Article(id=1322941424567722832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0898, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1734537600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-19, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1739462400000, acceptedDateStr=2025-02-14, onlineDate=1793343414679, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343414679, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343414679, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343414679, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3496, endPage=3508, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941424714523473, articleId=1322941424567722832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=Research status and progress of bionic groove drag reduction, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The groove drag reduction technology based on the shark skin ridge structure has been widely concerned and studied by scientists because of its simple and easy operation and low energy consumption rate. It has shown great potential in marine ships, aerospace, pipeline transportation and other fields. The state of research and advancements in bionic groove drag reduction technologies during the previous two decades are examined. Firstly, three widely recognized drag reduction mechanisms are reviewed and other drag reduction mechanisms are supplemented. The design and optimization of the groove shape drag reduction as well as the current state of processing technology research are then discussed, along with a summary of the effects of the groove’s position and arrangement, dimensionless size, and yaw angle on the drag reduction performance. Finally, the practical application of bionic grooves in many fields is briefly described, and the research on drag reduction of bionic grooves is summarized and prospected.

, authors=Wei WANG1, 2, *, Shen’ao CUI1, Jiahua CHEN1, Haoxiang ZHAO1, Zhen ZHANG1, authorsList=Wei WANG, Shen’ao CUI, Jiahua CHEN, Haoxiang ZHAO, Zhen ZHANG, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wei WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941428929799037, articleId=1322941424567722832, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=仿生沟槽减阻研究现状与进展, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

基于鲨鱼皮脊状结构的沟槽减阻技术具有简单易行、能源消耗率低等优点,受到科学家广泛关注和研究,在海洋船舶、航空航天、管道运输等领域展现出巨大潜力。基于此,对近20年来仿生沟槽减阻技术的研究现状与进展进行梳理。综述3种被广泛认可的减阻机理,补充其他减阻机理;归纳总结沟槽的布置方式及位置、无量纲尺寸、偏航角等对减阻性能的影响,进而对沟槽形状减阻设计与优化及加工工艺的研究现状进行综述;简述仿生沟槽在多个领域中的实际应用,对仿生沟槽减阻的研究进行总结与展望。

, authors=王巍1, 2, *, 崔申奥1, 陈家华1, 赵浩翔1, 张震1, authorsList=王巍, 崔申奥, 陈家华, 赵浩翔, 张震, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=王巍, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=版权所有 © 2026 北京航空航天大学学报(自然科学版)编辑部, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BD4BkDKYdSYft6PORtfBXA==, magXml=VEDfOQMa0QZ6oa597xCM4w==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=y8E13PFhcgEI5N9ZjVVKtA==, pdfFileSize=5415646, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=J2ew8AVFYnqfo3O5Tchw7g==, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=IAocvL0jM+m7guTf3T5k+A==, mapNumber=null, fund=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1322941430162924421, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941424567722832, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=wangwei7832@163.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=1, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1322941430246810504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941424567722832, authorId=1322941430162924421, language=EN, stringName=Wei WANG, firstName=Wei, middleName=null, lastName=WANG, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, *, address=1School of Civil Aviation,Shenyang Aerospace University,Shenyang 110136,China
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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941424567722832, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=Comparison of two-dimensional bionic groove drag reduction, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形状创新点减阻差异参考文献
根据羽毛表面的不对称微结构,设计出类羽毛结构的梯形沟槽在30~75 m/s速度范围内,最大减阻率为19%[73]
根据虎鲸皮脊状结构,利用数值计算软件生成的仿生
沟槽
在2~12 m/s的低速范围内,总减阻率为9.63%[74]
根据新月形沙丘提出的沟槽表面在10~30 m/s速度范围,可降低33.63%的摩擦
阻力
[75]
在V型沟槽顶部两侧增加小尺度三角形突起最大减阻率为8.07%,可提高3.47%的减阻率[76]
通过增加二级沟槽提高了“二次涡”的复杂程度最大减阻率可达18.76%,减阻率提高5.15%[77]
), ArticleFig(id=1322941434134930369, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941424567722832, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

二维仿生沟槽减阻对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形状创新点减阻差异参考文献
根据羽毛表面的不对称微结构,设计出类羽毛结构的梯形沟槽在30~75 m/s速度范围内,最大减阻率为19%[73]
根据虎鲸皮脊状结构,利用数值计算软件生成的仿生
沟槽
在2~12 m/s的低速范围内,总减阻率为9.63%[74]
根据新月形沙丘提出的沟槽表面在10~30 m/s速度范围,可降低33.63%的摩擦
阻力
[75]
在V型沟槽顶部两侧增加小尺度三角形突起最大减阻率为8.07%,可提高3.47%的减阻率[76]
通过增加二级沟槽提高了“二次涡”的复杂程度最大减阻率可达18.76%,减阻率提高5.15%[77]
), ArticleFig(id=1322941434202039234, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941424567722832, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=Comparison of three-dimensional bionic groove drag reduction, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形状创新点减阻差异参考文献
仿比目鱼鳞片沟槽,可实现双向
减阻
正向流动可降低19%表面摩擦阻力,反向流动减阻率为4.2%[78]
简化三维鲨鱼皮脊状结构当入口速度为5 m/s时,减阻率可达17.86%[79]
三维脊状结构增加二级沟槽最大减阻率为10.3%[80]
仿泥鳅鳞片低速减阻率为9.42%~
17.25%,且具有疏水性
[81]
), ArticleFig(id=1322941434260759491, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941424567722832, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

三维仿生沟槽减阻对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
形状创新点减阻差异参考文献
仿比目鱼鳞片沟槽,可实现双向
减阻
正向流动可降低19%表面摩擦阻力,反向流动减阻率为4.2%[78]
简化三维鲨鱼皮脊状结构当入口速度为5 m/s时,减阻率可达17.86%[79]
三维脊状结构增加二级沟槽最大减阻率为10.3%[80]
仿泥鳅鳞片低速减阻率为9.42%~
17.25%,且具有疏水性
[81]
), ArticleFig(id=1322941434336256964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941424567722832, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=Advantages and disadvantages of manufacturing methods, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造方式优点缺点
增材制造设计自由度、精度较高,是实验室原型开发和小批量高性能部件制造的理想选择,尤其适用于复杂三维沟槽耐久性与环境适应性限制了大规模推广
减材制造适用于金属材料高精度、高强度需求场景,而且加工效率高,适合大规模生产难以加工三维沟槽,仅适合规则形状
等材制造适合规则沟槽的大规模生产,滚压工艺可实现沟槽表面强化与耐久性提升,且材料利用率极高,接近100%沟槽参数改变需更换模具,复杂沟槽需定制高精度滚压轮,经济性低
), ArticleFig(id=1322941434411754437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941424567722832, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

加工制造方式优缺点

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
制造方式优点缺点
增材制造设计自由度、精度较高,是实验室原型开发和小批量高性能部件制造的理想选择,尤其适用于复杂三维沟槽耐久性与环境适应性限制了大规模推广
减材制造适用于金属材料高精度、高强度需求场景,而且加工效率高,适合大规模生产难以加工三维沟槽,仅适合规则形状
等材制造适合规则沟槽的大规模生产,滚压工艺可实现沟槽表面强化与耐久性提升,且材料利用率极高,接近100%沟槽参数改变需更换模具,复杂沟槽需定制高精度滚压轮,经济性低
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仿生沟槽减阻研究现状与进展
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王巍 1, 2, * , 崔申奥 1 , 陈家华 1 , 赵浩翔 1 , 张震 1
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3496-3508
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3496 -3508
仿生沟槽减阻研究现状与进展
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王巍1, 2, * , 崔申奥1, 陈家华1, 赵浩翔1, 张震1
作者信息
  • 1沈阳航空航天大学 民用航空学院,沈阳 110136
  • 2辽宁通用航空研究院,沈阳 110136
通讯作者:
Research status and progress of bionic groove drag reduction
Wei WANG1, 2, * , Shen’ao CUI1, Jiahua CHEN1, Haoxiang ZHAO1, Zhen ZHANG1
Affiliations
  • 1School of Civil Aviation,Shenyang Aerospace University,Shenyang 110136,China
  • 2Liaoning General Aviation Academy,Shenyang 110136,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0898
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基于鲨鱼皮脊状结构的沟槽减阻技术具有简单易行、能源消耗率低等优点,受到科学家广泛关注和研究,在海洋船舶、航空航天、管道运输等领域展现出巨大潜力。基于此,对近20年来仿生沟槽减阻技术的研究现状与进展进行梳理。综述3种被广泛认可的减阻机理,补充其他减阻机理;归纳总结沟槽的布置方式及位置、无量纲尺寸、偏航角等对减阻性能的影响,进而对沟槽形状减阻设计与优化及加工工艺的研究现状进行综述;简述仿生沟槽在多个领域中的实际应用,对仿生沟槽减阻的研究进行总结与展望。

仿生沟槽  /  减阻机理  /  鲨鱼表面  /  减阻率  /  湍流

The groove drag reduction technology based on the shark skin ridge structure has been widely concerned and studied by scientists because of its simple and easy operation and low energy consumption rate. It has shown great potential in marine ships, aerospace, pipeline transportation and other fields. The state of research and advancements in bionic groove drag reduction technologies during the previous two decades are examined. Firstly, three widely recognized drag reduction mechanisms are reviewed and other drag reduction mechanisms are supplemented. The design and optimization of the groove shape drag reduction as well as the current state of processing technology research are then discussed, along with a summary of the effects of the groove’s position and arrangement, dimensionless size, and yaw angle on the drag reduction performance. Finally, the practical application of bionic grooves in many fields is briefly described, and the research on drag reduction of bionic grooves is summarized and prospected.

bionic groove  /  drag reduction mechanism  /  shark surface  /  drag reduction rate  /  turbulent flow
王巍, 崔申奥, 陈家华, 赵浩翔, 张震. 仿生沟槽减阻研究现状与进展. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3496 -3508 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0898
Wei WANG, Shen’ao CUI, Jiahua CHEN, Haoxiang ZHAO, Zhen ZHANG. Research status and progress of bionic groove drag reduction[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3496 -3508 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0898
随着全球能源危机的日益严峻,如何有效减少流动过程中的能量损耗成为科研界和工业界共同关注的焦点。在航空航天、船舶运输、管道流体输送等多个领域,物体表面的流动阻力会直接影响能源的利用效率。例如:空客 A340-300飞机在飞行过程中,其表面与空气之间产生的摩擦阻力占总阻力的48%[1];在船舶航行中,表面摩擦力约占其行驶总阻力的50%左右,而高速核潜艇的这一数值则高达70%左右;天然气管道输送过程中,泵站的动力几乎全部用于克服表面摩擦力,极大降低了能源利用效率[2]。因此,开展表面减阻研究显得至关重要。
在减阻技术的早期探索中,研究者普遍遵循着一个直观的假设,即减小物体表面的粗糙度可以降低摩擦阻力,从而实现减阻[3]。这一观点基于光滑表面与流体之间更少的接触面积和更平滑的流动路径。然而,随着科学研究的不断深入,特别是仿生沟槽减阻的突破,这一传统观点受到了挑战。1967 年,乌克兰基辅水动力学研究所的摩科洛夫在研究涡屏蔽时,正式提出了“riblet”一词,并推测沟槽表面能够降低水动力阻力。1970年,Johnson的死鲨鱼水下拖曳实验发现死鲨鱼在水中的阻力远高于海豚,他将鲨鱼的高阻力归因于其粗糙的表皮。然而,Reif的研究否定了Johnson的结论,1982年,Reif[4]发现当鲨鱼快速游动时,其表皮会展开不规则的脊状结构,并推测脊状结构可以稳定边界层,使鲨鱼体表具有较好的低阻特性。1984年,Walsh等[5]简化了鲨鱼表皮的脊状结构,并开展了仿生沟槽结构在湍流减阻技术中的应用研究,研究结果表明,这种纵向排列的沟槽结构能够有效降低物体表面的流动阻力,揭示了表面微观结构对流体流动特性的重要影响。
沟槽减阻技术作为一种被动减阻方法[6],其最显著的特点在于不依赖于任何外部能量输入,仅通过精细设计并优化物体表面的微观结构即沟槽结构,便能有效降低物体受到的流动阻力。这种独特的减阻机制不仅极大地简化了减阻系统的复杂性,还降低了实施成本,被认为是高效、广泛应用的减阻技术之一[7]。因此,本文对沟槽减阻技术的研究现状与进展进行了详细的综述,并对仿生沟槽减阻未来的研究方向进行了展望。
二次涡群论[8]由Bacher等在1986年提出,纵向沟槽表面的“反向旋转涡对”与沟槽顶部相互作用,在沟槽内部产生二次涡结构。二次涡的存在和发展能够削弱流向涡的强度,使更多的低速流体保留在沟槽内部,从而阻碍低速条带被抬升。二次涡可抑制流向涡的展向运动,进一步削弱湍流的猝发频率和强度[9]。Lee等[10]的流动可视化实验观察到沟槽结构能抬升流向涡,且沟槽谷底存在大量的低速流体。Choi等[11]通过数值模拟分析了减阻状态下的沟槽,表明二次涡减少了湍流脉动引起的能量损失。Robinson[12]的风洞试验发现沟槽表面的低速条带数目明显少于光滑表面。李山等[13]通过分析沟槽表面的展向涡量云图,证实了沟槽表面可以抑制展向涡旋运动,从而削弱“反向旋转涡对”的强度,减小摩擦阻力。二次涡群论示意图如图1(a)[14]所示。
突出高度论[15]是Bechert等基于黏性理论及前人研究在1989年提出的较为完善的纵向沟槽减阻机理[16]。突出高度指沟槽尖端到沟槽等价光滑表面(各个质点的速度梯度为0的表面)的距离[17],如图1(b)[15]所示。沟槽将流体底层的低速条带保留在沟槽底部,相当于增厚了黏性底层,从而使壁面处剪切应力降低,实现减阻。李新华等[18]认为减阻沟槽具备使湍流动能“活跃”的流体趋于“安静”的能力。Bushnell等[19]证实了V形沟槽的谷底保留了低速流体,减小了黏性阻力。Ozkan等[20]借助粒子图像测速法测量了沟槽流场的速度分布,发现当流动阻力减小时,黏性底层厚度增加,Cui等[21]对沟槽表面湍流边界层特性和黎润恒等[22]对沟槽面圆管湍流减阻的研究也得出了相同结论。
横向沟槽的减阻机理主要为微型空气轴承论,在1996年由潘家正[23]提出,在湍流边界层布置有间隔的横向沟槽,流体在沟槽内部产生涡旋,该涡旋被理解为“微空气轴承”,使流体与沟槽表面的滑动摩擦转变为滚动摩擦,同时,涡旋也会产生反向剪切应力,从而达到减小摩擦阻力的效果[23]。吴正人等[24]分析了沟槽对风机运行特性的影响,表明沟槽谷底保留的低速气体形成了二次涡,其作用类似于“滚动轴承”,使近壁区的湍流动能明显下降,减缓了湍流的耗散。Wang[25]、Ding[26]等通过数值模拟验证了“微型空气轴承”减阻机理。
研究人员通过大量的相关实验和分析,解释了沟槽减阻的部分现象[27]。Rastegari等[28]在2015年提出滑移速度论,利用壁面摩擦阻力与湍流统计量之间的定量关系式,引入了滑移速度这一变量。在修正后的公式中,滑移速度的大小与壁面摩擦阻力呈负相关。即随着滑移速度的增大,壁面摩擦阻力逐渐减小。但该理论还存在一些局限性,需要在未来的研究中进一步完善壁面滑移速度与沟槽尺寸的关系模型。
二维沟槽的减阻机理研究足够成熟,但在部分情况下并不适用于三维沟槽[29]。这意味着在三维沟槽的应用场景中,无法简单照搬二维沟槽的减阻理论来解释和优化其减阻性能。三维沟槽因具有更复杂的空间结构和流体流动特性,与二维沟槽有着本质区别,且三维沟槽的减阻机理并未达成普遍共识[30]。鉴于此,有必要加大对三维沟槽减阻机理的研究力度,深入剖析流体与沟槽表面的相互作用机制,揭示其独特的减阻规律,为三维沟槽在航空航天、海洋船舶、管道运输等领域的高效应用提供坚实的理论支撑。
仿生沟槽是受鲨鱼皮启发而研究出的一种减阻技术,仿生沟槽减阻研究路线如图2所示。20世纪70年代,美国兰利研究中心发现快速流动的鲨鱼表皮存在着排列规则的脊状结构,鲨鱼皮脊状结构的长度通常为100~200 μm,宽度为 50~100 μm[31],能够优化鲨鱼体表流体边界层的流动状态,抑制和延迟湍流的发生,其研究团队对仿生沟槽结构进行了大量理论及实验研究,表明仿生沟槽能够降低表面阻力。鲨鱼皮脊状结构如图3[32]所示。
鲨鱼皮脊状结构较为复杂,为便于研究,研究人员将鲨鱼皮脊状结构简化为V形、梯形、矩形等二维沟槽[33]。沟槽的几何尺寸通常采用Walsh提出的无量纲参数,主要考虑沟槽的高度h、宽度s和间距t[34]。其中,关于V形沟槽的研究较多,Walsh教授首次证明了V形沟槽减阻效果最好,并指出V形沟槽能够限制沟谷区域的湍流脉动、减少流体微团间的动量交换,从而降低黏性阻力[35]。但目前沟槽最佳减阻外形存在争议,李永成等[36]的数值模拟表明,雷诺数Re=5×105时,V形沟槽的剪切应力明显小于同尺寸的U形和矩形沟槽,因此,减阻性能最佳。丛茜等[37]采用有限体积法分析了V形、半圆形和矩形3种沟槽的减阻性能,雷诺数Re=6×105时,减阻率分别为3.2%、9.1%、9.7%,通过分析三者雷诺切应力得出,V沟槽表面所受雷诺切应力最大,因此,横向脉动最大,对流向脉动动能的传递功能最强,流体对壁面的作用力最大,壁面摩擦阻力最大,减阻效果最差;而矩形沟槽表面雷诺切应力最小,同理可得流体对壁面的作用力最小,壁面总阻力最小,减阻效果最好。杜淑雅等[38]基于大涡模拟计算流体动力学方法,研究了V形与梯形沟槽的减阻特性,雷诺数Re=5600时,通过分析2种沟槽的阻力特性得出,V形沟槽顶部附近的阻力特性决定了沟槽减阻效果。而梯形沟槽则相反,主要是沟槽底部附近的阻力特性决定了沟槽减阻效果。研究结果显示,V形沟槽仅底部减阻效果优于梯形沟槽,梯形沟槽全局减阻效果更好。简化二维沟槽示意图如图4[5]所示。
沟槽布置方式包括顺流向的纵向沟槽[39]和垂直流向的横向沟槽[40]。纵向沟槽受鲨鱼皮脊状结构启发[41],海豚的真皮嵴(如图5所示)也为横向沟槽提供了生物原型[42]。梁在潮[43]通过沟槽表面边界层的流动显示实验得出,纵向沟槽通过改变低速条带的数量和间距控制减阻效果,横向沟槽通过改变低速条带的长度控制减阻效果。Sharma等[44]在等比缩小的鱼雷模型上布置纵向沟槽,采用动量平衡法确定鱼雷阻力,实验结果显示,在4 m/s来流速度下,沟槽可有效降低阻力系数达10.5%。Lunghi等[45]探索了沟槽结构船尾减阻的潜力,大涡模拟结果显示,雷诺数Re=9.6×104时,多个横向沟槽的存在使船尾阻力降低了23.2%。对于纵向沟槽而言,雷诺数对减阻效果影响不大,在不同的雷诺数下,纵向沟槽都能在一定程度上降低壁面摩擦阻力,保持较为稳定的减阻性能。
收敛沟槽指流体在沟槽中流动时,流道逐渐变窄,使流体有汇聚、集中的趋势;发散沟槽则相反,沟槽流道逐渐变宽,流体在其中流动时会逐渐分散,流体有扩散、分散的趋势。Chen等[46]通过电镜观察鸽子次级羽毛的微观结构,提出了一种具有光滑边缘的发散沟槽,如图6(a)所示,将其与传统纵向沟槽减阻效果对比,实验结果表明,这种沟槽的减阻率可达16%,高于传统纵向沟槽。崔光耀等[47]利用图像测速技术,研究了收敛和发散沟槽表面的湍流边界层流动特性,结果表明,发散沟槽可降低摩擦阻力、雷诺应力,具有较好的减阻能力,而收敛沟槽(如图6(b)所示)则促进了流向大尺度相干结构的形成,不利于减阻。
沟槽布置的位置也会对减阻产生影响,戎瑞等[48]分别在翼型的前段和后段布置沟槽,翼型涡量云图如图7所示,翼型前段布置沟槽时,翼型边界层分离提前发生,流动分离也提前结束,略微减弱分离程度。翼型后段布置沟槽时,不仅推迟了边界层分离点,而且提前结束边界层的分离区域,使流体在翼型表面出现较小的分离区域,减小阻力系数。Guo等[49]在翼型吸力面布置沟槽,实验结果表明,布置沟槽翼型的阻力系数均小于光滑翼型,且在翼型尾缘布置沟槽的减阻效果优于前缘。张子良等[50]对翼型湍流区域沟槽的减阻性能展开数值模拟,结果表明,沟槽布置在压力面和吸力面时,阻力系数最大可降低3.07%。沟槽仅布置在吸力面时,阻力系数最大可降低2.55%,两者情况下翼型的压差阻力系数和黏性阻力系数均有减小。而沟槽仅布置在压力面时,几乎不产生减阻效果,在有些迎角下甚至出现了压差阻力系数增加的现象。基于上述流动分析表明,沟槽减阻是由于边界层湍流转捩,导致分离点延迟引起的,流动分离是产生压差阻力的重要原因之一,沟槽减阻的一个重要途径就是通过影响流动分离来减小压差阻力。
美国国家航空航天局(National Aeronautics and Space Administration, NASA)的Walsh等[5]针对简化的纵向沟槽进行了系统性研究,发现沟槽的高度和宽度对减阻效果存在显著影响,V 形沟槽的无量纲高度h+≤25和无量纲宽度s+≤30时具有减阻功能,在s+=15和h+ =10 时取得了8%的减阻。Li等[51]的平板沟槽减阻研究发现,沟槽的减阻率随深度的增加先增大后减小;在每个雷诺数下,存在最大减阻的最优槽深和零减阻率对应的最大槽深。袁一平等[52]在风力机翼型吸力面布置沟槽进行数值模拟,结果表明,h+和s+为10~18.5时,最大减阻率可达11.934%。El-Samni等[53]研究得出,沟槽s+为18时可取得最佳减阻率为11%,当s+大于30时会导致阻力增加。沟槽减阻研究选取的无量纲尺寸多在10~30之间,沟槽的高度要保证沟槽尖端处于湍流边界层黏性底层和过渡区的下部,才能有效改变流动。
徐琰等[54]指出在设计微沟槽时,最佳h+为13.86,当宽高比高于1.5时,沟槽内部会产生局部高强度湍流区域,导致减阻效果减弱。郭飞飞等[55]的数值模拟表明,V型沟槽的宽高比为1 时减阻效果最佳,这与黄桥高等[56]得出的结论相同。Quintavalla等[57]的沟槽圆柱绕流实验发现,宽高比小的沟槽同样可以减少流动阻力,并表明,通过改变沟槽的宽度、高度并减小沟槽总面积对降低临界雷诺数有显著的效果,与最小阻力系数也有较强的对应关系。Cui等[58]的数值模拟表明,宽高比小的半圆形沟槽适用于低雷诺数的流动,宽高比大的半圆形沟槽适用于高雷诺数的流动。谭惠丰等[59]指出沟槽的宽高比对减阻效果有显著影响,在适合的宽高比下,沟槽能够形成充满整个沟槽的规则涡提高减阻率,不同宽高比沟槽的内部流线形状如图8所示。
沟槽高度与宽度对减阻的影响主要通过改变涡旋结构,合适的沟槽高度与宽度可以使流体在沟槽内形成稳定的小尺度涡旋,这些涡旋能够与主流中的大尺度涡旋相互作用,打乱大涡结构,降低涡旋的强度和尺度,进而减小阻力。
针对沟槽间距,Mohammadi等[60]对层流状态下的4种沟槽进行数值分析,结果表明,每一类沟槽都存在一个最优的沟槽间距,从而获得最大的减阻效果。刘占一等[61]指出有间距的沟槽表面减阻效果优于无间距的沟槽表面,与无间距沟槽表面相比,有间距的沟槽表面能够抑制压差阻力的产生,当间距与沟槽尺寸相当时,减阻效果最佳。潘光等[62]的水下回转体减阻研究表明,与光滑表面相比,有间距的沟槽表面所受的压差阻力略有增加,但摩擦阻力显著降低,并指出当沟槽内旋涡的最大速度临近外流场流速时,能够获得最佳的减阻效果。Martin 等[63]对矩形沟槽的流动分析表明,当沟槽间距变化范围为t+= 0.08~0.50时,减阻率基本保持不变,约为9%。在较大的间距下,矩形沟槽波谷宽度减小,波峰处的表面积增大,这些变化将产生较弱的减阻效果,并最终导致阻力增加。窦如宏[64]利用数值仿真得出,沟槽间距影响沟槽压差阻力和黏性阻力在总阻力中的占比,沟槽间距过大会导致黏性阻力增加量大于压差阻力减小量,反而会出现增阻的现象。陈璠等[65]发现沟槽间距的差异对横向沟槽的影响较大,增大间距沟槽,导致沿程压力损失增加,适用于相对高雷诺数流动。Qiu等[66]指出在特定的沟槽截面形状下,沟槽间距的变化在小尺度范围(t+ = 0.08~0.50)内对阻力的影响并不显著。然而,在较大尺度范围(t+约为3.5~24.3)内,沟槽间距的变化会引起减阻性能的显著变化。Wu等[67]发现沟槽间距过小会导致涡相互作用,增加阻力。因此,推测最优沟槽间距可以实现表面剪切应力最小且沟槽内涡旋互不影响。
沟槽间距对减阻的影响主要体现在对流向涡的抬升上,合适的沟槽间距将抬升流向涡,通过阻止较大尺度的湍流与沟槽表面的大部分区域相互作用,从而减小沟槽表面的摩擦阻力。不同沟槽间距对流向涡的抬升程度如图9[66]所示。
偏航角为沟槽与自由流水平方向的夹角。1984年,Walsh等[5]发现当偏航角β小于15 °时,平板沟槽的减阻效果几乎不受不影响,而当偏航角大于30 °时,沟槽出现增阻现象,图10为不同偏航角下V形沟槽的减阻特性[5]。Zhang等[68]研究了在不同偏航角下翼展沟槽表面的减阻效果,结果表明,在不同偏航角下,沟槽诱导的摩擦阻力减小趋势相似,但沟槽表面引起的压差阻力增加趋势较为复杂,表明不同偏航角下的减阻率并不是线性变化。王晋军等[69]对沟槽面三角翼的阻力特性进行了研究,发现在机翼失速后,偏航角对沟槽减阻效果几乎不产生影响。Li等[70]的大涡模拟研究发现,随着偏航角的增大,沟槽降低黏性阻力的能力增强,然而,偏航角的增大会增加横向流动,导致沟槽迎风面出现高压区,背风面出现低压区,从而增大压差阻力,不同偏航角下的压力系数分布如图11[70]所示。
偏航角对沟槽减阻效果的影响主要体现在摩擦阻力和压差阻力的动态平衡上。小偏航角下,沟槽能有效降低摩擦阻力且压差阻力增加较小,减阻效果显著;但随着偏航角增大,压差阻力的增加逐渐甚至超过摩擦阻力的降低,导致减阻效果下降甚至出现增阻。
沟槽源于仿生学[71],自然界生物的减阻方式可以作为沟槽设计的灵感来源[72]。减阻沟槽的设计已从早期对鲨鱼皮脊状结构的简单模仿,发展为广泛借鉴具备减阻特性的生物体表结构。Wang等[73]利用白光干涉仪扫描鸽子羽毛的表面形貌,根据羽毛表面发现的不对称微结构,设计出类羽毛结构的梯形沟槽,通过风洞试验得出,该沟槽适用的速度范围更广,平板模型在30~75 m/s的速度范围内均取得不错的减阻效果(在60 m/s速度下减阻率约为19%)。Zheng等[74]根据虎鲸皮脊状结构确定11个横向间距相同的插值点,利用数值计算软件通过3次样条插值法生成仿生沟槽曲线,在2~12 m/s的速度范围内,沟槽表面具有显著的减阻效果,最大摩擦阻力减阻率可达26.91%,总减阻率可达9.63%。Song等[75]根据新月形沙丘提出一种沟槽表面,通过数值模拟得出,在流速为10~30 m/s的低速气流中,该沟槽表面最多可降低33.63%的摩擦阻力。程拼拼等[76]发现鲨鱼皮脊状结构是多尺度的,根据这一发现在V型沟槽顶部两侧增加小尺度三角形突起,设计出一种二级沟槽,在一定雷诺数范围内,与初始V形沟槽相比,二级V形沟槽的减阻率提高了3.47%。Wang 等[77]对矩形沟槽进行了改进,通过增加二级沟槽提高了“二次涡”的复杂程度,使沟槽内反向流动引起的反向剪切应力增大,表面摩擦阻力减小,最大减阻率可达18.76%,而常规矩形表面的最大减阻率仅为13.61%。二维仿生沟槽减阻对比如表1[73-77]所示。
三维沟槽的截面形状在不同位置会有所变化,不再局限于平面内的简单形状。He等[78]等根据比目鱼鳞片特征设计出的仿生沟槽可实现双向减阻,在正向流动中可降低19%表面摩擦阻力,在反向流动中减阻率可达4.2%。秦立果等[79]对鲨鱼皮的脊状结构进行简化,选用矩形沟槽作为对比,结果表明,简化脊状结构能降低近壁区域的湍流动能,减阻效果优于矩形沟槽。当入口速度为5 m/s时,简化脊状结构的减阻率可达17.86%。徐征等[80]在仿三维鲨鱼皮脊状结构的基础上,覆盖尺度更加微小的二级沟槽结构,风速为150 km/h和160 km/h的风洞试验结果表明,该沟槽能够增加“二次涡”的回旋路径,减小黏性阻力,减阻率可达10.3%。Wu等[81]制备出仿泥鳅鳞片沟槽,水洞实验结果表明,在低速条件下与光滑表面相比,仿生表面的减阻率在9.42%~17.25%之间,且该仿生表面可以改善疏水性,能进一步提高减阻效果。三维仿生沟槽减阻对比如表2[78-81]所示。
常规沟槽形状优化基本采用尺寸参数(如深度、宽度、间距)优化规则形状,通过计算流体动力学逐个验证预设形状的减阻效果,依赖经验或试错法,易陷入局部最优解。而利用算法优化可推动沟槽形状优化从“经验驱动”到“数据-机理双驱动”的范式转变,可实现沟槽形状最优解的全局搜索。Abdollahzadeh等[82]对比了矩形、半圆形和梯形3种沟槽的减阻性能,在确定矩形沟槽减阻效果最佳后,采用遗传算法作为优化工具,并结合流体体积法,使优化后的矩形沟槽可降低约22%的阻力。宋居正等[83]将自由变形法与遗传算法结合对V形沟槽进行优化,沟槽壁面优化前后,黏性阻力与压差阻力占比变化较小,优化后的沟槽表面减阻率提高了3.7%。潘光等[84]利用iSIGHT软件及遗传算法优化沟槽高度,通过150步迭代获得了最优解,优化后高度h=0.017 mm时,减阻效果最佳。李超群等[85]基于神经网络的沟槽壁面优化研究显示,通过动态调整沟槽形状,最大减阻效果可达17.41%,且能降低湍流强度和雷诺切应力。Mohammadi等[86]借助一种仅包含少数傅里叶变换的简化几何模型,能够精准地表征出适用于层流减阻的最佳沟槽形状。
大自然中的生物表面为减阻沟槽形状的优化提供了丰富的仿生灵感,如鲨鱼皮的盾鳞结构。未来研究将更深入地探索生物表面的减阻机制,并将其应用于沟槽形状设计中。模仿生物表面的沟槽在实际应用中可能面临加工复杂性,同时,需要确保仿生形状在不同流体环境下的稳定性和减阻效果。随着研究的深入,三维减阻沟槽形状逐渐受到关注。三维形状可以更全面地控制流体在3个方向上的流动,为特殊流体传输场景提供独特的解决方案。未来,将进一步探索三维形状沟槽的设计方法和优化策略。
沟槽形状优化方面,未来可引入人工智能和机器学习技术,通过构建智能优化算法,快速筛选出最优的沟槽形状和参数组合。在实际应用中,减阻往往不是唯一的目标。多目标优化下的减阻沟槽形状设计成为必然趋势,通过建立多目标优化模型,综合考虑多个因素来寻找最优解。多目标优化模型的建立和求解过程较为复杂,需要借助先进的优化算法和计算工具;同时,如何平衡各个目标之间的权重也是一大挑战。
沟槽的加工方法丰富多样,每种方法都有其独特的优势与适用场景,可分为增材制造、减材制造和等材制造3类,其优缺点如表3所示。
非金属材料在沟槽增材制造中应用广泛。Wen等[87]利用3D打印技术将仿生盾鳞嵌入到柔性薄膜上,得到了柔性的三维仿生鲨鱼皮。实验结果显示,该仿生鲨鱼皮可提高船桨6.6%的移动速度。Stenzel 等[88]提出一种可大面积生产沟槽涂层的新工艺,在单个步骤中就可实现涂覆应用、修饰和部分固化等流程,涂层材料由纳米复合材料组成,使涂层具有良好的耐磨性和风化稳定性。Zhao等[89]研究了一种精确复制鲨鱼皮表面的真空铸造方法,在水箱中进行了减阻试验。实验结果表明,鲨鱼皮复制膜具有明显的减阻作用,最大减阻可达18.6%。Chen等[90]采用紫外光固化技术将鲨鱼皮的表面形态转移到自由曲面上,实验表明,生物复制的沟槽高度和宽度的表面误差均小于3%,这表明复制精度足够高,可以准确地传递生物表面形貌。非金属增材制造具有设计自由度与精度较高的优势,是实验室原型开发和小批量高性能部件制造的理想选择,尤其适用于复杂三维沟槽(如仿鲨鱼皮脊状结构),但其耐久性与环境适应性限制了大规模推广。
减材制造属于传统的去除材料加工方法,主要通过激光烧蚀、磨削等工艺,在金属表面加工沟槽。Kaakkunen等[91]利用激光烧蚀在机翼表面加工出微米级的梯形沟槽,风洞试验研究表明,沟槽表面可以快速降低壁面剪切应力。Hockauf 等[92]提出一种多层刀具的磨削工艺,用于制造仿鲨鱼鳞片结构。通过油道和叶栅风洞中的流体动力学研究,证实平板沟槽结构可以减少高达4%的表面摩擦阻力。Huang等[93]结合激光加工的优点,采用激光辅助砂带磨削加工U型沟槽,利用白光干涉仪对其进行了分析,确保误差在10%以内,该工艺能显著提高表面特征的完整性。减材制造适用于金属材料高精度、高强度需求场景,且加工效率高,适合大规模生产,但难以加工三维沟槽,仅适合规则形状。
等材制造通过塑性变形而非添加或去除材料的方式加工沟槽,属于典型的“无屑加工”,在减阻微沟槽制造中具有独特优势,但也存在一定的局限性。Luo等[94]采用溅射和光刻工艺去除鳞片背面的楔形角,采用生物滚压复制法获得连续逼真的鲨鱼皮表面。此外,由于光刻和轧制保证了良好的工艺效果,使沟槽横向几乎没有成型误差,在标尺高度方向上的成型精度可达约90%。等材制造优势突出,适合规则沟槽的大规模生产,滚压工艺可实现沟槽表面强化与耐久性提升,且材料利用率极高,接近100%。其缺点也很明显,沟槽参数改变需更换模具,复杂沟槽需定制高精度滚压轮,经济性低。
仿生沟槽通常应用于飞机机翼、机身表面及发动机叶片等部位,主要通过沟槽薄膜实现。不改变民用飞机的气动布局,降低压差阻力的减阻效果相对有限,这使降低飞机摩擦阻力显的更为重要,因此,沟槽表面在高速气流和复杂的飞行环境,需要提供较为稳定的摩擦减阻效果。空客公司在A320试验机表面70%的区域布置沟槽薄膜,机身的摩擦阻力降低了6%,可减少1%~2%的燃油消耗,表明沟槽薄膜在大型客机上应用具有一定的减阻和节能效果[95]。NASA兰利研究中心在 Learjet喷气式飞机上布置V形沟槽并进行飞行试验,在马赫数为0.3~0.7之间取得了6%的减阻效果[96]。2021年,巴斯夫与汉莎技术公司合作研发了一款新型沟槽减阻薄膜AeroShark,汉莎货运航空从 2022 年开始为其波音 777 货机机队安装该款沟槽薄膜,预计每年可节省约 4×105 kg燃油和超过1.2×106 kg二氧化碳[30]。沟槽应用如图12所示。
船舶在海洋中航行时除受表面摩擦阻力外,生物污损也会增加船舶航行中受到的阻力。研究表明:污泥会使海洋船舶的阻力增加1%~2%;杂草污垢能增加10%的阻力;而硬壳层污垢(如藤壶),甚至会导致船舶阻力上升高达40%[97]。因此,海洋船舶所需沟槽应具有抗污减阻功能。相比快速航行,船舶表面生物积累更容易在静态和低速条件下发生,海洋中贝壳多数情况处于静止状态,可以作为防污仿生对象[66]。
2008年,Speedo公司发布了第4代鲨鱼皮泳衣,该泳衣整体性能比第3代提升了5%,拥有极轻、低阻、无皱褶等诸多优点,第4代鲨鱼皮泳衣帮助比赛选手创造了14项世界纪录[27]。2010年,BMW ORACLE Racing的高速赛艇表面覆盖了由3M公司提供的定制乙烯沟槽薄膜,该沟槽薄膜可以被动地为高速船舶提供减阻效果,且不会增加质量,极大提高了赛艇在水中移动的效率[98]。Sharma等[44]选用美国海军型号为USN MK 13 (2019年) 的鱼雷,实验表明,在其尾端布置仿生沟槽,可降低11.7%的阻力。目前,沟槽表面可用于赛艇、小型水下航行器和鱼雷上。对于大型海洋船舶,可优先开发螺旋桨局部沟槽使用,沟槽涂层是较为理想的规模化应用方法。
管道运输的流体种类多样,物理性质各异。针对石油、天然气、水等不同流体,仿生沟槽需采用不同的设计策略。例如,对于高黏度的石油,沟槽设计需更注重流体的层流状态,对于低黏度的天然气,则需关注湍流控制。而且在管道中使用机器加工沟槽或铺设沟槽薄膜将造成较高的经济成本,可通过划痕技术在管道内加工沟槽,实验证实该方法可降低大于5%的阻力[99]。Bechert等通过划痕技术在管道内制造沟槽表面,在一条长达16 km的天然气管线测试中取得了10%的减阻效果[15]。Bixler等[100]在矩形管道中通过结合沟槽与纳米涂层,在湍流条件下实现最大34%的压降降低。Luo等[94]将沟槽减阻技术引入天然气管道运输,进行空气和天然气的减阻实验,结果表明,减阻率均能达到8%以上。
Zheng 等[101]将纵向沟槽织物应用于赛道自行车运动员的上臂,在不同速度下对骑行人体模型进行风洞试验,当流速大于17 m/s时,上臂的纵向沟槽织物可以降低7%的风阻。Eguchi等[102]研制了一种带有半圆沟槽的新型架空电线LP810,试验表明,新研制的电线LP810在实际使用中能够有效减少风阻。Wang等[103]基于沟槽结构设计了一种仿生深松铲,进行了田间试验,结果表明,仿生结构对土壤的导向作用能够减小接触面积,破坏密封作用,减小黏附力和摩擦阻力。
从工业应用的角度来看,大规模生产具有减阻沟槽结构的部件是一个重要需求。但目前的制造工艺在大规模生产时面临成本高昂和效率低下的问题。例如,一些先进的微纳制造工艺虽然能够制造出高质量的沟槽结构,但设备昂贵、生产周期长,限制了沟槽减阻技术在大规模工业生产中的应用。3D打印技术利于制造复杂结构,而微纳制造技术则能实现高精度制造。通过结合两者优势,开发出既能制造高精度沟槽结构又能满足复杂形状和大规模生产需求的工艺。利用3D打印技术构建沟槽结构的宏观框架,再用微纳制造技术进行精细加工,实现多技术融合,打破单一工艺局限,推动沟槽减阻技术的应用进展。
本文主要结论如下:
1) 纵向沟槽减阻机理为二次涡群论与突出高度论,横向沟槽减阻机理为微型空气轴承论。
2) 沟槽的布置方式及位置、无量纲尺寸、偏航角等因素对减阻性能有着不可忽视的影响,在沟槽减阻的应用与研究中,综合考虑上述因素可以获得更好的减阻效果。
3) 根据低阻生物的表面特征,提出多种减阻性能良好的仿生沟槽。利用算法优化沟槽外形突破了传统试错和经验设计的局限性,能够实现对沟槽最佳减阻外形的全面搜索。
4) 沟槽加工方式主要分为增材制造、减材制造和等材制造3类,各有优缺点。沟槽表面在多领域初步实现应用,但受限于加工成本、耐久性和性能稳定性等问题,并未实现大规模应用。
沟槽减阻研究展望如下:
1) 考虑到实际应用中多物理场的相互作用,应开展多物理场耦合模拟研究。以航空发动机减阻为例,需考虑高温高速气流对沟槽结构的热应力影响及沟槽结构对气流流动和散热的影响。通过多物理场耦合模拟,全面评估沟槽结构在复杂工况下的性能。
2) 建立沟槽的减阻性能退化模型,通过实验和模拟相结合的方法收集性能数据。基于这些数据建立统计学或物理机制的减阻性能退化模型,有助于优化沟槽结构设计,提高其性能稳定性。
3) 为适应不同的流体环境和工况,自适应减阻沟槽形状成为研究热点,利用智能材料使沟槽形状能够自动调整。未来,随着智能材料性能的提升和控制技术的完善,有望实现更精准、快速响应的自适应沟槽形状,应用范围也将进一步拓展到更多复杂恶劣的流体环境。

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2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0898
  • 接收时间:2024-12-19
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-19
  • 录用日期:2025-02-14
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    1沈阳航空航天大学 民用航空学院,沈阳 110136
    2辽宁通用航空研究院,沈阳 110136

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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