方法;匹配算法已形成序列匹配、实时滤波与多算法融合并行发展的格局;航迹规划已实现从被动规避向主动引导的初步跨越。
然而,各技术方向仍面临4个层面共性瓶颈。数据支撑层面,多源重力数据的精度、分辨率与覆盖范围不一致,深度融合机制尚不完善;环境表征层面,重力场适配性分析尚未建立面向具体匹配算法的适配性评价体系,与匹配精度的定量映射不足;算法效能层面,匹配算法难以兼顾实时性与鲁棒性,多算法融合存在复杂度高与参数敏感性问题,航迹规划缺乏与实时匹配的闭环反馈,离线静态模式难以适应复杂海洋环境;在工程应用层面,四项关键技术长期割裂发展,缺乏一体化协同框架,轻量化与嵌入式部署尚存瓶颈,制约了系统从仿真向设备的工程转化。
展望未来,应重点突破以下方向:发展融合物理约束与深度学习的基准图构建方法,建立输入误差到输出不确定性的完整传递链条;构建面向具体匹配算法和多尺度自适应能力的适配性评价体系,实现从定性分区向定量精度估计的跨越;发展轻量化自适应多匹配算法融合框架,拓展多维重力特征输入与深度特征提取,突破弱特征区匹配精度与实时性的制约;构建基于连续适配代价场的三维航迹规划方法,引入在线闭环重规划策略,实现从离线静态规划向自适应决策的跨越;建立多模块协同的一体化系统集成框架与轻量化部署体系,推动系统从理论向实装的工程转化。

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2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2026.0255
  • 接收时间:2026-05-01
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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    1火箭军工程大学 智能与控制学院,西安 710025
    2中国人民解放军96416部队,洛阳 471000

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