Article(id=1322941564208686058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0491, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1752681600000, receivedDateStr=2025-07-17, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1757260800000, acceptedDateStr=2025-09-08, onlineDate=1793343447972, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343447972, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343447972, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343447972, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3627, endPage=3634, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941565768967147, articleId=1322941564208686058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=A high-precision starlight refraction celestial navigation observation method, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The traditional fixed optical axis observation approach reduces positioning accuracy and reliability in the starlight refraction indirect horizon-sensing positioning method by producing a small number of refracted stars with an uneven distribution. Therefore, a high-precision starlight refraction celestial navigation observation method is proposed. Based on the geometric relationship between the stratospheric refraction band and the star sensor’s field of view (FOV), a relation model is established between the FOV coverage area of the refraction band and the star sensor’s elevation angle. By maximizing the FOV coverage area and combining the flight parameters, the optimal elevation angle is determined to increase the observable refracted stars. Additionally, a quantitative relationship model is developed between positioning precision and the spatial arrangement of refracted stars. Based on the minimum position dilution of precision (PDOP) criterion, the optimal spatial geometric configuration of refracted stars is derived, thereby obtaining the optimal azimuth angle of the optical axis. This enables continuous and uniform observation for refracted starlight, so as to improve the positioning accuracy of celestial navigation. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with the conventional method, the proposed method achieves 75.7% and 66.7% improvements in position and velocity estimation accuracy, respectively.

, authors=Xianjun ZHAN1, 2, Xinlong WANG1, 2, *, authorsList=Xianjun ZHAN, Xinlong WANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xinlong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941568340074501, articleId=1322941564208686058, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=一种高精度的星光折射天文导航观星方法, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

在星光折射间接敏感地平定位方法中,传统固定视轴观星方案导致折射星数量少,且分布不均匀,进而影响星光折射定位的精度和可靠性。为此,提出了一种高精度的星光折射天文导航观星方案。根据平流层大气所形成的折射环带与星敏感器视场(FOV)之间的几何关系,建立了星敏感器视场对折射环带的覆盖面积与视轴高度角之间的关系模型,通过折射环带的覆盖面积最大化,结合飞行器的飞行参数,确定星敏感器视轴的最佳高度角,以提高可观测折射星数量;通过推导构建折射星空间构型与定位精度之间的定量关系模型,基于最小定位精度因子(PDOP)准则,确定折射星最佳空间几何构型,进而得到星敏感器视轴的最佳方位角,从而借助星光折射间接敏感地平定位方法实现对折射星连续、均匀的观测,以提高天文导航的定位精度。仿真验证结果表明,与传统观测方案相比,所提观测方案的位置与速度估计误差分别提升了75.7%和66.7%。

, authors=詹先军1, 2, 王新龙1, 2, *, authorsList=詹先军, 王新龙, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王新龙, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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折射星光
观测方案
位置估计误差/m速度估计误差/(m·s−1)
均值均方差均值均方差
传统方案100.28143.850.340.51
本文观测方案45.4834.950.060.17
), ArticleFig(id=1322941575961124926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941564208686058, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同折射星观测方案的导航精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
折射星光
观测方案
位置估计误差/m速度估计误差/(m·s−1)
均值均方差均值均方差
传统方案100.28143.850.340.51
本文观测方案45.4834.950.060.17
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观测方位角
之差/(°)
位置估计误差/m速度估计误差/(m·s−1)
均值均方差均值均方差
30186.22349.770.810.86
60103.72125.740.240.59
12045.4834.950.060.17
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不同观测方位角的导航精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
观测方位角
之差/(°)
位置估计误差/m速度估计误差/(m·s−1)
均值均方差均值均方差
30186.22349.770.810.86
60103.72125.740.240.59
12045.4834.950.060.17
), ArticleFig(id=1322941576187617345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941564208686058, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Comparison of navigation accuracy at different flight heights, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
飞行高度/km位置估计误差/m速度估计误差/(m·s−1)
均值均方差均值均方差
50045.4834.950.060.17
100086.9775.740.330.28
2000163.76112.400.560.53
), ArticleFig(id=1322941576271503426, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941564208686058, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同飞行高度的导航精度对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
飞行高度/km位置估计误差/m速度估计误差/(m·s−1)
均值均方差均值均方差
50045.4834.950.060.17
100086.9775.740.330.28
2000163.76112.400.560.53
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一种高精度的星光折射天文导航观星方法
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詹先军 1, 2 , 王新龙 1, 2, *
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3627-3634
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3627 -3634
一种高精度的星光折射天文导航观星方法
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詹先军1, 2, 王新龙1, 2, *
作者信息
  • 1北京航空航天大学 宇航学院,北京 100191
  • 2航天器设计优化与动态模拟技术教育部重点实验室,北京 100191
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A high-precision starlight refraction celestial navigation observation method
Xianjun ZHAN1, 2, Xinlong WANG1, 2, *
Affiliations
  • 1School of Astronautics,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
  • 2Key Laboratory of Spacecraft Design Optimization and Dynamic Simulation Technology,Ministry of Education,Beijing 100191,China
  • Corresponding Author:
    E-mail:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0491
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在星光折射间接敏感地平定位方法中,传统固定视轴观星方案导致折射星数量少,且分布不均匀,进而影响星光折射定位的精度和可靠性。为此,提出了一种高精度的星光折射天文导航观星方案。根据平流层大气所形成的折射环带与星敏感器视场(FOV)之间的几何关系,建立了星敏感器视场对折射环带的覆盖面积与视轴高度角之间的关系模型,通过折射环带的覆盖面积最大化,结合飞行器的飞行参数,确定星敏感器视轴的最佳高度角,以提高可观测折射星数量;通过推导构建折射星空间构型与定位精度之间的定量关系模型,基于最小定位精度因子(PDOP)准则,确定折射星最佳空间几何构型,进而得到星敏感器视轴的最佳方位角,从而借助星光折射间接敏感地平定位方法实现对折射星连续、均匀的观测,以提高天文导航的定位精度。仿真验证结果表明,与传统观测方案相比,所提观测方案的位置与速度估计误差分别提升了75.7%和66.7%。

空天飞行器  /  星光折射  /  几何构型  /  星敏感器  /  天文导航

The traditional fixed optical axis observation approach reduces positioning accuracy and reliability in the starlight refraction indirect horizon-sensing positioning method by producing a small number of refracted stars with an uneven distribution. Therefore, a high-precision starlight refraction celestial navigation observation method is proposed. Based on the geometric relationship between the stratospheric refraction band and the star sensor’s field of view (FOV), a relation model is established between the FOV coverage area of the refraction band and the star sensor’s elevation angle. By maximizing the FOV coverage area and combining the flight parameters, the optimal elevation angle is determined to increase the observable refracted stars. Additionally, a quantitative relationship model is developed between positioning precision and the spatial arrangement of refracted stars. Based on the minimum position dilution of precision (PDOP) criterion, the optimal spatial geometric configuration of refracted stars is derived, thereby obtaining the optimal azimuth angle of the optical axis. This enables continuous and uniform observation for refracted starlight, so as to improve the positioning accuracy of celestial navigation. Simulation results demonstrate that compared with the conventional method, the proposed method achieves 75.7% and 66.7% improvements in position and velocity estimation accuracy, respectively.

aerospace vehicle  /  starlight refraction  /  geometric configuration  /  star sensor  /  celestial navigation
詹先军, 王新龙. 一种高精度的星光折射天文导航观星方法. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3627 -3634 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0491
Xianjun ZHAN, Xinlong WANG. A high-precision starlight refraction celestial navigation observation method[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3627 -3634 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0491
空天飞行器具有全球到达、高超声速飞行、高动态等特点,对导航系统的自主性、精确性和可靠性提出了较高要求[1]。惯导系统自主性强、输出信息连续、可全空域全天候工作,但其误差随时间累积;而天文导航系统精度高、自主性强,且误差不随时间发散,可有效校正惯导误差[2],从而为空天飞行器提供精确、自主、可靠的导航信息[3-4]。
目前,常用的天文导航定位方法主要有2种:直接敏感地平定位和星光折射间接敏感地平定位。直接敏感地平定位利用星敏感器和地平仪分别测量恒星方向和地心矢量方向,从而获得星光角距信息,并结合轨道动力学和滤波方法估计载体位置。然而,由于地球表面不规则,地平仪提供的地平基准的测量精度较低,与星敏感器的测量精度不相匹配,这将极大地影响系统的定位精度[5]。星光折射间接敏感地平定位方法是一种新型高精度天文定位技术,其利用星敏感器敏感经过地球大气折射的星光,结合大气对星光折射的数学模型,精确敏感地平,进而根据载体位置和折射星光之间的几何关系,解算得到载体的高精度三维位置信息[6]。研究表明,该方法无需依赖地平仪提供的地平基准,便可达到较高的定位精度,其不仅适用于地球卫星、载人飞船和空间站等大气层外的航天器[7-8],而且可推广应用于高空远程长航时飞行器、临近空间飞行器等大气层内飞行器[9],具有广阔的应用前景。
星光折射间接敏感地平定位方法通常观测经过20~50 km平流层大气折射的星光。因此,飞行器需通过姿态机动,使星敏感器视轴持续指向平流层,以稳定观测折射星并实现连续定位。而折射星观测方案直接决定了可观测折射星的数量及其空间几何构型,进而影响导航精度。另外,空天飞行器动态高、高度变化大,导致星敏感器的有效观星时间窗口有限。因此,如何在有限的观星时间窗口内,快速捕获并稳定跟踪足够数量的折射星,并确保折射星空间构型最优,是实现高精度星光折射定位的关键[10]。
宁晓琳[11]、Qian[12]等根据折射星的空间分布特征,通过将星敏感器视轴指向地球边缘固定高度处,以捕获折射星光。Wang等[13]提出了一种适用于捷联式星敏感器的折射星观测姿态控制律,通过建立载体姿态角和星敏感器视轴高度角之间的约束关系,生成姿态控制指令,使星敏感器视轴指向大气平流层固定高度处。然而,这种固定观测方式使得星敏感器观测的折射星数量少,且空间分布不均匀,从而导致状态量的可观测度严重下降,进而影响星光折射定位的精度和可靠性。魏诗卉等[14]提出了一种通过观测不同方向的折射星,以提高系统可观测度的调姿观星策略,但未能建立具体的观星方向优化准则,从而限制了导航精度的进一步提升。
基于此,本文提出了一种高精度的星光折射天文导航观星方案,通过设计星敏感器视轴的最佳指向,连续、均匀地对折射星进行观测,进而提高天文导航的定位精度。
由于地球大气为不均匀介质,当星光穿过大气层时,会因大气折射作用而向地心方向偏折,如图1所示。折射星是指星光通过地球大气层并发生折射的恒星。折射后的星光矢量为$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\prime}_{\text{s}} $,而折射前的星光矢量为$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{\text{s}} $。从飞行器F上看,恒星s的视光线相对于地表的视高度为$ {h}_{\text{a}} $。传统折射星光观测方案是将星敏感器固定安装在飞行器F上,并使星敏感器视轴$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{\text{a}} $与飞行器位置矢量$ \boldsymbol{r} $成固定夹角$ \gamma $,从而测量得到星光穿过大气后星光矢量方向的变化量,即星光折射角$ R $。
星光折射角$ R $与视高度$ {h}_{\text{a}} $之间的关系通常称为星光大气折射模型[15],可根据折射角$ R $确定折射星光在大气层中的视高度$ {h}_{\text{a}} $,这个视高度观测量$ {h}_{\text{a}} $反映了飞行器与地球之间的几何关系。根据图1中直角三角形OGF的几何关系,可得到星光折射间接敏感地平的量测方程为
$ {h}_{\text{a}}=\sqrt{{r}^{2}_{\text{s}}-{\left| \boldsymbol{r} {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\prime}_{\text{s}}\right| }^{2}}-{R}_{\text{e}}+{\text{δ}} h $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{r}={\left[x , y , {\textit{z}}\right]}^{\text{T}} $为飞行器在地心惯性坐标系中的位置矢量;$ r_{\text{s}}=\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{{\textit{z}}}^{2}} $为飞行器的地心距;$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\prime}_{\text{s}}={\left[{u}^{\prime}_{x} , {u}^{\prime}_{y} , {u}^{\prime}_{{\textit{z}}}\right]}^{\text{T}} $为折射后星光矢量在地心惯性坐标系下的投影;$ {R}_{\text{e}} $为地球半径;$ {\text{δ}} h $为视高度误差,其主要来源于大气模型误差、地气光干扰和星敏感器测量误差,可建模为均值为零、标准差为$ \sigma $的高斯白噪声[13]。
式(1)可进一步展开表示为
$ {h}_{\text{a}}=\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{{\textit{z}}}^{2}-{\left(x{u}^{\prime}_{x}+y{u}^{\prime}_{y}+{\textit{z}}{u}^{\prime}_{{\textit{z}}}\right)}^{2}}-{R}_{\text{e}}+{\text{δ}} h $
从式(2)中可以看出,视高度$ {h}_{\text{a}} $可通过折射角$ R $结合大气对星光折射的数学模型计算得到,折射后星光矢量$ \left({u}^{\prime}_{x},{u}^{\prime}_{y},{u}^{\prime}_{{\textit{z}}}\right) $可通过星敏感器测得,而地球半径$ {R}_{\text{e}} $已知,式中只有飞行器位置$ x,y,{\textit{z}} $为未知量。因此,当观测3颗以上折射星时,便可根据折射星视高度$ {h}_{\text{a}} $计算得到飞行器在地心惯性坐标系中的位置信息$ x,y,{\textit{z}} $。
然而,由于传统的折射星光观测方案采用固定观测方式,将星敏感器视轴指向大气平流层固定高度处,使得星敏感器观测的折射星数量少,且空间分布不均匀,进而严重影响星光折射导航系统的定位精度和可靠性。
针对传统固定视轴观星方案的不足,提出了一种高精度星光折射天文导航观星方案。通过设计星敏感器视轴的最佳高度角和最佳方位角,实现连续、均匀地观测折射星,从而提升定位精度。
如果折射星视高度$ {h}_{\text{a}} $太高,则折射效应非常微弱;如果视高度$ {h}_{\text{a}} $太低,星光会经过大气不稳定的对流层,难以建立精确的大气折射模型;而在20~50 km平流层范围内,大气比较稳定。因此,星光折射定位方法通常选取视高度$ {h}_{\text{a}} $为20~50 km的折射星光进行观测,如图2所示。从图2所示的几何关系可以看出,视高度$ {h}_{\text{a}} $为20~50 km的折射星光,落在2条临界星光矢量$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{\text{s1}} $和$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{\text{s2}} $所夹的范围(即图中阴影区域)内。因此,星敏感器视轴方向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{\text{a}} $与飞行器位置矢量$ \boldsymbol{r} $的夹角$ \gamma $(即星敏感器视轴高度角)应满足:
$ {\gamma }_{1}\leqslant \gamma \leqslant {\gamma }_{2} $
式中:$ \gamma $、$ {\gamma }_{1} $和$ {\gamma }_{2} $可分别表示为
$ \begin{cases}\gamma =\arccos [-\left({\boldsymbol{V}}_{\text{a}} \boldsymbol{r}\right)/r_{\mathrm{s}}]\\{\gamma }_{1}=\arcsin [\left({R}_{\text{e}}+{h}_{\text{a}1}\right)/r_{\mathrm{s}}]\\{\gamma }_{2}=\arcsin [\left({R}_{\text{e}}+{h}_{\text{a}2}\right)/r_{\mathrm{s}}]\end{cases} $
其中:$ {h}_{\text{a}1}=20\;\text{km} $;$ {h}_{\text{a}2}=50\;\text{km} $。
进一步,将图2中的几何关系投影到天球坐标系中,如图3所示。
在天球面上,$ {F}^{\prime} $为飞行器位置$ F $的投影;20~50 km平流层大气的投影为一个球面圆环;星敏感器视场的投影为一个圆,该圆和平流层圆环重叠的区域$ KLMN $,即为星敏感器观测的折射区域。通过调整星敏感器视轴指向,该区域的面积可达到最大,折射星观测概率可达到最高。
由图3可知,当球面角$ \beta $取最大值时,折射区域$ KLMN $的面积达到最大。在球面三角形$ N{V}^{\prime}{F}^{\prime} $中,根据球面三角形余弦定理,可得
$ \cos \left({\theta }_{\text{fov}}/2\right)=\cos \gamma \cos {\gamma }_{2}+\sin \gamma \sin {\gamma }_{2}\cos \beta $
式中:$ {\theta }_{\text{fov}} $为星敏感器视场角。
对式(5)进行变换可得球面角$ \beta $的表达式为
$ \beta =\arccos \left[\frac{\cos ({\theta }_{\text{fov}}/2)-\cos \gamma \cos {\gamma }_{2}}{\sin \gamma \sin {\gamma }_{2}}\right] $
将式(6)关于$ \gamma $求偏导,可得
$ \frac{\partial \beta }{\partial \gamma }=\frac{[\cos ({\theta }_{\text{fov}}/2)\cos \gamma -\cos {\gamma }_{2}]\sin {\gamma }_{2}}{{(\sin \gamma \sin {{\gamma }_{2}})}^{2}\sqrt{1-{\text{cos}}^{2}\beta }} $
令$ \partial \beta /\partial \gamma =0 $,则可得视轴最佳高度角$ {\gamma }_{\text{o}} $为
$ {\gamma }_{\text{o}}=\arccos \left[\cos {\gamma }_{2}/\cos \left({\theta }_{\text{fov}}/2\right)\right] $
进一步,将临界高度角$ {\gamma }_{2} $的表达式(4)代入式(8),可得最佳高度角$ {\gamma }_{\text{o}} $为
$ {\gamma }_{\text{o}}=\arccos \left[\frac{\sqrt{1-{({{R}_{\text{e}}}+{{h}_{\text{a}2}})}^{2}/{r}^{2}_{\mathrm{s}}}}{\cos  ({\theta }_{\text{fov}}/2)}\right] $
从式(9)可以看出,星敏感器视场角$ {\theta }_{\text{fov}} $和折射星视高度上界$ {h}_{\text{a}2} $均已知,根据飞行器的地心距$ {r}_{\text{s}} $,可确定视轴最佳高度角$ {\gamma }_{\text{o}} $。
1) 折射星构型与定位精度关系模型的建立。通过将$ n $颗折射星的量测方程式(2)对飞行器位置$ x,y,{\textit{z}} $求偏导数可得
$ \boldsymbol{A}\Delta \boldsymbol{r}=\boldsymbol{V} $
式中:$ \Delta \boldsymbol{r}={\left[\begin{matrix}\text{d}x & \text{d}y & \text{d}{\textit{z}}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}} $为飞行器位置误差向量;$ \boldsymbol{V}={\left[\begin{matrix}\text{d}{h}_{\text{a}1} & \text{d}{h}_{\text{a}2} & \cdots & \text{d}{h}_{\text{a}n}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}} $为$ n $颗折射星的视高度误差组成的测量误差向量;矩阵$ \boldsymbol{A} $为
$ \boldsymbol{A}={\left[\begin{matrix}\boldsymbol{b}_{1}^{\text{i}} & \boldsymbol{b}_{2}^{\text{i}} & \cdots & \boldsymbol{b}_{n}^{\text{i}}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}} $
其中:$ \boldsymbol{b}_{j}^{\text{i}}={\left[\begin{matrix}{A}_{jx} & {A}_{jy} & {A}_{j{\textit{z}}}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}} $$ \left(j=1,2,\cdots ,n\right) $表示过地心$ O $且与第$ j $颗折射星折射后的星光矢量$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\prime}_{{\mathrm{s}}j} $相垂直的单位矢量,称为折射星地心法向矢量,$ {A}_{jx},{A}_{jy},{A}_{j{\textit{z}}} $可表示为
$ \begin{cases}{A}_{jx}=\left[x-{u}^{\prime}_{jx}\left(x{u}^{\prime}_{jx}+y{u}^{\prime}_{jy}+{\textit{z}}{u}^{\prime}_{j{\textit{z}}}\right)\right]/{L}_{j}\\{A}_{jy}=\left[y-{u}^{\prime}_{jy}\left(x{u}^{\prime}_{jx}+y{u}^{\prime}_{jy}+{\textit{z}}{u}^{\prime}_{j{\textit{z}}}\right)\right]/{L}_{j}\\{A}_{j{\textit{z}}}=\left[{\textit{z}}-{u}^{\prime}_{j{\textit{z}}}\left(x{u}^{\prime}_{jx}+y{u}^{\prime}_{jy}+{\textit{z}}{u}^{\prime}_{j{\textit{z}}}\right)\right]/{L}_{j}\end{cases} $
式中:$ {L}_{j}=\sqrt{{x}^{2}+{y}^{2}+{{\textit{z}}}^{2}-{\left(x{{u}^{\prime}_{jx}}+y{{u}^{\prime}_{jy}}+{\textit{z}}{{u}^{\prime}_{j{\textit{z}}}}\right)}^{2}} $。
解方程(10)可得,载体位置误差$ \Delta \boldsymbol{r} $可表示为
$ \Delta \boldsymbol{r}={({{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\text{T}}}\boldsymbol{A})}^{-1}{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{V} $
则星光折射定位误差方差阵$ \boldsymbol{P} $为
$ \boldsymbol{P}={E}\left[(\Delta {\boldsymbol{r}}_{\text{s}}){(\Delta {{\boldsymbol{r}}_{\text{s}}})}^{\text{T}}\right]={({{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\text{T}}}\boldsymbol{A})}^{-1}{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\text{T}}{E}\left[\boldsymbol{V}{\boldsymbol{V}}^{\text{T}}\right]\boldsymbol{A}{({{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\text{T}}}\boldsymbol{A})}^{-1} $
当$ n $颗折射星独立等精度观测时,测量误差向量$ \boldsymbol{V} $的协方差阵$ {E}\left[\boldsymbol{V}{\boldsymbol{V}}^{\text{T}}\right] $为
$ {E}\left[\boldsymbol{V}{\boldsymbol{V}}^{\text{T}}\right]=\sigma _{\text{dha}}^{2}{\boldsymbol{I}}_{n\times n} $
式中:$ \sigma _{\text{dha}}^{2} $为视高度误差方差;$ {\boldsymbol{I}}_{n\times n} $为$ n $阶单位阵。
将式(15)代入式(14),可得
$ \boldsymbol{P}=\sigma _{\text{dha}}^{2}{({{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\text{T}}}\boldsymbol{A})}^{-1} $
则可得位置误差标准差$ {\sigma }_{\text{p}} $为
$ {\sigma }_{\text{p}}=\sqrt{\text{tr}(\boldsymbol{P})}={\sigma }_{\text{dha}}\sqrt{\text{tr}{({{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\text{T}}}\boldsymbol{A})}^{-1}} $
定义星光折射定位精度因子(position dilution of precision,PDOP)为
$ P_{\text{DOP}}=\sqrt{\text{tr}{({{\boldsymbol{A}}^{\text{T}}}\boldsymbol{A})}^{-1}} $
将式(18)代入式(17),可得
$ {\sigma }_{\text{p}}={\sigma }_{\text{dha}} P_{\text{DOP}} $
从式(19)可以看出,$ P_{\text{DOP}} $越小,视高度误差$ {\sigma }_{\text{dha}} $被放大为位置误差$ {\sigma }_{\text{p}} $的程度越低,折射星几何构型越好。
2) 折射星最优几何构型的确定。从式(18)可以看出,$ P_{\text{DOP}} $取决于矩阵$ \boldsymbol{A} $,而从式(11)可以看出,矩阵$ \boldsymbol{A} $由$ n $颗折射星的地心法向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{b}}_{1},{\boldsymbol{b}}_{2},\cdots ,{\boldsymbol{b}}_{n} $决定。折射星地心法向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{b}}_{j} $分布在以飞行器F为顶点,地心到飞行器的连线$ OF $为轴线的圆锥面上,如图4所示。
折射后星光矢量$ {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\prime}_{\text{s}j} $和折射星地心法向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{b}}_{j} $在地理坐标系$ {O}_{{\mathrm{n}}}{x}_{{\mathrm{n}}}{y}_{{\mathrm{n}}}{{\textit{z}}}_{{\mathrm{n}}} $下的分量可分别表示为
$ \boldsymbol{b}_{j}^{\text{n}}={\left[\begin{matrix}b_{jx}^{\text{n}} & b_{jy}^{\text{n}} & {b}_{j{\textit{z}}}^{\text{n}}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}}= {\left[\begin{matrix}\sin {\varphi }_{j}\cos \eta & \cos {\varphi }_{j}\cos \eta & \sin \eta \end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}}$
$ \begin{split}& {\boldsymbol{u}}^{\prime\text{n}}_{sj}={\left[\begin{matrix}{u}^{\prime \text{n}}_{jx} & {u}^{\prime \text{n}}_{jy} & {{u}}^{\prime {\text{n}}}_{j{\textit{z}}}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}}=\\& \qquad {\left[\begin{matrix}-\sin {\varphi }_{j}\sin \eta & -\cos {\varphi }_{j}\sin \eta & \cos \eta \end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}}\end{split} $
式中:$ \eta $为天底角,即折射后星光矢量$ {{\boldsymbol{u}}}^{\prime {\text{n}}}_{\text{s}j} $与飞行器位置矢量$ \boldsymbol{r} $的夹角;$ {\varphi }_{j} $为方位角,即折射星地心法向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{b}}_{j} $在水平面内投影与$ {y}_{\text{n}} $轴的夹角。
而折射星地心法向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{b}}_{j} $在地心惯性坐标系下的方向余弦可表示为
$ \boldsymbol{b}_{j}^{\text{i}}=\boldsymbol{C}_{\text{n}}^{\text{i}}\boldsymbol{b}_{j}^{\text{n}} $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{C}_{\text{n}}^{\text{i}} $为地理坐标系到地心惯性坐标系的转换矩阵。
将式(22)代入矩阵$ \boldsymbol{A} $的表达式(11),可得
$ \boldsymbol{A}=\boldsymbol{BC}_{\text{i}}^{\text{n}} $
式中:$ \boldsymbol{B}={\left[\begin{matrix}\boldsymbol{b}_{1}^{\text{n}} & \boldsymbol{b}_{2}^{\text{n}} & \cdots & \boldsymbol{b}_{{n}}^{\mathrm{n}}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}} $。
这样,将式(23)代入$ \text{PDOP} $的定义式(18),可得
$ P_{\text{DOP}}=\sqrt{\text{tr}\left[\boldsymbol{C}_{\text{n}}^{\text{i}}{\left({\boldsymbol{B}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{B}\right)}^{-1}\boldsymbol{C}_{\text{i}}^{\text{n}}\right]}=\sqrt{\text{tr}{\left({\boldsymbol{B}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{B}\right)}^{-1}} $
将折射星地心法向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{b}}_{j} $在地理坐标系下的方向余弦式(20)代入矩阵$ \boldsymbol{B} $的表达式,可得
$ \boldsymbol{B}=\left[\begin{matrix}\sin {\varphi }_{1}\cos \eta & \cos {\varphi }_{1}\cos \eta & \sin \eta \\\sin {\varphi }_{2}\cos \eta & \cos {\varphi }_{2}\cos \eta & \sin \eta \\\vdots & \vdots & \vdots \\\sin {\varphi }_{n}\cos \eta & \cos {\varphi }_{n}\cos \eta & \sin \eta \end{matrix}\right] $
则有
$ {\boldsymbol{B}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{B}=\left[\begin{matrix}\boldsymbol{C} & \boldsymbol{U}\\{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}} & \boldsymbol{D}\end{matrix}\right] $
式中:
$ \begin{split}& \boldsymbol{C}=\left[\begin{matrix}{\cos }^{2}\eta \displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{\sin }^{2}{\varphi }_{j} & {\cos }^{2}\eta \displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}\cos {\varphi }_{j}\sin {\varphi }_{j}\\{\cos }^{2}\eta \displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}\cos {\varphi }_{j}\sin {\varphi }_{j} & {\cos }^{2}\eta \displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{\cos }^{2}{\varphi }_{j}\end{matrix}\right]\\& \boldsymbol{U}={\left[\begin{matrix}\cos \eta \sin \eta \displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{{n}}\sin {\varphi }_{j} & \cos \eta \sin \eta \displaystyle\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}\cos {\varphi }_{j}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}}\\& \boldsymbol{D}={n}{\sin }^{2}\eta \end{split} $
由分块矩阵的求逆法可得,$ {\left({\boldsymbol{B}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{B}\right)}^{-1} $为
$ \begin{split}& {\left({\boldsymbol{B}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{B}\right)}^{-1}=\\&\quad \left[\begin{matrix}{\left(\boldsymbol{C}-\boldsymbol{U}{\boldsymbol{D}}^{-1}{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}\right)}^{-1} & -{\boldsymbol{C}}^{-1}\boldsymbol{U}{\left(\boldsymbol{D}-{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{C}}^{-1}\boldsymbol{U}\right)}^{-1}\\-{\boldsymbol{D}}^{-1}{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}{\left(\boldsymbol{C}-\boldsymbol{U}{\boldsymbol{D}}^{-1}{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}\right)}^{-1} & {\left(\boldsymbol{D}-{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{C}}^{-1}\boldsymbol{U}\right)}^{-1}\end{matrix}\right]\end{split} $
由于$ \boldsymbol{B} $由$ n $个线性无关矢量$ \boldsymbol{b}_{j}^{\text{n}}\left(j=1,2,\cdots ,n\right) $组成,$ \boldsymbol{B} $为列满秩矩阵,$ {\boldsymbol{B}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{B} $为正定矩阵。因此,$ \boldsymbol{C} $、$ \boldsymbol{D} $也为正定矩阵,则$ {\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}{\boldsymbol{C}}^{-1}\boldsymbol{U} $、$ \boldsymbol{U}{\boldsymbol{D}}^{-1}{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}} $均为半正定矩阵,有
$ \begin{split}& \text{tr}({{\boldsymbol{B}}^{\text{T}}}\boldsymbol{B})^{-1}=\text{tr}(\boldsymbol{C}-\boldsymbol{U}{{\boldsymbol{D}}^{-1}}{{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}})^{-1}+\\& \qquad\text{tr}(\boldsymbol{D}-{{\boldsymbol{U}}^{\text{T}}}{{\boldsymbol{C}}^{-1}}\boldsymbol{U})^{-1} \geqslant \text{tr}({\boldsymbol{C}}^{-1})+\text{tr}({\boldsymbol{D}}^{-1})\end{split} $
当且仅当$ \boldsymbol{U}={\boldsymbol{0}} $时等号成立,即
$ \min (P_{\text{DOP}})=\min \left[\sqrt{\text{tr}{\left({\boldsymbol{B}}^{\text{T}}\boldsymbol{B}\right)}^{-1}}\right]=\sqrt{\text{tr}\left({\boldsymbol{C}}^{-1}\right)+\text{tr}\left({\boldsymbol{D}}^{-1}\right)} $
根据$ \boldsymbol{U} $的定义式可知,$ \boldsymbol{U}={\boldsymbol{0}} $要求:
$ \sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}\cos {\varphi }_{j}=\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}\sin {\varphi }_{j}=0 $
将式(30)代入式(21)可得,$ P_{\text{DOP}} $最小的条件为
$ \sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{u}^{\prime {\text{n}}}_{jx}=\sum \limits_{j=1}^{n}{u}^{\prime {\text{n}}}_{jy}=0 $
从式(31)可以看出,当$ n $颗折射星的星光矢量东向和北向分量之和均为零时,$ P_{\text{DOP}} $最小。因此,当$ n $颗折射星之间的方位角相差$ 2{\text{π}} /n $时,折射星几何构型最优,定位精度最高。图5为3、5颗折射星对应的最优几何构型。
因此,应用星敏感器进行$ n $次连续观星定位时,若相邻2次观星时星敏感器视轴方位角相差$ 2{\text{π}} /n $,折射星几何构型最优,定位精度最高。
根据星敏感器视轴的最佳高度角和最佳方位角,提出了一种高精度星光折射天文导航观星方案,其实施流程如图6所示。
具体实施步骤如下:
1) 可观测折射星的筛选。根据空天飞行器的标称轨迹,从星表中筛选出可观测折射星$ {s}_{1},{s}_{2},\cdots ,{s}_{N} $构成集合$ U_{{\mathrm{s}}}=\left\{{s}_{1},{s}_{2},\cdots ,{s}_{N}\right\} $。
2) 计算第一次观星的星敏感器视轴方向。根据星敏感器的初始视轴指向,从可观测折射星集合$ U_{{\mathrm{s}}} $中,选择距离初始视轴指向最近的折射星$ {s}_{1} $进行观测。折射星$ {s}_{1} $的方位角$ {\varphi }_{1} $为
$ {\varphi }_{1}=\arctan \left(s_{1y}^{\text{n}}/s_{1x}^{\text{n}}\right) $
式中:$ s_{1x}^{\text{n}} $、$ s_{1y}^{\text{n}} $分别为折射星$ {s}_{1} $的星光矢量$ {\boldsymbol{u}}_{\text{s}1} $在地理系下的东向、北向分量。
根据式(9)计算得到视轴最佳高度角$ {\gamma }_{\text{o}} $,结合式(32)计算得到折射星$ {s}_{1} $的方位角$ {\varphi }_{1} $,则第一次观星的星敏感器视轴方向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{1} $为
$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{1}={\left[\begin{matrix}\text{sin}{\gamma }_{\text{o}}\text{cos}{\varphi }_{1} & \text{sin}{\gamma }_{\text{o}}\text{sin}{\varphi }_{1} & -\text{cos}{\gamma }_{\text{o}}\end{matrix}\right]}^{\text{T}} $
通过飞行器姿态机动将星敏感器视轴调整至式(33)所示的方向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{1} $,即可使星敏感器视轴指向折射星$ {s}_{1} $,进行第一次观星。
3) 计算下一次观星的星敏感器视轴方向。将第一次观星的视轴方向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{1} $,以飞行器位置矢量$ \boldsymbol{r} $为轴线旋转$ 2{\text{π}} /n $,得到第二次观星的视轴方向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{2} $,如图7所示。
同理,根据第二次观星的视轴方向矢量$ {\boldsymbol{V}}_{2} $,从可观测折射星集合$ U_{{\mathrm{s}}} $中,选择距离星敏感器视轴最近的折射星$ {s}_{2} $进行观测。以此类推,继续进行下一次观星,直至观星时间窗口结束。
设定空天飞行器的发射点位置为(34.5°N, 112.0°E),海拔高度为120 m,发射方位角为90°;初始滚转角、偏航角和俯仰角分别为0°,0°,90°;飞行时长为1700 s。飞行器飞出大气层后,通过姿态机动实现对3个方向折射星光的观测,并通过卡尔曼滤波对惯导位置、速度误差进行校正。
星敏感器视场角为5°×5°,视高度测量误差为120 m(1σ),极限星等为6.0 Mv,输出频率为10 Hz;陀螺常值漂移为0.01 (°)/h,随机漂移为0.01 (°)/h;加速度计常值误差为100 μg,随机误差为50 μg;惯导采样时间为0.01 s,初始平台失准角为30″、50″、30″;滤波器状态误差和误差协方差矩阵的初值为:${\text{δ}} {\boldsymbol{X}}_{0}= {[500\;\text{m},\,500\;\text{m},\,500\;\text{m},\,0.1\;\text{m/s},\,0.1\;\text{m/s},\,0.1\;\text{m/s}]}^{\text{T}} $, ${\boldsymbol{P}}_{0}= $$\text{diag}\left[{\left(500\;\text{m}\right)}^{2},{\left(500\;\text{m}\right)}^{2},{\left(500\;\text{m}\right)}^{2},{\left(0.1\;\text{m/s}\right)}^{2},{\left(0.1\;\text{m/s}\right)}^{2}\right. $,$ \left.{\left(0.1\;\text{m/s}\right)}^{2}\right] $。
所有算法均在配备Core i7-10700H @ 2.90 GHz CPU和16 GB内存的台式计算机上运行,所使用的仿真平台为MATLAB R2019a。
图8和图9分别给出了采用传统观测方案和本文观测方案时,系统的位置和速度估计误差。
从图8和图9可以看出,本文方案的速度与位置估计精度优于传统方案。这是由于传统方案将星敏感器视轴固定指向地球边缘特定高度处,导致所观测的折射星几何构型单一,使得系统可观测度降低,进而导致星光折射定位精度下降。而本文方案通过建立折射星几何构型与定位精度的定量关系模型,选择最优空间构型的折射星进行观测,从而能够实现高精度定位。
为进一步验证本文方案的性能,统计了不同折射星观测方案下的导航精度,结果如表1所示。从表1可以看出,与传统方案相比,本文方案的位置、速度误差均方差分别降低了75.7%和66.7%。这表明本文方案通过观测具有最优空间构型的折射星,能够有效提高定位精度。
观测方位角直接影响折射星几何构型,从而影响定位精度。图10和图11给出了观测方位角之差$ \Delta \varphi $分别为30°、60°和120°时,系统的位置和速度估计误差。
从图10和图11可以看出,当观测方位角之差为120°时,由于几何精度因子PDOP最小,折射星空间构型最优,因此导航精度最高。
为进一步验证观测方位角对导航性能的影响,统计了不同观测方位角的导航精度,如表2所示。从表2可以看出,当观测方位角之差为120°时,位置估计误差均方差较30°和60°构型分别降低了90.0%和72.2%,速度估计误差均方差分别降低了80.2%和71.2%。本文方案通过建立折射星方位角与定位精度的关系模型,选择最优方位角的折射星进行观测,从而能够提高定位精度。
图12和图13给出了载体飞行高度H分别为500 km、1000 km和2000 km时,系统的位置和速度估计误差。不同飞行高度下的导航精度如表3所示。
从图12和图13可以看出,当载体飞行高度较低时,由于20~50 km平流层大气形成的折射环带在星敏感器视场内的覆盖面积增加,使得可见折射星数量增多,定位精度较高;而当载体的飞行高度增大时,虽然折射星数量会随高度增加而减少,但通过所提折射星光观测方案,仍可维持足够的可观测星数,并保持较高的导航精度。
从表3可以看出,当飞行高度为500 km时,系统的位置估计误差均方差较1000 km和2000 km时分别降低了53.9%和68.9%,速度估计误差均方差分别降低了39.3%和67.9%。这表明不同载体飞行高度会对星光折射定位精度产生影响。
针对传统固定视轴观星方案导致可观测折射星少且分布不均,影响星光折射定位精度和可靠性的问题,提出一种高精度星光折射天文导航观星方案,经理论分析与仿真验证得到以下结论:
1) 本文方案通过建立星敏感器视场对折射环带的覆盖面积与视轴高度角的关系模型,并使折射环带覆盖面积最大化,能够确定最佳视轴高度角,进而增加了可观测折射星数。
2) 当$ n $颗折射星的方位角相差$ 2{\text{π}} /n $时,星光折射定位精度因子PDOP最小,折射星空间构型最优,定位精度最高。
3) 与传统方案相比,本文方案通过观测具有最优空间构型的折射星,能够显著提升系统的可观测度与定位精度,其位置、速度估计误差分别降低了75.7%和66.7%。
本文方案不仅适用于空天飞行器,也可推广应用于地球卫星、载人飞船和空间站等大气层外航天器,以及高空远程长航时飞行器、临近空间飞行器等大气层内飞行器,具有广阔的应用前景。

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2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2025.0491
  • 接收时间:2025-07-17
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2025-07-17
  • 录用日期:2025-09-08
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    1北京航空航天大学 宇航学院,北京 100191
    2航天器设计优化与动态模拟技术教育部重点实验室,北京 100191

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