Article(id=1322941449666437197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0615, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1724342400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-23, revisedDate=null, revisedDateStr=null, acceptedDate=1732809600000, acceptedDateStr=2024-11-29, onlineDate=1793343420664, onlineDateStr=2026-10-30, pubDate=1793376000000, pubDateStr=2026-10-31, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1793343420664, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-10-30, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1793343420664, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1793343420664, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1322941226537857309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, year='2026', volume='52', issue='10', pageStart='3237', pageEnd='3676', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1793376000000', pubDateStr='2026-10-31', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1793343367466, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1793344760378, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505286, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1322947068926505287, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, issueId=1322941226537857309, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=3482, endPage=3495, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1322941449850986574, articleId=1322941449666437197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=EN, title=Review of key technologies of on-board intelligent oxygen system, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To meet the growing demand for precision protection in advanced high-performance fighter aircraft and the increasing life-support requirements of pilots, intelligent oxygen systems integrating physiological monitoring, state prediction, and active intervention are expected to become a key component of next-generation life-support systems. Accordingly, the evolution of airborne oxygen systems and recent advances in intelligent oxygen technologies worldwide were systematically reviewed. Particular attention was given to the application potential and major limitations of three enabling technologies: electronic oxygen regulation, multimodal physiological monitoring, and physiological state prediction. Current evidence indicates that electronic oxygen regulators provide the engineering foundation for incorporating physiological information into the oxygen-supply control loop. However, sensor reliability under complex flight conditions, individualized prediction, appropriate matching of intervention strategies to physiological risks, closed-loop stability, and in-flight validation remain major barriers to practical implementation. Future research should integrate multimodal physiological information, hybrid physiology-data modeling, and staged experimental validation to achieve coordinated regulation of pilot physiological status, cockpit environment, and oxygen-supply equipment.

, authors=Xueqin BU1, *, Yiming LIU1, Guiping LIN1, 2, Jia YU1, Kunyang YU3, authorsList=Xueqin BU, Yiming LIU, Guiping LIN, Jia YU, Kunyang YU, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Xueqin BU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=Copyright © 2026 Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics. All rights reserved., copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1322941451365130333, articleId=1322941449666437197, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, language=CN, title=机载智能氧气系统关键技术综述, columnId=null, journalTitle=北京航空航天大学学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

面向高性能战斗机对精准生命保障的需求,具备生理监测、状态预测和主动干预功能的机载智能氧气系统已成为下一代航空生命保障系统的重要发展方向。系统梳理机载氧气系统的发展历程及国内外智能化研究进展,重点分析电子式氧气调节、飞行员生理监测和生理状态预测3项关键技术的应用潜力及工程化制约因素。分析表明:电子式氧气调节器为将生理信息接入供氧控制闭环提供了工程基础,但复杂飞行环境下的传感可靠性、个体化状态预测、干预策略匹配、闭环稳定性和飞行验证仍是制约其工程应用的关键问题。未来应加强多模态生理信息融合、机理与数据融合建模及分级试验验证,推动飞行员生理状态、座舱环境与供氧设备的协同感知和闭环调控。

, authors=卜雪琴1, *, 刘一鸣1, 林贵平1, 2, 郁嘉1, 于坤洋3, authorsList=卜雪琴, 刘一鸣, 林贵平, 郁嘉, 于坤洋, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=卜雪琴, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
E-mail:
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综合呼吸指数人体状态
10正常
8~9在正常范围内
7临近正常范围,需要注意
5~6需要注意,或许需要干预
3~4需要干预
1~2需要马上干预
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综合呼吸指数状态描述

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综合呼吸指数人体状态
10正常
8~9在正常范围内
7临近正常范围,需要注意
5~6需要注意,或许需要干预
3~4需要干预
1~2需要马上干预
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心血管系统模型概述适用情况局限
三维模型[62-63]考虑血管三维几何结构与力学性能,血液被视为非牛顿、不可压缩的稳定层流流体研究血管几何形状对血流动力学的影响高计算成本,空间尺度<1m
二维模型[64-65]利用圆柱几何特性简化血管模型,将血管视为二维管道研究管道流径向流动参数变化较高计算成本,难以扩展到整个血管系统
一维模型[64,66]血管模型只依赖于轴向坐标,将血管等效为一维管道研究血管系统中波传播现象的理想工具没有摆脱空间依赖性,不适用于对血管系统的整体分析
集中参数模型[67-71]基于血管流体网络和电路网络间的相似性建立,血管系统可简化为集中参数模型模拟更大范围的血管系统行为,方便考虑自我调节、代谢动力学,运算成本较低不能反映血管三维流动细节,选参和调参困难
跨尺度耦合模型[72-77]利用不同模型各自特点分别仿真循环系统的不同部分利用集中参数模型为局部血管模型提供合理的边界条件耦合交界面的处理
), ArticleFig(id=1322941459619520670, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1322258626896822465, articleId=1322941449666437197, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

心血管系统模型对比[62-77]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
心血管系统模型概述适用情况局限
三维模型[62-63]考虑血管三维几何结构与力学性能,血液被视为非牛顿、不可压缩的稳定层流流体研究血管几何形状对血流动力学的影响高计算成本,空间尺度<1m
二维模型[64-65]利用圆柱几何特性简化血管模型,将血管视为二维管道研究管道流径向流动参数变化较高计算成本,难以扩展到整个血管系统
一维模型[64,66]血管模型只依赖于轴向坐标,将血管等效为一维管道研究血管系统中波传播现象的理想工具没有摆脱空间依赖性,不适用于对血管系统的整体分析
集中参数模型[67-71]基于血管流体网络和电路网络间的相似性建立,血管系统可简化为集中参数模型模拟更大范围的血管系统行为,方便考虑自我调节、代谢动力学,运算成本较低不能反映血管三维流动细节,选参和调参困难
跨尺度耦合模型[72-77]利用不同模型各自特点分别仿真循环系统的不同部分利用集中参数模型为局部血管模型提供合理的边界条件耦合交界面的处理
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机载智能氧气系统关键技术综述
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卜雪琴 1, * , 刘一鸣 1 , 林贵平 1, 2 , 郁嘉 1 , 于坤洋 3
北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026,52(10): 3482-3495
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北京航空航天大学学报 | 2026 , 52 (10) : 3482 -3495
机载智能氧气系统关键技术综述
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卜雪琴1, * , 刘一鸣1, 林贵平1, 2, 郁嘉1, 于坤洋3
作者信息
  • 1北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100191
  • 2北京航空航天大学 国际创新学院,杭州 311115
  • 3中国人民解放军 93126部队,北京 100083
通讯作者:
Review of key technologies of on-board intelligent oxygen system
Xueqin BU1, * , Yiming LIU1, Guiping LIN1, 2, Jia YU1, Kunyang YU3
Affiliations
  • 1School of Aeronautic Science and Engineering,Beihang University,Beijing 100191,China
  • 2International Innovation Institute,Beihang University,Hangzhou 311115,China
  • 393126 Troops of the PLA,Beijing 100083,China
  • Corresponding Author:
出版时间: 2026-10-31 doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0615
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面向高性能战斗机对精准生命保障的需求,具备生理监测、状态预测和主动干预功能的机载智能氧气系统已成为下一代航空生命保障系统的重要发展方向。系统梳理机载氧气系统的发展历程及国内外智能化研究进展,重点分析电子式氧气调节、飞行员生理监测和生理状态预测3项关键技术的应用潜力及工程化制约因素。分析表明:电子式氧气调节器为将生理信息接入供氧控制闭环提供了工程基础,但复杂飞行环境下的传感可靠性、个体化状态预测、干预策略匹配、闭环稳定性和飞行验证仍是制约其工程应用的关键问题。未来应加强多模态生理信息融合、机理与数据融合建模及分级试验验证,推动飞行员生理状态、座舱环境与供氧设备的协同感知和闭环调控。

氧气系统  /  生命保障系统  /  智能控制  /  战斗机  /  人机系统  /  飞行员

To meet the growing demand for precision protection in advanced high-performance fighter aircraft and the increasing life-support requirements of pilots, intelligent oxygen systems integrating physiological monitoring, state prediction, and active intervention are expected to become a key component of next-generation life-support systems. Accordingly, the evolution of airborne oxygen systems and recent advances in intelligent oxygen technologies worldwide were systematically reviewed. Particular attention was given to the application potential and major limitations of three enabling technologies: electronic oxygen regulation, multimodal physiological monitoring, and physiological state prediction. Current evidence indicates that electronic oxygen regulators provide the engineering foundation for incorporating physiological information into the oxygen-supply control loop. However, sensor reliability under complex flight conditions, individualized prediction, appropriate matching of intervention strategies to physiological risks, closed-loop stability, and in-flight validation remain major barriers to practical implementation. Future research should integrate multimodal physiological information, hybrid physiology-data modeling, and staged experimental validation to achieve coordinated regulation of pilot physiological status, cockpit environment, and oxygen-supply equipment.

oxygen systems  /  life support systems  /  intelligent control  /  fighter aircraft  /  man machine systems  /  pilots
卜雪琴, 刘一鸣, 林贵平, 郁嘉, 于坤洋. 机载智能氧气系统关键技术综述. 北京航空航天大学学报, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3482 -3495 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0615
Xueqin BU, Yiming LIU, Guiping LIN, Jia YU, Kunyang YU. Review of key technologies of on-board intelligent oxygen system[J]. Journal of Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2026 , 52 (10) : 3482 -3495 . DOI: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0615
机载氧气系统承担战斗机飞行员生理供氧和加压防护任务,其为飞行员提供相对独立的安全呼吸环境,以保障其持续正常呼吸[1]。随着高性能战斗机的研制与列装,飞行员面临更为严苛的低气压、低氧分压和高敏捷过载等环境条件[2],这些环境因素会对影响飞行作战任务的完成,机载氧气系统也应同步发展,以保障战斗机飞行员在极限生理范围内安全执行飞行任务的能力。在传统的战斗机生命保障体系中,飞行安全依赖于飞行员处于正常生理状态,飞行员一旦出现生理不适甚至失能状况,极容易导致不可挽回的灾难性后果。虽然现有军用标准严格约束了在不同高度和过载下机载氧气系统的供气成分和供气压力,但现有控制逻辑始终未将飞行员生理状态引入氧气系统调控中,目前,飞行员呼吸紊乱、呼吸困难、缺氧甚至意识丧失等生理事件及其导致的严重事故依然频发[3]。
先进战斗机生命保障系统的研发不可忽视对飞行员生理状态的感知与干预,并将其引入氧气系统控制闭环。综合考虑飞行员生理状态与飞行状态,构建具有监测、预测和干预功能的智能氧气系统是下一代生命保障系统的发展趋势。实现智能供氧需要3项关键技术:飞行员生理监测技术、生理状态预测技术和电子式氧气调节技术。本文介绍机载智能氧气系统的研究背景,回顾机载氧气系统发展历史与国内外研究现状,分析飞行员生理监测技术、生理状态预测技术和电子式氧气调节技术3项关键技术的研究进展,并提出机载智能氧气系统可能的实现途径和设想。
战斗机飞行员依赖氧气系统实现持续正常呼吸,人体对呼吸气体的需求主要包括充足的通气量和适宜的气体组分2个方面,飞行员通气参数与人体生理特征不匹配制约飞行员生命保障系统的精准控制。
美军飞行员生理事件频发。2010年11月16日,F-22飞机因机载制氧故障导致飞行员丧失意识,继而发生机毁人亡事件,并促使F-22全面停飞[4]。F-35A、T-45、F/A-18等机型飞行员也频繁遭遇因机载氧气系统引起的生理事件。根据美国对T-45和F/A-18飞机生理事件的调查,2012—2017年T-45飞机氧气系统失效共发生52起,如图1所示。F/A-18生理事件在2011年发生31起,2016年发生125起,2017年的前5个月出现52起,生理事件数量呈现逐年上涨趋势。据美国生理事件团队调查,F/A-18飞机生理事件中有41%与呼吸气体输送系统有关[5]。
中国某型飞机也多次出现缺氧生理事件。2017年,某型飞机的一名飞行员在17000 m高空因缺氧昏迷,下降到11000 m后才恢复意识;2021和2022年,某型飞机飞行员在巡航高度飞行时出现缺氧症状。据统计,中国因高空缺氧引起的事故症候约占6%~17%,因高过载意识丧失引起的飞行事故约占严重飞行事故总数的30%~40%。据悉,飞行员呼吸紊乱、呼吸体验不佳,甚至因供氧量不足而被迫摘下面罩的呼吸困难事件也时有发生。
随着先进高性能战斗机的研制与列装,超机动与长航时的飞行任务对飞行员生理耐受能力提出新的挑战。航空环境因素的突变能引起一系列的生理效应,强烈的环境刺激可能会使人的生理反应过于剧烈,导致飞行失能,并影响飞行操纵。严苛的环境也致使人体产生病理变化,或导致功能性影响与器质性损害。高性能战斗机的生命保障系统应保障飞行员具备在生理极限范围内进行空对空战斗的能力。
飞行员在进行复杂的高机动飞行(翻滚、旋转和回转等)时,严苛的力学环境对循环系统、呼吸系统、视觉功能、脑功能等产生不利影响。高敏捷过载可能会诱发意识丧失、视觉障碍、心律失常和呼吸困难等症状。现代高性能战斗机所产生的正加速度+Gz的特点是:加载速率快、高过载值、长作用时间,并可反复出现[6]。当表征脑部供血情况的眼水平动脉压过低时,甚至会引发严重的意识丧失(G-induced loss of consciousness, G-LOC),易导致机毁人亡的严重后果。据报道,美国空军飞行员G-LOC的发生率为25%,海军飞行员发生率为14%[7]。1982—1990年,美国空军发生18起归因于G-LOC的飞行事故,造成14人死亡[8]。
飞行员的呼吸体验是由人体与氧气系统的匹配程度决定的。不恰当的通气参数会造成肺部局部过度通气,致使局部应力和应变升高,破坏肺的结构和功能,并出现一系列炎症反应[9]。同时,吸入气体的组分应保持在适宜的范围内,呼吸中枢根据血液中二氧化碳、氧和氢离子水平调节通气[10],吸入氧气体积分数过低易造成高空缺氧,长时间吸入高体积分数氧气会造成吸收性肺不张等症状。
加压呼吸是提升飞行员过载耐受能力,防止呼吸抑制的重要防护手段,其作用机制是通过提高胸膜腔内压,利用循环系统传递的压力使脑部血管的血压同步升高,从而改善脑部供血。然而,目前加压呼吸压力制度通常采用随过载线性梯度增加的加压方式,更严苛的过载条件对航空供氧防护提出了新要求。
为保障飞行员的安全,并最大限度地保持其认知能力,应该对飞行员进行监控和辅助性干预[10]。实际上,现有的人机系统较少能实现飞行员实时监控。
“态势感知”的概念最早在军事领域被提出,Endsley在1988年国际人因工程年会上提出其概念,并将其定义为:在特定的时间和空间条件下,对环境因素的感知、理解及其未来发展趋势的预测[11]。在智能化时代,战场形势瞬息万变,单纯依靠人脑有限的认知能力难以处理包含环境信息和飞行员生理信息在内的庞大数据。在F-22疑似缺氧事故后,美国空军开展了机组穿戴式生理感知系统(aircrew mounted physiologic sensing system,AMPSS)计划[12-13],通过实时监测飞行员的生理参数,寻找有效防止F-22和F-35飞行员缺氧的手段。
感知是对脑电、眨眼率、血氧饱和度、心电和肌电等信号进行监测,并通过解算得到相关生理参数。理解则是依据航空威胁环境及其相关的人体生理变化,通过对重要生理参数(如脑电和血氧饱和度等)的组合分类研究,建立生理参数与航空威胁环境之间的关联性,并对所有控制设备获取的原始数据进行分析,去除冗余信息、合并相似信息并修正错误信息,从而得到规范化的生理信号数据集。预测是基于飞行员生理指标建立数学模型,对不同的航空威胁(疲劳、G-LOC等)的征兆或当前状态进行表征,预测飞行员随飞行环境变化过程中的状态变化趋势。
机载氧气系统主要由氧源、监控指示部件、供气调节部件和个体防护部件组成。随着战斗机的迭代升级,氧源经历了由气氧、液氧向机载分子筛制氧的发展,解决了长航时连续供氧的问题;供气调节部件经历了从连续供氧到肺式供氧,从机械式调节到电子式调节的发展,不断提升了飞行员呼吸舒适性与呼吸安全性。
自二战期间德国首先发明肺式氧气调节器以来,肺式供氧已成为氧气系统的主要供氧方式。机械式氧气调节器经过数十年的发展,已经满足基本供氧防护要求,目前,仍广泛应用于多型飞机,如图2所示,但仍存在以下不足:
1) 调节性能与结构尺寸相关,并受到结构尺寸限制。膜片产生的驱动力需要通过杠杆等机构放大和改变方向,肺式机构复杂。
2) 供氧能力与工作性能受入口压力影响显著,尤其是以分子筛氧气浓缩器为主氧源的机载分子筛制氧系统,受限于发动机引气和工作状态,产品气压力不满足调节器入口压力要求,会出现频繁切换备用氧源的现象。
3) 呼吸过程中的加压供氧控制需要余压控制机构、余压接通机构等元件共同作用,加压供氧控制精度较差。
4) 受限于其供氧调节机制,吸气阻力与调节器设计存在很大关系,吸气阻力大,容易产生呼吸疲劳。
随着机载电子技术的迅速发展及高性能战斗机对氧气系统性能要求的提高,自从法国Air Liquide公司于1995年研制出世界第一台电子式氧气调节器[14],如图3所示,以传感器反馈、控制器调节、电机驱动肺式活门的电子式氧气调节器开始蓬勃发展。电子式氧气调节器最大特点在于压力感应和肺式活门调节方式实现了电子化。与机械式氧气调节器相比,电子式氧气调节器的压力感应不再依赖膜盒结构,而是通过压力传感器感受微压差;肺式活门的调节也不再是单纯的机械传动,而是利用微电机位移来控制活门开度。采用电信号来控制活门具有动态响应快、可控性强的优点,并为生理信号引入氧气调节器控制闭环提供了可能。
为避免过载和气压波动引起的缺血与缺氧发生,飞行员生理状态的监测愈发得到重视。20世纪80年代,美军开展过载保护系统的研究,该系统监测飞行员脑电、血氧饱和度等参数,在飞行员出现G-LOC现象时进行提醒,虽有成果,但缺少可行且可靠的过载意识丧失预警指标和方法。90年代,美国开展了技术研讨,近红外光谱技术和脑电磁层析成像技术为研究严重飞行错觉和过载失能时的飞行员脑功能监测提供了可能,呼吸流率和面部脉搏的监测也为过载意识丧失的监测和预警提供了技术手段。
自2011年以来,美军研制了多种飞行员生理监测装置,包括衣物式、指套式、面罩式等类型,其发展历程可分为数据采集、告警、主动防护3个阶段。2011年,针对F-22缺氧事件,美国开发了战术空勤人员生理与认知监测(tactical aircrew physiological and cognitive monitoring,TAPCOM)系统,在面罩上加装气体监测传感器,监测气体压力、氧气流量、面罩内氧气和二氧化碳体积分数等,该系统仅用于数据采集。
2015年,以色列Elbit Systems公司研制了Canary飞行员生理监测系统,利用嵌入头盔的传感器实现对心率、血流量、血氧饱和度等指标的远程监测,如图4所示。头盔前缘的包边条可监测心率、血流量和血氧饱和度等。该系统综合飞行员的生理状态、头部和躯干的姿势及飞机的过载、速度、高度和姿态,并利用机器学习方法实现自动监测飞行员的生理状态,为飞行员提供缺氧的早期预警。该系统在F-16、F-18和T-38战斗机上进行了飞行验证。
2016年,芬兰Insta公司开发了飞行员呼吸监测(Insta pilot’s breath air monitor,IPBAM)系统,如图5所示。IPBAM可持续监测飞行员的呼吸气体和座舱压力,提供实时警报,通过视觉、触觉信号提醒飞行员采取行动。该系统还记录飞行数据,用于分析危险情况和改进飞机系统性能。目前,该设备已被包括芬兰和奥地利在内的多个国家采用[15]。
2016年,英国Cobham公司率先开展下一代智能氧气系统的研制。Cobham已经完成了为美国空军航天医学院设计的呼气传感器的内部开发,以支持机组人员安装的生理传感系统计划,如图6所示,用于实时采集飞行中的氧气系统、驾驶舱环境和飞行员生理数据,帮助确定生理事件的根本原因。呼吸传感器系统包括吸气传感器模块和呼气传感器模块,在飞行中实时监测氧气系统、驾驶舱环境和飞行员生理数据,吸气数据用于判定供氧是否充足,以及是否由于驾驶舱压力损失引起类似缺氧症状。呼气传感器能够探测飞行员呼吸是否正常,或是否因换气过度而导致缺氧症状。此外,Cobham设计研发了世界上第一款可根据动态生理需求和飞行状态自动调节供氧的传感器驱动型呼吸调节器VigilOX,该系统可测量一系列关键参数,包括飞行员吸入氧体积分数、呼吸压力和流速,以更好地了解人机系统各组成要素对无法解释的生理事件的相互作用[16]。在飞行员自主生命保障系统中,Cobham公司计划整合Canary与VigilOX,协同采集飞行员生理状态数据。最新的SmartFLO电子调节器在VigilOX的基础上新增预测和保护功能,使用实时传感器数据使SmartFLO调节器根据机舱压力和生理线索自动调节供氧流量。
2018年,美国Spotlight Labs研发了耳后生理监测装置SPYDR(standalone performance yielding deliberate risk)人体性能及环境监测系统,通过在飞行员头盔耳罩内置多种传感器,实时监测生理指标(如血氧饱和度、心率、脑部血流等)和环境参数(如加速度、座舱压力、温度等),并提供缺氧告警。同时,其无需与飞行器进行深度集成,可轻松安装在所有头盔上,不影响头盔的质量或平衡。其采用内置电池,支持长时间运行,已被广泛测试并部署于多种军事机型中,包括T-6、F-15、F/A-18等。其有效降低了因缺氧导致的事故风险,被认为是解决飞行员生理问题的突破性工具[17]。
2020年,Cobham公司提出下一代氧气系统——自动响应氧气系统(auto response guided oxygen system,ARGOS),包含从气源到面罩的整个氧气系统。其可与VigilOX协同工作,根据飞行员生理数据和飞行条件实时调整供氧体积分数,确保精准供氧。
自中国引进原苏联航空氧气系统并应用于第一代战斗机以来,中国氧气系统便走上了一条先仿制再自行研发的路线。经过中国科技人员的多年努力,目前已取得了显著进展。
20世纪50年代,中国从前苏联引进了13台低压舱,开始了高空飞行生命保障研究。1960年,贾司光研究员与北京航空学院(现北京航空航天大学)合作,对从前苏联引进的MiG-19和MiG-21飞机的氧气设备进行了消化分析和实验评定,并为多种机型制定了高空氧气生理防护方案。20世纪60~70年代,中国引进了原苏联的KKO-1和KKO-3氧气系统,仿制了YX-1、YX-1A、YX-31和YX-2氧气系统,并大量应用于第二代战斗机。进入新世纪,在中国科技人员的努力下,中国已先后发展了YX-3、YX-4、YX-5、YX-6、YX-7、YX-8、YX-9等多型氧气系统,初步形成了中国独特的航空氧气设备体系。
对于新型的电子式氧气调节器,北京航空航天大学的潘锐[14]、盛勇[18]均对相关部件进行了建模及仿真研究。上海航空测控技术研究所的孙灿飞等[19]对电子式氧气调节器的控制技术进行了相关的探索及研究,提出一套基于模糊控制理论对步进电机进行控制的氧气调节器控制方案,取得了一定的研究成果。到目前为止,中国已经拥有了一系列的航空氧气系统,其中,较为典型的氧气系统为YX-4、YX-9、氧-11和间接式氧气系统。近年来,为适应中国新型号和不同机种飞机的需求,中国已经开展了新型氧气系统、间接式氧气系统与电子式氧气系统相结合的研发工作,并取得了较大进展。
目前,中国现有氧气系统尚未将飞行员生理状态引入控制闭环,新一代智能氧气系统仍处于研制初级阶段。在飞行员生理监测方面,中国研发的新型飞行头盔生理参数检测装置原理样机实现了部分生理指标的监测,其利用现有飞行设备,可在飞行结束返回地面后对监测数据进行分析,以评价飞行员飞行中的生理状况[20]。同时,为某型飞机配套研制的耳罩式和面罩式生理监测设备目前在试验阶段,具备血氧饱和度、耳脉搏和氧分压参数采集、存储功能。
综上所述,机载氧气系统经百余年发展,其供氧方式已实现从机械式到电子式的跨越,并逐渐向智能化发展。为满足更严苛的飞行任务需要,单纯依据过载和高度制定的供氧策略已暴露出诸多问题,将飞行员生理纳入机载氧气系统的控制闭环成为未来发展方向。目前,实现智能供氧需要具备以下3个关键技术:飞行员生理监测技术、生理状态预测技术和电子式氧气调节技术,以实现飞行员状态、座舱环境、供氧设备三者协同联动。
在飞行员生理监测技术方面,中国与国外都开展了原理机的设计及试验,但在生理指标选取、生理状态评价方法等方面仍未形成“金标准”。对于飞行活动中的生理状态预测技术研究较少,而其他日常场景下的预测理论研究为飞行员生理状态预测提供了方法借鉴。对于智能电子式氧气调节技术,智能供氧控制律是联系飞行员与氧气系统的核心,经感知、分析、理解后的飞行员生理信号应融入现有的控制策略中以适配飞行员生理需求。
飞行员生理监测技术是采用无创、连续、精准的生理监测技术获取心率、血压、血氧饱和度、呼吸频率、潮气末二氧化碳分压等生理信号。通过综合多项敏感生理指标及飞机机动状态,该技术能在飞行过程中实时识别飞行员的生理状况,帮助预测并预防潜在风险。
相比于地面环境,飞行环境对飞行员的生理信号监测提出3个主要挑战:
1) 航空环境复杂。振动、温度变化、高过载、电磁干扰和飞行员运动干扰等使监测系统的精度和可靠性面临考验。
2) 数据质量要求。当前监测系统多基于实验室研究,无法完全模拟飞行环境的实际复杂性,数据分析需要结合多种传感器信息,避免因数据质量问题导致误判。
3) 装机应用要求。飞行员使用的生理监测设备应具备较好的佩戴舒适性和稳定性。
1) 局部脑氧饱和度(regional cerebral oxygen saturation, rSO2)。急性高空缺氧和高过载会导致脑组织氧合水平降低[3,21-22],在低压舱和离心机实验中,rSO2随着高度或载荷的上升而降低,当rSO2下降6%~7%时,受试者发生意识丧失或失能,rSO2低于阈值的时间越长[23],失能时间就越长。血氧饱和度传感器的常规安装位置有手腕、手指、耳垂、耳道或前额等身体部位,位于颞骨乳突上方、耳后耳廓和发际之间的区域能更快地收集有关血液氧饱和度重要生理变化的数据[24]。
2) 脑组织氧合血红蛋白(oxyhemoglobin,HbO2)含量。缺氧与+Gz暴露导致脑组织去氧血红蛋白含量升高,HbO2含量降低。Smith[25]和Eiken[26]等发现,前额叶皮质氧合水平的降低最为显著,前额叶皮质HbO2是预测G-LOC的有效指标。除此之外,Kurihara等[27]认为,额叶皮质组织氧合指数(tissue oxygenation index,TOI)也是评价过载耐力的有效指标,其研究结果显示,G-LOC发生时,飞行员前额叶皮质的TOI降低了15%。不足之处是,该指标对+Gz的响应存在较大个体差异,用来预测G-LOC时准确度有限。
1) 眼水平动脉血压。人的意识状态与头部供血状况有着密切联系。在持续性载荷的作用下,血液将沿着惯性力方向流动,头部眼水平位置会发生明显的血压降低,导致脑组织缺血缺氧,引发意识丧失。
眼水平动脉血压低于50 mmHg时,周边视力开始丧失,当低于20 mmHg时,眼水平动脉血压便无法克服眼内压,从而造成视网膜缺血,引起视觉丧失与黑视[28]。因此,监测头眼水平的血供有助于掌握飞行员在高载荷机动时的意识状态。
2) 耳脉搏。耳脉搏是客观评估飞行员过载耐力和意识状态的有效指标,高过载期间,耳脉搏波呈现周期性波动,与主观的中心/周边视野消失相比,通过耳脉搏信号可更加客观地评估监测头眼部供血情况[29-31]。
肺通气指标也是常见的生理监测指标,监测时通过呼吸传感器获得呼吸信号,提取出能反映人体呼吸状态的物理量,如肺通气量$ {\dot{V}}_{\text{E}} $、吸气量$ {V}_{\text{I}} $、呼气量$ {V}_{\text{E}} $、呼气流率峰值$ {R}_{\text{PEF}} $、吸气流率峰值$ {R}_{\text{PIF}} $、吸气间期$ {t}_{\text{I}} $、呼气间期$ {t}_{\text{E}} $、呼吸频率$ f $和呼气末二氧化碳分压$ {P}_{{{\text{etCO}}_{2}}} $等。
国家军用标准《飞行员肺通气参数》(GJB 306A—97)[32]规定了静态肺通气、用力呼吸、佩戴供氧面罩和加压呼吸等状态下的肺通气参数。《飞行员飞行中肺通气参数》(GJB 305—87)[33]规定了军用飞机飞行员飞行过程中的肺通气参数范围。
飞行环境对心血管系统有显著影响,如压力变化、高过载、缺氧和精神压力,这些因素可能诱发心脏异常,因此,心电图(electrocardiogram,ECG)监测对保障飞行员的安全和健康至关重要。适用于飞行员的ECG监测设备应尽量避免监测过程对飞行员的干扰,在满足监测要求的前提下,应尽量减少ECG导联数量 [34]。常用的ECG指标有:心率、心率变异性(heart rate variability,HRV)、QRS波群(QRS complex,由Q波、R波和S波组成)、RR间期(R-R interval,相邻2次R波峰之间的时间间隔)、QT间期(QT interval,自Q波起点至T波终点)等。
心肌缺氧与过载会诱发心动过速、室性早搏等心律失常症状[35-36],其影响可体现在ECG的QRS波形上[37]。与无症状者相比,G-LOC前兆症状者峰值心率更低,QT间期更长,QT/RR比值更高,这些参数在预测G-LOC前兆症状的出现时显示出较高的准确性,在该研究样本和判别方法下,最大心率的预测准确率为62.16%,而QT/RR比值的预测准确率达到了83.78%[38]。同时,ECG指标除了与心血管代偿控制机制有关,还受到心理状态的显著影响,飞行员心理应激水平的差异也将导致心血管反应发生变化[39]。在实际飞行应用中,ECG指标需要综合多项指标进行评估,以提高诊断的特异性和敏感性,减少误判的可能性[40]。
脑电信号(electroencephalography,EEG)是大脑神经元活动产生的电信号,通过放置在头皮上或直接植入大脑的电极进行采集,其波形、波幅、频率和相位等特征可以直接反映大脑功能。
1) 波幅。在缺氧、昏迷、睡眠及麻醉等意识水平降低状态下,EEG常可出现高幅慢波等典型变化[41-43]。
2) 各频带功率谱。有国内外研究揭示,在进行特技飞行操作时,脑电图的各频带平均频率显著升高,特别是$ {\alpha } $、$ {\beta } $频带的功率百分比呈现出显著增长的趋势,并与载荷的增加呈正相关[43-44]。EEG的频率特征也与G-LOC有一定相关性[45],在G-LOC发生前,$ \beta $频带的功率呈现出持续下降的趋势。G-LOC发生时,$ \beta $频带的功率向频率较低的$ \theta $和$ \delta $频带转移,同时,还观察到低频频带功率显著增强[46]。
3) 事件相关电位(event-related potential,ERP)。ERP是一种特殊的脑诱发电位,反映大脑对特定事件或刺激的感知、处理和反应,是评定大脑功能状态的有效指标[47]。ERP通过对刺激后的脑电反应进行时间锁定分析,从而以毫秒级时间分辨率表征大脑的认知加工过程。
不同的ERP成分(如P300、N200)与不同的认知功能(如注意力、记忆、冲突监测)相关联。例如,当出现急性缺氧时,P300振幅降低,潜伏期延长,大脑出现认知功能受损[48-49]。理论上,ERP在G-LOC的鉴定中具有潜在的应用价值,然而,测量稳定性和准确性受限,其在这些特定环境下的实际应用仍存在挑战[50]。
通过采集生理信号可获得生理系统的部分可观测体征信息,然而,人体生理系统是世界上最复杂的系统之一,单一生理指标往往难以完全刻画人体生理状态,复杂高阶信息往往隐含在多类别的生理信息中。因此,为获取飞行员实时状态并对机载氧气系统供气效果进行合理评价,需要对多种生理信号进行有效解读与整合,研发适用于飞行场景的多源生理状态识别算法。这里主要介绍2种可行的方法:基于专家系统的综合呼吸指数和多模态生理状态识别。
综合呼吸指数是一种用于评估呼吸系统功能状态的综合指标,其通过融合多个生理参数来提供全面的呼吸功能评价,被广泛用于临床监测和评估患者的呼吸状况。在临床医学领域,常对患者的动脉血氧饱和度、呼吸频率、心率等生理信号进行实时监测,临床医生则对这些以数字或波形形式呈现的信息进行整合和解读。
2016年,Ronen等[51]将动脉血氧饱和度、呼吸频率、脉搏和潮气末二氧化碳分压综合为一个介于1~10之间的单一数值——综合呼吸指数,以描述当时通气和氧合的充分性,同时,该算法结合了专家的临床意见,通过与专家对临床情景的评分进行比较,对该指数的有效性进行验证,如表1所示。针对飞行场景,也可参考以上方式,在飞行员地面试验中采集飞行员生理数据,综合医学专家与飞行员主观量表制定综合呼吸指数的算法,在飞行期间实时计算综合呼吸指数,以此进行状态识别并开展后续工作。
利用不同类别的生理信号相互补充,对互补信息进行融合处理,能够有效地提高飞行员生理状态的识别效果。1992年,Roscoe[52]指出心率、HRV和呼吸频率3个变量可在模拟和真实飞行中用于评估飞行员的唤醒调节能力。1993年,Jorna[53]同样得出结论,心率、HRV等心血管指标不仅有助于识别不同精神状态,也有助于观察飞行员在模拟和实际飞行中对工作量变化的动态反应。2019年,Charles等[50]指出没有单一测量方法能有效区分精神负荷,但认为生理测量方法确实表征飞行员状态。近年来,随着机器学习领域的蓬勃发展,使用多模态深度学习网络对飞行员的生理状态进行分类检测为提高状态识别精度提供了可能。多项研究[54-56]采用多模态方法来评估真实和模拟飞行中的精神状态。2022年,Masters等[10]应用多模态方法来预测飞行员的心理负荷,表明了该研究方向具有明确的发展潜力。
飞行员生理状态预测是依据实时监测的飞行员生理信息与环境信息,综合当前与历史生理状态数据,预测飞行员随飞行环境变化的状态变化趋势,提前预警可能出现的航空威胁(缺氧、呼吸紊乱、G-LOC等)。根据预测方法不同,对飞行员生理的预测可以大致分为2种:基于生理模型的方法和基于机器学习的数据驱动方法。
生理模型是基于对生理机理的认知,运用生理知识建立人体生理系统模型,模拟人体内心血管系统、呼吸系统、自主神经系统等系统的作用,仿真血氧代谢、血液循环和呼吸等生物过程。
人体根据功能可划分为不同的生理系统,飞行过程中受影响较显著,并可能降低飞行员作业效能的主要是心血管系统和呼吸系统。两者皆受神经中枢系统的调控,例如,呼吸的节律性是由延髓呼吸中枢控制的,呼吸调节系统对体液中二氧化碳分压、氧分压及氢离子水平的变化高度敏感,这些化学刺激可通过中枢和外周化学感受器反馈至呼吸中枢,从而调节通气水平。
基于生理模型的生理信号预测的主要缺点是:模型准确度依赖于具有个体差异性的参数,并需要先验知识来调整模型参数,模型的普适性、鲁棒性和计算效率存在问题。
呼吸过程分为外呼吸、内呼吸和气体在血液中的运转3个环节,其作用是为身体组织输送氧气并带走二氧化碳。呼吸系统模型一般由呼吸力学模型、气体交换模型和呼吸中枢模型组成。
1946年,Gray[57]应用数学模型来探究人体呼吸系统的化学控制机制,开创了该领域研究。1983年,Fincham等[58]研究了肺通气的机械过程及其机理、呼吸流量、容积和压强等的动态变化规律,提出呼吸器官的弹性特性和流阻特性是呼吸力学问题的出发点和归宿,在呼吸力学研究中居重要位置。2000年,仇安琪等[59]建立了包含心脏的人体呼吸系统模型,能仿真模拟低氧状态和高碳酸状态下人体中氧气和二氧化碳的动态变化过程。
人体心血管系统具有几何形态复杂、流动介质成分多样、流动非定常性、管壁顺应性等特点[60],相较其他工程领域的流动问题求解具有更大难度。近几十年来,得益于计算机技术的飞速发展和流体运动微分方程数值求解方法的不断进步,计算流体力学方法逐渐应用于心血管系统的生物力学研究[61]。目前,心血管系统模型按照尺度分为三维模型、二维模型、一维模型、集中参数模型和跨尺度耦合模型等,如表2[62-77]所示,这些模型在针对不同尺度、不同部位的仿真问题中发挥了重要作用。
与重力生理学有关的心血管系统研究伴随着美苏太空竞赛而增多,Jaron等[67]利用心血管系统模型探讨了+Gz加速度下心血管系统的反应,并讨论了抗荷服和抗荷动作的效果。Davis等[68]提出了经典的集总参数模型,用于仿真心脏在内的循环系统特征。Mukkamala等[65]提出一种心血管系统识别方法,用于分析无创测量心率、动脉血压和瞬时肺容量的搏动变化。Frolov等[69]采用临床方法识别人体生理参数,推导出含有体循环和肺循环的集总参数模型,其模型应用于临床治疗心血管疾病的决策。Li等[70]建立了心脏四腔室、全身动静脉、典型全身器官循环和部分肺循环室在内的集总参数模型,并在模型中考虑了自主调节机制,研究了人体心血管系统在姿势变化和+Gz加速度下的生理反应。
采集到的飞行员生理数据实际上是多组按时间次序排列且相互关联的生理时间序列,对生理时间序列进行分析,能够挖掘数据中蕴含的有价值的信息,能够揭示生理状态发展的内在规律,以更好地对生理状态进行识别、预测和调控。“预测”作为时间序列分析的主要研究内容,其基本思想是利用时间序列的当前值和历史值,建立能够精确反映时间序列中所包含的动态依存关系的数学模型,以精确地找出系统的内在特性并以此对序列的未来趋势进行预报。
神经网络特有的非线性处理能力、自学习、自适应、自组织能力和容错功能,使其在模式识别、智能控制、组合优化和预测等领域获得了成功应用,被广泛应用于心率、呼吸等生理信号的预测。飞行员生理状态预测是机器学习领域典型的时间序列预测问题,在传感器采集到大量生理数据后,可以基于这些数据进行建模,并依据提取的特征判断飞行员状态。这些算法能够学习生理系统的复杂性和非线性特征,并实现对个体生理状态的准确预测。
研究者提出多种预测模型,包括自回归移动平均模型[78]、谐波模型[79]、扩展卡尔曼滤波器[80]、支持向量回归[81]、相关向量机[82]、神经网络[83]、长短期记忆网络[84]等。Hong等[85]基于生命体征数据库(vital signs database,VitalDB),采用深度学习模型,利用光电容积脉搏波(photoplethysmography,PPG)波形对收缩压、舒张压和平均血压变化进行分类,有效实现了对对象的血压实时监测。Reiss等[86]为提高基于PPG信号的连续心率预测方法的通用能力,引入了新的用于日常生活活动条件下运动补偿和心率估计的PPG数据集(PPG dataset for motion compensation and heart rate estimation in daily life activities,PPG-DaLiA)对模型进行训练,使模型更适用于真实生活中的多种活动场景。Tan等[87]针对传统循环神经网络 (recurrent neural network,RNN)方法在长期窗口(600 ms)泛化性能下降的问题,提出一种更适用于长期实时预测的呼吸预测长短期Transformer(long short-term Transformer,LSTformer)模型。从生理信号中提取有用的特征是提高预测准确性的关键。研究者正在研究如何从ECG[87-90]、PPG[91-93]等信号中提取呼吸相关的特征,并使用特征选择技术来提高模型的性能。
除一次性离线建模完成预测模型方法外,在线时间序列预测方法能随着时间序列数据的在线更新,预测模型也同时进行在线更新和优化,能满足飞行员生理状态的动态和实时预测。结合现有研究,在线时间序列预测方法主要可分为以下几类,即重新建模方法、动态神经网络方法、在线支持向量回归方法和核自适应滤波等方法[94]。例如,Wang等[95]提出面向随机卷积节点网络的在线序列学习框架(online sequential learning framework for random convolution nodes,OS-fRCN),通过序列更新模型参数以适应呼吸运动的时变性。呼吸模式具有明显的个体差异,因此,预测模型需兼顾个体适应性和跨个体泛化能力。
智能供氧控制律是联系飞行员与氧气系统的核心,经感知、分析、理解后的飞行员生理信号将和环境信号一起用于调控氧气系统以适配飞行员生理需求,如图7所示。当识别或预测出飞行员缺氧时,智能氧气系统应主动提高氧气体积分数或实施加压供气以改善飞行员氧合状态。
电子式氧气调节器作为氧气系统的核心部件,调节方式直接影响整个系统的供氧效率,其信号采集、处理和驱动的工作方式为生理信号引入调节控制闭环提供了可能。
电子式氧气调节器相比于传统氧气调节器具有动态响应快、可控性强的优点。其压力感应不再是通过膜盒,而是通过压力传感器感受微压差信号。采集到信号后,在电子设备中进行分析、合成、变换、滤波等一系列处理,继而采用电信号控制微电机等执行元件,控制其作动,从而实现调节的目的。
与机械式氧气调节器相比,电子式氧气调节器的优点主要体现在以下几个方面:
1) 结构简便。机械肺式机构结构复杂,膜片产生的驱动力需要通过杠杆等机构放大和改变方向,产品体积和质量大,调节精度差,产品之间性能一致性较差,调试工作复杂,故障模式多。电子肺式机构由电机产生驱动力,直接控制肺式活门,结构简便、响应快、控制精度高。
2) 加压控制电子化。电子式氧气调节器根据高度传感器信号,在软件中动态计算加压值,能够实现高空供氧加压值的精准控制。
3) 灵活的控制策略。机械式氧气调节器的控制特性在结构设计完成后就已固定,在不同的工作条件下存在一定的性能损失。此外,由于影响控制特性的参数较多,且存在复杂的耦合关系,控制特性调整较为困难。电子式氧气调节器控制特性可直接通过控制律参数进行快速调整,能够适应不同的工作条件。
4) 数据采集与显示。机械式氧气调节器只能通过压力表和示流器显示当前状态,电子式氧气调节器依靠传感器进行参数反馈,可以将系统状态参数集中反映在电控面板上并全程记录。若出现故障,飞行过程参数还可作为故障诊断的重要依据。
采用电子设备来控制供氧量主要有4个控制节点:①在8000 m以下,当空气活门打开时供氧;②在8000~12000 m,空气活门关闭后供应纯氧;③在12000 m以上,按生理需求进行加压供氧;④过载飞行时,过载超过3g~3.5g便启动加压呼吸,对抗过载导致的脑缺血缺氧。常规的缺氧、过载和低气压防护按照既定的压力曲线进行,智能化防护以现有供气制度为参考,根据飞行员防护需求进行实时调整。
对于电子式调节设备来说,中央控制器对采集信息进行分析处理,并输出控制信号驱动执行机构,从而实现供氧调节。因此,对数据的采集直接影响到后续分析与控制。
控制律是电控肺式活门和供氧抗荷活门等执行机构的控制指令,是电子式氧气调节器实现供氧调节的关键。智能供氧控制律的设计应在现有电子式氧气调节器控制逻辑的基础上,引入飞行员生理状态感知信号,形成具有“智能预测、主动防护”的多信号协同控制规律,基于生理和性能指标要求精确控制氧气体积分数和流量,使系统满足安全余压供氧、高空加压供氧和抗荷加压供氧等不同工作模式的需要,如图7所示。
电子式氧气调节器的最佳控制目标是:供氧流量能够满足肺通气量的需求,且能随肺通气量的变化而改变;供氧压力和体积分数能够随座舱高度与生理状态的变化而实时调整;避免出现灌气或呼吸困难的现象,尽量不增加飞行员的呼吸负荷。
针对智能电子式供氧控制系统而言,基本输入包括呼吸腔压力、飞行过载、抗荷服压力、座舱高度和生理信号。如果考虑到飞机的快速爬升和下降等机动过程,座舱高度的变化率也是一个需要考虑的输入参数;输出包括电控肺式机构电机作动信号、电控抗荷活门电机作动信号;判断依据为不同座舱环境下输入信号与生理设定值的比较。
满足飞行员生理需求是生命保障系统设计的核心,然而,在严酷的飞行环境中,飞行员的安全性和舒适性面临诸多挑战。传统座舱往往缺乏对飞行员生理状态的实时监测,无法及时预测可能出现的飞行隐患并采取干预措施。随着未来战场环境的复杂化,飞行员的操纵负担显著增加,强烈的压力容易影响其生理和心理状态,从而限制飞行操控决策的准确性,甚至可能导致失能或丧失操纵能力等严重后果。
人体生理系统是一个动态且相互关联的复杂耦合系统,而供氧防护系统和抗荷防护系统的研发通常分别基于呼吸生理学及血流动力学,且彼此独立开展,实际上,过载和缺氧对呼吸系统和心血管系统的影响相互耦合。因此,为满足高性能战斗机对飞行员日益增长的生命保障需求,先进战斗机的机载氧气系统在研发过程中必须重视飞行员的生理特征,实现对飞行员生理状态的准确感知,将飞行员生理状态纳入控制闭环。
综合国内外研究,智能氧气系统应是未来氧气系统的发展方向,目前,现有机载氧气系统及相关研究存在以下不足:
1) 战斗机飞行员依赖氧气系统实现持续正常呼吸,通气参数与人体生理效应的匹配是氧气系统设计的基础;
2) 传统座舱存在飞行员生理监测缺失的问题,缺乏有效的生理指标监测体系,使飞行安全仍在较大程度上依赖飞行员的自主感知和处置。实时监测飞行员的生理状态,及时预测可能带来的飞行隐患并及时干预,是智能氧气系统的基本要求;
3) 人体各生理系统动态关联、相互作用,构成复杂耦合系统,然而,供氧防护系统研发应针对过载和缺氧提供可靠防护,确保呼吸系统和心血管系统功能正常并协调运行。
将飞行员生理引入闭环控制,具有生理监测、预测和干预功能的智能氧气系统是下一代生命保障系统的发展方向。实现智能供氧需要具备以下3个关键技术:飞行员生理监测技术、生理状态预测技术和电子式氧气调节技术。通过飞行员生理监测系统采集关键生理数据,通过智能算法识别并预测生理状态,将生理信号引入氧气系统控制闭环,依照实时生理需求和飞机状况自动调节氧气供给,以实现人体状态、座舱环境和供氧设备3个组成部分的协同联系。
目前,国外已围绕智能机载氧气集成系统开展了大量理论研究、上机测试与型号迭代,整体研究进度领先于中国,中国这一领域仍处于初步阶段,极其缺乏必要的理论与实验系统研究。聚焦到具体技术,国内外均已开展生理监测原理机的设计及试验,但还未形成生理指标选取与生理状态评价方法的“金标准”;针对飞行活动中的生理状态预测技术研究较少,而其他场景下的时序预测研究为飞行员生理预测提供了参考;智能供氧控制律是联系飞行员与氧气系统的核心,构建具有“智能预测、主动防护”能力的多信号协同供氧控制律是未来的重要研究课题。

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2026年第52卷第10期
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doi: 10.13700/j.bh.1001-5965.2024.0615
  • 接收时间:2024-08-23
  • 首发时间:2026-10-30
  • 出版时间:2026-10-31
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-23
  • 录用日期:2024-11-29
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    1北京航空航天大学 航空科学与工程学院,北京 100191
    2北京航空航天大学 国际创新学院,杭州 311115
    3中国人民解放军 93126部队,北京 100083

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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
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属
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种数
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species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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